Negara Islam Irak dan Syam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{Update|date=Mei 2024}}
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{{Infobox war faction
| name = Negara Islam Irak dan Syam
| native_name = {{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|ad-Daulah al-Islāmiyah}}''
| war = {{ubl|[[Perang Irak]] (2003–2011)|[[Pemberontakan Irak (2011–2013)|Pemberontakan Irak]]|[[Perang Saudara Suriah]]|[[Perang Saudara Irak (2014–2017)]]|[[Perang Saudara Libya Kedua]]|[[Pemberontakan Boko Haram]]|[[Perang di Pakistan Barat Daya]]|[[Perang di Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]|[[Perang Saudara Yaman (2015–sekarang)|Perang Saudara Yaman]]|''[[Daftar perang dan pertempuran yang melibatkan ISIS|Konflik lainnya...]]''}}
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Target utama dari:
* [[Operasi Inherent Resolve]]
* [[Perang melawan ISIS|Intervensi militer terhadap ISIS]]
* [[Intervensi Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Saudara Suriah|Intervensi Amerika Serikat di Suriah]]
* [[Intervensi Amerika Serikat dalam Perang Saudara Irak (2014–2021)|Intervensi Amerika Serikat di Irak]]
* [[Serangan udara Mesir di Libya Februari 2015|Intervensi Mesir di Libya]]
* [[Pemberontakan Boko Haram|Intervensi Nigerian]]<!-- for wikilinks, if diff from name -->
| image = Islamic State flag.svg{{!}}border
| caption = [[Bendera Jihad|Bendera]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Kashmira |last=Gander |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-flag-what-do-the-words-mean-and-what-are-its-origins-10369601.html |title=Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins? |date=7 July 2015 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
| partof = {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg|center|250px}} [[al-Qaeda]] (2004–2014)
| active = {{collapsible list | title = 2006–Sekarang
| 1 = 1999: Didirikan dengan nama [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]
| 2 = Oktober 2004: Bergabung dengan [[al-Qaeda]]
| 3 = 13 Oktober 2006: Deklarasi [[Negara Islam Irak]]
| 4 = 8 April 2013: Berganti nama menjadi "ISIS" dan mengklaim wilayah di [[Levant]]
| 5 = 3 Februari 2014: Berpisah dari [[al-Qaeda]]<ref name=ReutersHolmes_030214>{{cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203 |publisher=Reuters |title=Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL |date=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pool |first1=Jeffrey |title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21 |magazine=Terrorism Monitor |date=16 December 2004 |volume=2 |issue=24 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |url=https://jamestown.org/program/zarqawis-pledge-of-allegiance-to-al-qaeda-from-muasker-al-battar-issue-21-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=live}}<br />{{bullet}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26016318 |title=Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria |publisher=BBC News |date=3 February 2014}}</ref>
| 6 = 29 Juni 2014: Deklarasi [[kekhalifahan]]
| 7 = 13 November 2014: Klaim wilayah di Libya, Mesir, Aljazair, Arab Saudi, Yaman
| 8 = 29 Januari 2015: Klaim wilayah di Asia Selatan<ref>{{cite news |first=Rezaul H. |last=Laskar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129054615/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2015 |title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 January 2015}}</ref>
| 9 = 12 Maret 2015: Klaim wilayah di Nigeria<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/07/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-isis/ |title=Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS |first1=Nima |last1=Elbagir |first2=Paul |last2=Cruickshank |first3=Mohammed |last3=Tawfeeq |date=7 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>
| 10 = 23 Juni 2015: Klaim wilayah di Kaukasus Utara<ref>{{cite web |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region |title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region |date=23 June 2015 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref>
| 11 = 20 Juli 2017: [[Pertempuran Mosul (2016–17)|Perebutan kembali]] [[Mosul]] oleh pasukan Irak
| 12 = 17 Oktober 2017: [[Pertempuran Raqqa (2017)|Penangkapan]] [[Raqqa]] oleh pasukan SDF
| 13 = 23 Maret 2019: [[Pertempuran Baghuz Fawqani|Kehilangan]] seluruh wilayahnya di Suriah
| 14 = 27 Oktober 2019: [[Serangan Barisha|Pembunuhan]] terhadap [[Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi]]
| 15 = 3 Februari 2022: Pembunuhan [[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]<ref name="Qurayshi-snitched">{{cite magazine |last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=4 February 2022 |title=ISIS Leader Killed in US Raid Was a SNITCH Who Orchestrated the Yazidi Genocide |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyp43v/who-was-isis-leader-abu-ibrahim-al-hashimi-al-qurayshi |url-status=live |magazine=[[VICE News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205184919/http://www.vice.com/en/article/dyp43v/who-was-isis-leader-abu-ibrahim-al-hashimi-al-qurayshi |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>
}}
| ideology = {{plainlist|[[Statisme Islam]]<br>
* [[Qutbisme]]<ref name="Poljarevic 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |year=2021 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=Boston; Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion 21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=485–512}}</ref><ref name="Manne-Saltman">
*{{cite news |title=Sayyid Qutb: Father of Salafi Jihadism, Forerunner of the Islamic State
|url= https://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |date=7 November 2016 |department=ABC Religion & Ethics |publisher=[[ABC Online]] |location=Australia |first=Robert |last=Manne |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133334/http://www.abc.net.au/religion/sayyid-qutb-father-of-salafi-jihadism-forerunner-of-the-islamic-/10096380 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite news |title=The mind of Islamic State: more coherent and consistent than Nazism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |website=The Guardian |date=3 November 2016 |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104162215/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/the-mind-of-islamic-state-more-coherent-and-consistent-than-nazism |archive-date=4 November 2016 |last=Saltman |first=Erin Marie}}</ref><ref name="Manne 2017">{{cite book |last=Manne |first=Robert |year=2017 |title=Mind of the Islamic state: ISIS and the ideology of the caliphate |url=https://archive.org/details/mindofislamicsta0000mann |location=Carlton, Victoria, Australia |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-63388-371-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/mindofislamicsta0000mann/page/12 12] | quote=... several scholars have termed the ideology that provided the foundation of the Islamic State 'Qutbism'.}}</ref>
* [[Takfiri]]sme<ref name="Poljarevic 2021" /><ref name="Badara 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Badara |first1=Mohamed |last2=Nagata |first2=Masaki |date=November 2017 |title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024 |doi-access=free |issn=1573-0255 |pages=305–335}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel">{{cite journal |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |date=March 2015 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |title=From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |volume=19 |pages=1–48 |publisher=[[Center for Middle East Policy]] ([[Brookings Institution]]) |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[Wahhabisme]]<ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="Quilliam2014">{{cite report |first1=Erin Marie |last1=Saltman |first2=Charlie |last2=Winter |title=Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |publisher=[[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]] |date=November 2014 |isbn=978-1-906603-98-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226115714/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/islamic-state-the-changing-face-of-modern-jihadism.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="what-isis-really-wants">{{cite magazine |last=Wood |first=Graeme |author-link=Graeme Wood (journalist) |title=What ISIS Really Wants |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 2015 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216095910/https://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi">{{cite news |last=Crooke |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Crooke |orig-date=27 August 2014 |date=30 March 2017 |title=You Can't Understand ISIS If You Don't Know the History of Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828141900/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/isis-wahhabism-saudi-arabia_b_5717157.html |archive-date=28 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pan-Islamisme]]
* [[Salafisme]]<ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="Homegrown 2021">{{cite book |last1=Meleagrou-Hitchens |first1=Alexander |last2=Hughes |first2=Seamus |last3=Clifford |first3=Bennett |year=2021 |chapter=The Ideologues |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |title=Homegrown: ISIS in America |location=London; New York City |publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]] |edition=1st |pages=111–148 |isbn=978-1-78831-485-5}}</ref>
* [[Jihadisme salafi]]<ref name="Bunzel" /><ref name="Quilliam2014" /><ref name="what-isis-really-wants" /><ref name="HuffPost_Wahhabi" /><ref name="Homegrown 2021" />
* [[Genosida Yazidi oleh NIIS|Anti-Yazidisme]]<ref name="Qurayshi-snitched" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gfbv.de/en/news/4-years-ago-the-genocide-against-the-yazidis-in-northern-iraq-august-3-2014-9323/ |title=4 years ago: the genocide against the Yazidis in northern Iraq (August 3, 2014)|website=Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV)|language=en-US|access-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423104454/https://www.gfbv.de/en/news/4-years-ago-the-genocide-against-the-yazidis-in-northern-iraq-august-3-2014-9323/|archive-date=23 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html|title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms|last=Spencer|first=Richard|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=14 October 2014|access-date=18 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212102709/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html|archive-date=12 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-yazidis-idUSKBN18527I/|title=Nearly 10,000 Yazidis killed, kidnapped by Islamic State in 2014, study finds|publisher=Reuters|date=9 May 2017|language=en-US|access-date=3 May 2021|last1=Taylor|first1=Lin}}</ref>
* [[Genosida Muslim Syiah oleh NIiS|Anti-Syi'isme]]<ref name="Baele 2019">{{cite journal |last=Baele |first=Stephane J. |date=October 2019 |title=Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language |url=https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/37355/2/ConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%20.pdf |url-status=live |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=Howard |journal=[[Journal of Language and Social Psychology]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=38 |issue=5–6 |pages=706–734 |doi=10.1177/0261927X19868494 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/37355 |hdl-access=free |issn=1552-6526 |s2cid=195448888 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103011030/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/37355/ConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%20.pdf;jsessionid=FA9C1098E9A1945CFC0E8C9E8F4D9FC0?sequence=2 |archive-date=3 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019">{{cite journal |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |date=August 2019 |title=The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism |editor-last=Jikeli |editor-first=Gunther |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=10 |issue=8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?" |page=483 |doi=10.3390/rel10080483 |doi-access=free |eissn=2077-1444}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ghasemi |first=Faezeh |date=2020 |title=Anti-Shiism Discourse |publisher=[[University of Tehran]] |type=PhD |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342697889}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Daniel |last=Rickenbacher |title=The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism |journal=Religions |date=2019 |volume=10|issue=8 |pages=483–492 |doi=10.3390/rel10080483|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Faezeh |last=Ghasemi |title=Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts |journal=Discourse |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=2017 |pages=75–96 |url=https://www.magiran.com/paper/1713990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Toby |last=Matthiesen |title=The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement |date=21 July 2015 |work=Sada |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=60799}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State claims Pakistan bombing that kills 56 at Shiite mosque |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mosque-bombed-northwest-pakistan-30-killed-83248297 |website=ABC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305132754/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mosque-bombed-northwest-pakistan-30-killed-83248297 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |quote=The Islamic State affiliate in the region known as Islamic State in Khorasan province and headquartered in Afghanistan claimed Friday's devastating attack in a statement translated by the SITE Intelligence group. The statement was posted on the group's Amaq News Agency. The statement identified the attacker as Afghan, posted his picture and said 'Islamic State fighters are constantly targeting Shi'ites living in Pakistan and Afghanistan despite the intense security measures adopted by the Taliban militia and the Pakistani police to secure Shi'a temples and centers.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three ISIS Fanboys Plotted Spring Break Attack on Shia Mosque, Feds Say |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/isis-fanboy-xavier-pelkey-of-waterville-maine-plotted-spring-break-attack-on-chicago-shia-mosque-feds-say |website=The Daily Beast |date=25 March 2022 |access-date=March 27, 2022|last1=Rohrlich |first1=Justin }}</ref>
* [[Genosida umat Kristen oleh Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|Anti-Kristen]]<ref name="Baele 2019" /><ref>{{cite web |title=From Cairo to Berlin: Why is ISIS Targeting Christians?|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/from-cairo-to-berlin-why-is-isis-targeting-christians|first=Muhammad|last=Soliman |work=Fikra Forum |publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |date=20 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-uses-these-parts-in-quran-to-justify-anti-christian-violence-2014-7|title=Here Are The Parts Of The Quran That ISIS Uses To Justify Violence Against Iraqi Christians |date=25 July 2014 |first=Hicham Bou |last=Nassif |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Daesh Lay Claim To Target Killing Of Christian, Sikh Men In Peshawar |url=https://voicepk.net/2023/04/daesh-lay-claim-to-target-killing-of-christian-sikh-men-in-peshawar/ |website=Voice PK |location=Pakistan |language=English |date=April 3, 2023 |quote=Dayal Singh, a Sikh trader, and Kashif Masih, a Christian sanitary worker, were gunned down in different incidents on March 31 and April 1 respectively. Separately, a Hindu ophthalmologist and former senior director of health at the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC), Dr. Birbal Genani was also shot dead by unknown assailants along the Lyari Expressway in Karachi on March 30.}}</ref>
* [[Anti-Hinduisme]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS claims responsibility for killing of Hindu priest in Bangladesh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/21/isis-claim-responsibility-killing-hindu-priest-bangladesh |website=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305134156/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/21/isis-claim-responsibility-killing-hindu-priest-bangladesh |archive-date=5 March 2022 |date=21 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Hindus need to be targeted in mass numbers in India', says militant in Islamic State magazine |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/hindus-need-to-be-targeted-in-mass-numbers-in-india-says-militant-in-islamic-state-magazine-2729056.html |website=Firstpost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305134909/https://www.firstpost.com/world/hindus-need-to-be-targeted-in-mass-numbers-in-india-says-militant-in-islamic-state-magazine-2729056.html |archive-date=5 March 2022 |date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens to rid India of Hindus in latest issue of its magazine |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/isis-threatens-rid-india-hindus-latest-issue-its-magazine-2070059.html?story=1 |website=One India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311112721/https://www.oneindia.com/india/isis-threatens-rid-india-hindus-latest-issue-its-magazine-2070059.html?story=1 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=11 killed in Kabul gurdwara attack, IS claims responsibility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/gunmen-attack-sikh-religious-gathering-in-kabul-killing-4/articleshow/74804271.cms |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121091910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/gunmen-attack-sikh-religious-gathering-in-kabul-killing-4/articleshow/74804271.cms |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |date=March 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens India, Hindus with bloodshed; Claims role in Coimbatore, Mangaluru blasts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/news/isis-threatens-india-hindus-with-bloodshed-claims-role-in-coimbatore-mangaluru-blasts-101678136712471.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=March 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS claims attack on Sikhs, Hindus in Afghanistan |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/isis-claims-attack-on-sikhs-hindus-in-afghanistan-1.3997293 |website=CTV News |language=English |date=July 2, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Anti-LGBT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Gay Rhetoric in English-Language ISIS and Al Qaeda Magazines |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |date=15 June 2016 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/anti-gay-rhetoric-in-english-language-isis-and-al-qaeda-magazines}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS's Persecution of Gay People |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |date=May 2017 |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/content/isis-persecution-gay-people |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023103356/https://www.counterextremism.com/content/isis-persecution-gay-people |archive-date=23 October 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Islamic State's shocking war on homosexuals |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/the-islamic-states-shocking-war-on-homosexuals/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217131006/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/the-islamic-states-shocking-war-on-homosexuals/ |archive-date=17 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What ISIS Is Saying About the Orlando Shooter |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/vdbke8/what-isis-is-saying-about-the-orlando-shooter |website=Vice |date=15 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141201/https://www.vice.com/en/article/vdbke8/what-isis-is-saying-about-the-orlando-shooter |archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS targets gay people using Facebook and phone contacts |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2184492/isis-targets-gay-people-using-facebook-and-phone-contacts-iraqi-refugee-tells-un/ |website=Global News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219033530/https://globalnews.ca/news/2184492/isis-targets-gay-people-using-facebook-and-phone-contacts-iraqi-refugee-tells-un/ |archive-date=19 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inside look at ISIS' brutal persecution of gays |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-persecution-gay-men-murder-lgbt-muslim-society/ |publisher=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311111716/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-persecution-gay-men-murder-lgbt-muslim-society/ |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=2 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amid brazen, deadly attacks, gay Syrians tell of fear of ISIS persecution |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/05/middleeast/isis-lgbt-persecution/ |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311112157/https://www.cnn.com/2015/03/05/middleeast/isis-lgbt-persecution/ |archive-date=11 March 2022 |date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Antisemitisme]]{{efn|Berdasarkan sejumlah sumber:<ref name="Baele 2019" /><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019" /><ref name="ADL 13 March 2015">*{{cite web |title=Under Attack, ISIS Threatens Jews and Israel |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=13 March 2015 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/under-attack-isis-threatens-jews-and-israel |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321134124/https://www.adl.org/blog/under-attack-isis-threatens-jews-and-israel |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web |title=ISIS Promotes Murdering Jews in New Online Campaign |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |date=20 October 2015 |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/isis-promotes-murdering-jews-in-new-online-campaign |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023103947/https://www.adl.org/blog/isis-promotes-murdering-jews-in-new-online-campaign |archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS calls on operatives to target Jews with chemical weapons |url=https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/ISIS-We-need-to-conquer-Israeli-settlements-start-targeting-Jews-615535 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=English |date=January 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS threatens Jews, Israel with 'big war' in second Hebrew video |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Watch-ISIS-threatens-Jews-Israel-with-big-war-in-second-Hebrew-video-431753 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=English |date=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Turkey arrests ISIS members allegedly targeting Istanbul synagogues |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/02/06/global/turkey-arrests-isis-members-allegedly-targeting-istanbul-synagogues |website=Jewish Telegraph Agency |language=English |date=February 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Sympathizers Suspected of Bomb Plot on Northern Israeli High School |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-10-02/ty-article/.highlight/isis-sympathizers-suspected-of-bomb-plot-in-northern-israeli-high-school-arrested/00000183-97cc-d7ae-afe7-dfef23260000 |website=Haaretz |language=English |date=October 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State urges attacks against Jews in effort to thwart Trump plan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-israel-palestinians-plan-militants-idUKKBN1ZQ1O5 |website=Reuters |language=English |date=January 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Plans Attacks on Jewish Children in Turkey |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-plans-attacks-on-jewish-children-in-turkey-2016-3 |website=Business Insider |language=English |date=March 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS suspects planned attacks on Jews in Mumbai |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isis-suspects-planned-attacks-on-jews-in-mumbai-gujarat-ats--131749 |website=Wionews |language=English |date=April 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Suicide Bombers at Brussels Airport 'Targeted U.S. Airline, Jews' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/isis-suicide-bombers-brussels-airport-targeted-us-airline-jews-547371 |website=Newsweek |language=English |date=January 24, 2017 |quote=The suicide bombers who attacked Brussels airport last year, killing 16 people, were targeting an American airline, its passengers and Jewish people, according to a report citing sources close to the investigation. Another source said that Laachraoui was standing among dozens of students before changing tack and following two Hasidic Jews, usually recognizable by their long beards, sidecurls known as peyot and dark overclothes. "The attacker seemed to rush towards two Orthodox Jews," the source said. "He really, clearly wanted to kill a Jew."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Unleashes Propaganda Blitz Calling for Attacks Against Jews |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neyenz/islamic-state-unleashes-propaganda-blitz-calling-for-attacks-against-jews |website=Vice News |language=English |date=October 19, 2015 |quote=The Islamic State released a series of videos Sunday praising attacks against Jews in Israel and encouraging more violence.}}</ref>}}
* [[Misogini]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cottee|first1=Simon|last2=Bloom|first2=Mia|date=8 September 2017|title=The Myth of the ISIS Female Suicide Bomber|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/09/isis-female-suicide-bomber/539172/|access-date=19 August 2022|website=The Atlantic}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Crockett|first=Emily|date=23 May 2017|title=Why Manchester Bomber Targeted Girls|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/why-manchester-bomber-targeted-girls-127591/|access-date=19 August 2022|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2016-08-01|title=The Girl Who Beat Isis: My Story review – inside the horror of Isis|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/01/girl-who-beat-isis-my-story-farida-khalaf-andrea-c-hoffmann|access-date=19 August 2022|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Why Women Join ISIS|url=https://time.com/4138377/women-in-isis/|access-date=2022-08-19|magazine=Time}}</ref>
}}
| slogan = {{lang|ar-Latn|baqiya wa tatamadad}} (Tersisa dan Berkembang)
| clans = {{plainlist|
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Aljazair|Provinsi Aljazair]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Benggala|Provinsi Benggala]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Kaukasus|Provinsi Kaukasus]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Afrika Tengah|Provinsi Afrika Tengah]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam di Sahara Besar|Provinsi Sahara Besar]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Khorasan|Provinsi Khorasan]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam di Libya|Provinsi Libya]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Sinai|Provinsi Sinai]]<ref>{{cite news|title=#Egypt: #ISIS 'Misr' released video 'And fight the polytheists collectively..' focusing primarily on Egypt's #Coptic Christians|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/menastream/status/833461983991255042?lang=he|access-date=3 August 2022|date=19 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam di Somalia|Provinsi Somalia]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Afrika Barat|Provinsi Afrika Barat]]
* [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Yaman|Provinsi Yaman]]
* [[Abu Sayyaf]]
* [[Ansar Khalifa Philippines]]
* [[Khalid ibn al-Walid Army]]
* [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]]}}
'''Sel yang tidak terorganisir'''
* [[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam#Azerbaijan|Provinsi Azerbaijan]]
* [[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam#India|Provinsi Hind]]
* [[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam#Afghanistan dan Pakistan|Provinsi Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IS Delineates 'Khorasan Province' from 'Pakistan Province' in Attack Claims, One Involving Targeted Killing in Rawalpindi |website=Jihadist Threat |publisher=SITE Intelligence Group |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/is-delineates-khorasan-province-from-pakistan-province-in-attack-claims-one-involving-targeted-killing-in-rawalpindi.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 March 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118194348/https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/Statements/is-delineates-khorasan-province-from-pakistan-province-in-attack-claims-one-involving-targeted-killing-in-rawalpindi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam#Turki|Provinsi Turki]]
* [[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam#Arab Saudi|Provinsi Arab Saudi]]
| other_name = IS, ISIS, ISIL, Daesh
| founder = [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jason M. |last=Breslow |title=Who Was the Founder of ISIS? |date=17 May 2016 |work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/who-was-the-founder-of-isis/}}</ref>
| leaders = {{plainlist|
* '''Pemimpin''':<!-- e.g. "Chair", "President", etc. but not Caliph --><br>[[Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]
* '''Mantan pemimpin:'''<br>[[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-confirms-death-its-leader-names-his-replacement-2023-08-03/ "Islamic State Confirms Death of Its Leader, Names Replacement"] (3 August 2023). ''[[Reuters]]''. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</ref><ref name="reuters new chief">{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Islamic state confirms death of its leader, names new chief |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-confirms-death-its-leader-names-new-chief-2022-03-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: MİT, DEAŞ'ın sözde liderini etkisiz hale getirdi |trans-title=President Erdoğan: The so-called leader of the terrorist organization DAESH was neutralized by the operation carried out by the MIT in Syria. |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-mit-deasin-sozde-liderini-etkisiz-hale-getirdi-763852.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=[[TRT Haber]] |language=tr}}</ref><br>[[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Kourdi-death-CNN">{{cite news |last1=Kourdi |first1=Eyad |title=ISIS acknowledges the death of its leader, announces his successor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/30/middleeast/isis-leader-dies-intl/index.html |access-date=18 June 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=30 November 2022}}</ref><br>[[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-confirmation/islamic-state-confirms-baghdadi-is-dead-appoints-successor-idUSKBN1XA25A |title=Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor |publisher=Reuters |date=31 October 2019}}</ref><br>[[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J. |title=Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/world/asia/iraq-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sermon-video.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 July 2014}}</ref>
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Irak''':<br>[[Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi]]<ref name="Al-Tamimi's Blog">{{cite web |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2016/01/an-account-of-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-islamic-state |title=An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines |first=Aymenn Jawad |last=Al-Tamimi |work=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |date=24 January 2016}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Suriah''':<br>Maher al-Agal{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic State Syria chief Maher al-Agal killed in US drone strike: Pentagon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-state-syria-chief-maher-al-agal-killed-in-us-drone-strike-pentagon-10902571.html|date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>
* '''Wakil pemimpin di Libya''':<br>[[Abdul Qader al-Najdi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/eastern-libyan-forces-say-they-killed-islamic-state-leader-idUSKCN26E3BW? |title=Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader |publisher=Reuters |date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''Panglima militer''':<br>Abu Saleh al-Obaidi{{r|Al-Tamimi's Blog}}{{better source needed|date=May 2022}}
* '''Ketua Dewan Syura''':<br>Abu Arkan al-Ameri<ref>{{cite news |title=ISIS Leadership |url=http://apps.frontline.org/isis-leadership/ |access-date=14 August 2015 |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]] |year=2015}}</ref>
* '''Kepala operasi militer Suriah''':<br>[[Abu Omar al-Shishani]]{{KIA}}{{r|brookings2014}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Chad |last=Garland |date=14 July 2016 |title=Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/islamic-state-says-top-commander-is-dead-pentagon-unsure-1.419088}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Worley |date=13 July 2016 |title=Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-confirms-death-of-hugely-popular-minister-of-war-omar-al-shishani-a7135446.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=15 March 2016 |title=U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/politics/u-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili |url=https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |website=Rewards for Justice |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security |date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518171047/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>
* '''Menteri Perang''':<br>[[Gulmurod Khalimov]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390 |title=IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gulmurod Khalimov |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |work=[[Rewards for Justice]] |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113857/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>
* '''Menteri Keuangan''':<br>Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi{{POW}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021|title=Iraqi forces capture deputy of IS slain leader Baghdadi – PM|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-forces-capture-deputy-is-slain-leader-baghdadi-pm-2021-10-11/|access-date=11 October 2021}}</ref>
* '''Menteri Komunikasi, Informasi, dan Propaganda''':<br>[[Abu Muhammad al-Furqan]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37619225 |publisher=BBC News |date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
* '''Juru bicara:'''<br>Abu Huthaifa al-Ansari
* '''Mantan juru bicara''':<br>[[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]]{{KIA}}{{r|Chulov310816}}<ref name=brookings2014>*{{cite web |year=2014 |first=Charles |last=Lister |title=Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114112/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 }}
*{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-we-know-about-the-caliph-of-the-new-islamic-state-2014-6 |agency=AFP |work=[[Business Insider]] }}
*{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State |work=Jihadist News |publisher=[[SITE Intelligence Group]] |url=http://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |access-date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629194932/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite news |date=12 September 2016 |title=Pentagon Confirms U.S. Strike in Syria Killed ISIL Leader |work=DoD News |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941787/pentagon-confirms-US-strike-in-Syria-killed-isil-leader }}</ref><br>Abu Hamza al-Qurashi{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- staff writer(s); no by-line --> |title= Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi |publisher=BBC News |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50254785|date= 31 October 2019|access-date= 1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=3 min |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220310-islamic-state-names-new-leader-confirms-death-of-predecessor |title=Islamic State names new leader, confirms death of predecessor |publisher=France24.com |date=2022-03-10 |accessdate=2022-03-14}}</ref><br>Abu Umar al-Muhajir{{POW}}<ref name="reuters new chief"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/islamic-state-group-leader-killed-al-qaida-linked-101989494|title=The Islamic State group says its leader was killed by militants in Syria and names his successor|first=Bassem|last=Mroue|website=ABC News|date=3 August 2023}}</ref><br>Abu Nuradin Rustamov{{KIA}}}}
| headquarters = ''Tidak diketahui'' (Maret 2019 – sekarang) {{Collapsible list| title = Bekas
| [[Baqubah]], Irak (2006–2007)
| ''Tidak ada ibu kota'' (2007–2013)
| [[Raqqa]], Suriah (2013–2017)
| [[Mayadin]], Suriah (Juni–Oktober 2017)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/141020174|title=Syrian army captures Mayadin from ISIS near Deir ez-Zor|publisher=[[Rudaw Media Network|Rudaw]]|date=14 October 2017}}</ref>
| [[Al-Qa'im (kota)|Al-Qa'im]], Irak (Oktober–November 2017)<ref>{{cite web |first1=Sarah |last1=Benhaida |first2=Ahmad |last2=al-Rubaye |date=26 October 2017 |title=Iraq forces launch 'last big fight' against IS |publisher=Rudaw |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/26102017}}</ref>
| [[Abu Kamal]], Suriah (November 2017)<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2017 |title=Anti-IS forces converge on Syria border town|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |via=Yahoo News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/anti-forces-converge-syria-border-town-113315169.html}}</ref>
| [[Hajin]], Suriah (November 2017 – Desember 2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.difesaesicurezza.com/en/defence/syria-the-isis-pockets-of-resistance-at-deir-ezzor-are-reduced-to-two/|title=Syria, the Isis pockets of resistance at Deir Ezzor are reduced to two|first=Francesco |last=Bussoletti|publisher=Difesa & Sicurezza|date=29 June 2018}}</ref>
| [[Al-Susah]], Suriah (Desember 2018 – Januari 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-sdf-captures-daeshs-de-facto-capital-in-syria/|title=Breaking: SDF captures Daesh's de facto capital in Syria|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|date=13 December 2018|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706165230/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-sdf-captures-daeshs-de-facto-capital-in-syria/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/us-backed-fighters-seize-east-syria-village-from-isis-1.813894|title=US-backed fighters seize east Syria village from ISIS|website=The National|date=16 January 2019}}</ref>
| [[Al-Marashidah]], Suriah (Januari–Februari 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isils-reign-over-eastern-euphrates-nearing-its-end-map/|title=ISIL's reign over eastern Euphrates nearing its end – map|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|publisher=[[Al-Masdar News]]|date=24 January 2019|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111004303/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isils-reign-over-eastern-euphrates-nearing-its-end-map/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/world/middleeast/isis-syria-last-territory.html|title=Down to Its Last 2 Villages in Syria, ISIS Still Fights Back|first=Rukmini|last=Callimachi|work=The New York Times|date=24 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-squeezed-into-last-areas-as-sdf-troops-capture-2-villages-east-of-the-euphrates-mapto/|title=ISIS squeezed into last areas as SDF troops capture 2 villages east of the Euphrates (MAP)|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|publisher=Al-Masdar news|date=7 February 2019|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119051754/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-squeezed-into-last-areas-as-sdf-troops-capture-2-villages-east-of-the-euphrates-mapto/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Al-Baghuz Fawqani]], Suriah (Februari–Maret 2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-backed-fighters-launch-final-push-to-defeat-is-in-syria/4779930.html|title=US-backed Fighters Launch Final Push to Defeat IS in Syria |first=Rikar |last=Hussein |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="battleover">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=23 March 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-backed-syrian-force-declares-victory-over-islamic-state/2019/03/23/fc0eb35c-4d34-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323113725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-backed-syrian-force-declares-victory-over-islamic-state/2019/03/23/fc0eb35c-4d34-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2019|title=US-allied Syrian force declares victory over Islamic State}}</ref>}}
| area = [[File:Territoires de l'Etat islamique juin 2015.png|230px|alt=Map – refer to following caption]]<br />[[Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam]], berwarna abu-abu, pada saat wilayah mencapai puncak wilayah terluasnya (Mei 2015)<ref name="nytimes 2015-05-15">{{cite news |last1=Fairfield |first1=Hannah |last2=Wallace |first2=Tim |last3=Watkins |first3=Derek |title=How ISIS Expands |work=The New York Times |date=21 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523191807/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>
{{Collapsible list|style=text-align: left
| title = Map legend
| 1 = {{legend|#b4b2ae|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
| 2 = {{legend|#db8ca6|[[Pemerintah federal Irak]]}}
| 3 = {{legend|#ebc0b3|Pemerintah Suriah}}
| 4 = {{legend|#ffa067|Pemerintah Lebanon}}
| 5 = {{legend|#D2CD7E|Pasukan [[Kurdistan Irak]]}}
| 6 = {{legend|#e2d974|[[Rojava|Pasukan Kurdistan Suriah]]}}
| 7 = {{legend|#caffc4|pasukan [[oposisi Suriah]]}}
| 8 = {{legend|#80c490|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Turki]]}}
| 9 = {{legend|#ffffff|[[Al-Nusra]]}}
| 10 = {{legend|#3e79ff|[[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]}}
| 11 = '''Catatan:''' Irak dan Suriah memiliki wilayah gurun yang luas dengan populasi yang sedikit. Daerah-daerah ini dipetakan sebagai wilayah yang berada di bawah kendali kekuatan yang menguasai jalan dan kota di dalamnya.
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Peta terkini yang terperinci
| 1 = [[Template:Syrian, Iraqi, and Lebanese insurgencies detailed map|Peta detail konflik Suriah, Irak, dan Lebanon]]
| 2 = [[Template:Libyan Civil War detailed map|Peta rinci Perang Saudara Libya]]
| 3 = [[Template:Sinai insurgency detailed map|Peta rinci pemberontakan Sinai]]
| 4 = [[Template:Nigerian insurgency detailed map|Peta rinci pemberontakan Nigeria]]
| 5 = [[Template:Yemeni Civil War detailed map|Peta rinci Perang Saudara Yaman]]
| 7 = [[Template:Insurgency in Mozambique detailed map|Peta rinci Pemberontakan di Mozambik]]
| 8 = [[Template:Somali Civil War detailed map|Peta rinci Perang Saudara Somalia]]
}}
| size = {{Collapsible list| title = Daftar jumlah kombatan
|Di Suriah dan Irak: {{plainlist|
* 5,000–10,000<ref name="Eighth report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by Islamic State to international peace and security and the range of United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat">{{cite news|title= Eighth report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by ISIL (Da'esh) to international peace and security and the range of United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat |url= https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/N1901937_EN.pdf |date=1 February 2019|location=UN|work=United Nations Security Council}}</ref> (Laporan Dewan Keamanan PBB tahun 2019)
* 28,600–31,600<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contingency operations |url=https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/05/2002086500/-1/-1/1/FY2019_LIG_OIRREPORT.PDF|publisher=US Department of Defense|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> (Perkiraan Departemen Pertahanan AS tahun 2016)
* 200,000<ref name=Indep161114>{{cite news |last1=Cockburn |first1=Patrick|date=16 November 2014|title=War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html}}</ref><ref name="how many">{{cite web |title=How many Fighters Does the Islamic State Really Have?|first=Daveed|last=Gartenstein-Ross|date=9 February 2015|publisher=War on the Rocks|url=https://warontherocks.com/2015/02/how-many-fighters-does-the-islamic-state-really-have}}</ref> (2015 klaim oleh Kepala Staf [[Kurdistan Irak]])
* 100,000{{r|secret of Baghdadi's success|how many}} (2015 klaim Jihadis)
* 35,000–100,000<ref>{{cite web |title=Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290654.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507104644/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290654.htm |archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=dead |website=state.gov|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> (at peak, US State Department estimate)}}
|Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See [[Military activity of ISIL]] for more detailed estimates.)
|Estimated total: 61,200–257,900}}{{Collapsible list| title = Populasi warga sipil |In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million<ref name="by the numbers">{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-12-27/isis-by-the-numbers-in-2017|title=ISIS By the Numbers in 2017|first=Paul D. |last=Shinkman|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="rolling back">{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1912.html|title=Rolling Back the Islamic State|url-access=subscription|first1=Seth G. |last1=Jones|first2=James |last2=Dobbins|first3=Daniel |last3=Byman|first4=Christopher S. |last4=Chivvis|first5=Ben |last5=Connable|first6=Jeffrey |last6=Martini|first7=Eric |last7=Robinson|first8=Nathan |last8=Chandler|display-authors=3|publisher=[[RAND Corporation]]|date=2017|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>|In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/after-shekau-confronting-jihadists-nigerias-north-east | title=After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East | date=29 March 2022 }}</ref>}}
| predecessor = {{flagicon image|Flag of JTJ.svg}} [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] (1999)<ref name="winepJune14">{{cite report |first=Aaron Y. |last=Zelin |date=June 2014 |title=The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement |work=Research Notes |volume=20 |publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf |access-date=9 February 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220221134/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2005).svg}} [[Al-Qaeda di Iraq]] (2004)
{{flagicon image|Islamic State flag.svg}} [[Negara Islam Irak]] (2006)
| allies = [[#Pendukung|lihat bagian....]]
| opponents = {{collapsible list|title=Negara musuh utama
|{{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}
|{{flag|Canada}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Operation IMPACT|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-abroad-current/op-impact.page|website=National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces|date=19 August 2014|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Europe.svg}} [[Uni Eropa]]
|{{flagcountry|Prancis}}
|{{flagcountry|India}}
|{{flagcountry|Iran}}
|{{flagcountry|Irak}}
|{{flagcountry|Israel}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/iaf-killed-7-militans-in-overnight-strikes-in-syrian-golan-heights-564016 |title=IAF strikes kill 7 ISIS militants 200 meters from Golan Heights border |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-israel-fight-clash-first-time-syria-golan-heights-a7441866.html |title=Isis and Israel clash for first time after jihadis open fire on IDF |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Jordan}}<ref name=elpais>{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/11/25/mexico/1448469984_093088.html |title=México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS |trans-title=Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS|date=25 November 2015 |newspaper=[[El País]]|language=es}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
|{{flagcountry|Libya}}
|{{flagcountry|Mozambik}}
|{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}
|{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
|{{flagcountry|Filipina}}
|{{flagcountry|Rusia}}
|{{flagcountry|Arab Saudi}}
|{{flagcountry|Suriah}}
|{{flagcountry|Turki}}
|{{flagcountry|Uni Emirat Arab}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Britania Raya}}
|{{flagcountry|Amerika Serikat}}
|{{flagcountry|Yaman}}
}}
{{collapsible list|title=Negara musuh tambahan
|''{{flag|Abkhazia}}''
|{{flagcountry|Albania}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flag|Algeria}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/algeria-symbolic-target-isil-151224080709968.html |title=Algeria a 'symbolic target' for ISIL |first=Djamila Ould |last=Khettab |date=30 December 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref>
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|''{{flag|Artsakh}}''
|{{flagcountry|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web |title=OKRA Home|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Operations/Okra/default.asp|website=Global Operations|publisher=Department of Defense – Government of Australia|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Austria}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{flagcountry|Bahrain}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{flag|Belgia}}
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{flag|Bolivia}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Stonington |title=Is This Cyclops Baby the Muslim Antichrist? |work=[[Vocativ]] |date=9 September 2014 |url=https://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/cyclops-baby-muslim-antichrist-much/index.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009130121/https://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/cyclops-baby-muslim-antichrist-much/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}{{r|elpais}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Bosnia donates 550 tonnes of arms to Iraq, more may follow: minister |publisher=Reuters |date=16 March 2015 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-bosnia-idUSKBN0MC1EJ20150316}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Brasil}}<ref>{{cite news |first1=Simon |last1=Romero |first2=Michael |last2=Schmidt |title=As ISIS Posts in Portuguese, U.S. and Brazil Bolster Olympics Security |work=The New York Times |date=1 August 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/world/americas/rio-de-janeiro-olympics-terrorism-brazil.html}}</ref>
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{flag|Kamboja}}
|{{flag|Kamerun}}
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{flag|Tiongkok}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Samuel |last=Osbourne |title=Isis threatens China and vows to 'shed blood like rivers' |work=The Independent |date=1 March 2017|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-china-threaten-terror-attack-muslim-islamist-group-islamic-state-a7606211.html}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Republik Demokratik Kongo}}
|{{flagcountry|Kroasia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Republik Ceko}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{flag|Djibouti}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopian authorities say Al-Shabaab, Islamic State planning attacks on hotels |work=[[Africanews]] |date=23 September 2019 |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/09/23/ethiopia-army-arrests-islamic-state-members-recruiting-arming-locals/}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Mesir}}
|{{flagcountry|Estonia}}
|{{flagcountry|Fiji}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2020/ | title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2020 }}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Finlandia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|{{flagcountry|Jerman}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany to strip dual-nationals who fight for Isis of citizenship |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c929f90-3e6b-11e9-9bee-efab61506f44 |url-access=subscription}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2019}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Yunani}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/09/25/greece-brings-war-against-the-islamic-state/|title=Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State|first=Nikoleta |last=Kalmouki|newspaper=Greekreporter.com |date=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Hungaria}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
|{{flagcountry|Irlandia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Italia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_ottobre_05/italia-bombardera-l-isis-iraq-61fd0934-6ba2-11e5-9423-d78dd1862fd7.shtml|title=L'Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare|date=6 October 2015|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Jepang}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Almaz |last=Kumenov |title=Kazakhstan evacuates citizens from Syria, arrests some
|date=14 May 2019 |publisher=[[Eurasianet]] |url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-evacuates-citizens-from-syria-arrests-some}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Korea Utara}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Isis hackers attack North Korean airline Facebook page |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 January 2015 |agency=AFP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/isis-hackers-north-korean-airline-facebook}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Korea Selatan}}{{r|elpais}}
|''{{flagcountry|Kosovo}}''{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Joanna |last=Paraszczuk |title=Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-bans-islamic-state/26920328.html}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Latvia}}
|{{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
|{{flagcountry|Luksemburg}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/20/malaysia-launches-crackdown-on-isis-after-threats-to-kill-the-king-and-prime-minister|title=Malaysia launches crackdown on Isis after threats to kill the king and prime minister|first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen |date=20 July 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Maladewa}}
|{{flagcountry|Malta}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}<ref>{{cite news |first=David H. |last=Ucko |title=Trouble in Paradise: Mauritius Tries to Ward off Islamic Radicalization |date=28 December 2017 |work=World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/23693/trouble-in-paradise-mauritius-tries-to-ward-off-islamist-radicalization}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Meksiko}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Moldova}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Maroko}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
|{{flagcountry|Belanda}}
|{{flagcountry|Selandia Baru}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Nikaragua}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic State group: Nicaragua arrests four suspected members |publisher=BBC News |date=26 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48773780}}</ref>
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{flagcountry|Makedonia Utara}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Norwegia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Oman}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Palestina}}
|{{flagcountry|Polandia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Qatar}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Rumania}}{{r|elpais}}
|''{{flagcountry|Sahara Barat}}''
|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Singapura}}
|{{flagcountry|Slovakia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Slovenia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|''{{flagcountry|South Ossetia}}''
|{{flagcountry|Spanyol}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona Terror Alert Coincides with New Spanish-Language ISIS Threats |first=Bridget |last=Johnson |date=30 December 2018 |work=Homeland Security Today |url=https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/terrorism-study/barcelona-terror-alert-coincides-with-new-spanish-language-isis-threats/}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka bombings: Isis claims responsibility for deadly church and hotel attacks on Easter Sunday |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombings-isis-terror-church-attack-easter-islamic-state-a8882231.html |work=The Independent |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Sudan}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Sudan Selatan}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Swedia}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Swiss}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Video Purports to Show Tajikistan Attackers Pledging Allegiance to ISIS |first1=Rukmini |last1=Callimachi |first2=Andrew E. |last2=Kramer |date=31 July 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/world/asia/isis-tajikistan-video-attack.html}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Thailand}}
|{{flag|Trinidad dan Tobago}}
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=McAdams |title=The President of Turkmenistans Anti-ISIS Propaganda Video is Straight out of an '80s Action Movie |date=7 August 2017 |website=Wide Open Spaces |url=https://www.wideopenspaces.com/president-of-turkmenistans-anti-isis-propaganda-video/}}</ref>
|{{flag|Uganda}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=Patience Atuhaire |author2=James Gregory |title=Uganda school attack: Dozens of pupils killed by militants linked to Islamic State group |date=17 June 2023 |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65937484 |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Ukrainela}}{{r|elpais}}
|{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan to receive and rehabilitate 148 women and children from ISIS |date=3 June 2019 |website=Al Shahid Witness |url=https://alshahidwitness.com/uzbekistan-isis-repatriation-women-children/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029050538/https://alshahidwitness.com/uzbekistan-isis-repatriation-women-children/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}
}}
{{collapsible list|title=Musuh non-negara
|{{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} [[Pemerintahan Sementara Suriah]]
<br> ∟ {{flagdeco|Turkey}} {{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} [[Pendudukan Turki di Suriah utara|Pendudukan Turki Suriah]]
<br> ∟ {{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[Tentara Nasional Suriah]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Sirwan |last=Kajjo |date=25 August 2016 |title=Who Are The Turkey-backed Syrian Rebels? |work=Extremism Watch |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/who-are-turkey-backed-syrian-rebels}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Rojava}} [[Rojava]]
<br> ∟ {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} [[Pasukan Demokratik Suriah]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg}} [[Pemerintahan Keselamatan Suriah]]
<br> ∟ [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hayyat Tahrir al-Sham]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]]
|{{flag|al-Qaeda}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Aydınlı |first=Ersel |year=2018 |chapter=The Jihadists after 9/11 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |title=Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |series=Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics |pages=110–149 |isbn=978-1-315-56139-4 |lccn=2015050373}}</ref>
}}
{{collapsible list|title=Musuh tambahan
|{{flagicon|Hezbollah}} [[Hezbollah]]
|[[File:Ansarullah Flag Vector.svg|20px]] [[Houthis]]
|{{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[Tentara Pembebasan Suriah]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[Hamas]]
|{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Nineveh Plain Protection Units.svg}} [[Unit Perlindungan Dataran Niniwe]]
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Badr Organization]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Badr Organization Destroys ISIS Car Bomb |date=5 June 2015 |work=Military.com |url=http://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/terrorism/badr-organization-destroys-isis-car-bomb/4277703242001}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Pasukan Mobilisasi Populer]]
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/combat-footage-iraqi-forces-battle-isis-east-syria/ |title=Combat footage: Iraqi forces battle ISIS in east Syria |first=Andrew |last=Illingworth |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Al Masdar News |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181414/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/combat-footage-iraqi-forces-battle-isis-east-syria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon image}} [[Kata'ib Hezbollah]]
|{{Flagicon image|}} [[Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba]]
|[[Pasukan Mobilisasi Populer#Struktur|Daftar lengkap...]]
|[[Angkatan Pertahanan Nasional]]
|[[Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Civakên Kurdistanê.svg}} [[Persatuan Komunitas Kurdistan]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg}} [[Ahrar al-Sham]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} [[Front Al-Nusra]] ([[Tahrir al-Sham]] sejak 2017<ref>{{cite news |first=Abdul Rahman |last=Khader |title="هيئة تحرير الشام" تقتل وتعتقل منتمين لـ"داعش" في إدلب <!--Arabic speakers: CS1 puts this title in double quotation marks. Please replace these internal double quotation marks with something more appropriate, perhaps single quotation marks -->|trans-title=The Headquarters for the Liberation of Al-Sham kills and arrests ISIS-affiliates in Idlib |language=ar |work=[[The New Arab]] |date=14 July 2020 |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/"هيئة-تحرير-الشام"-تقتل-وتعتقل-منتمين-لـ"داعش"-في-إدلب<!--Arabic speakers: CS1 puts this title in double quotation marks. Please replace these internal double quotation marks with something more appropriate, perhaps single quotation marks -->|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>)
|{{flagdeco|Libya}} [[Pasukan Perisai Libya]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Dewan Syura Mujahidin di Derna]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Rami |last=Musa |title=Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya |date=10 June 2015 |work=Military Times |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2015/06/10/al-qaida-linked-militants-attack-is-affiliate-in-libya/}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg}} [[Tentara Penaklukan]] (2015–17)
|{{flagdeco|IRQ}} [[Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham]]<ref>{{cite news |title=الحشد الشعبي يوسع نطاق متابعة فلول داعش الى محافظة حمص السورية
|trans-title=The Popular Mobilization Forces expands the scope of follow-up to ISIS remnants to the Syrian province of Homs |language=ar|date=13 April 2017 |work=[[Iraq Today]] |url=http://iraqtoday.com/ar/news/7955/الحشد_الشعبي_يوسع_نطاق_متابعة_فلول_داعش_الى_محافظة_حمص_السورية}}</ref>
|{{flagdeco|IRQ}} [[Jaysh al-Mu'ammal]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Shelly |last=Kittleson |title=Iraqi police who fought for tribal PMUs won't return to force |date=11 April 2018 |work=Al-Monitor |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/04/shirqat-police-pmu-iraq.html}}</ref>
|{{flagdeco|Hezbollah}} Hezbollah Suriah
| {{flagicon image|}} [[Quwat al-Ridha]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS kills 6 militants from Hezbollah-backed Quwat al-Ridha in Homs |date=23 September 2017 |work=Zamanalwsl.net |url=https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/29928/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822114111/https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/29928/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|}} [[Liwa Fatemiyoun]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Leith |last=Aboufadel |date=21 March 2016 |work=[[Al-Masdar News]] |title=Iranian special forces arrive in Palmyra to help liberate the city |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/irgc-soldiers-arrive-palmyra-help-liberate-city/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402215027/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/irgc-soldiers-arrive-palmyra-help-liberate-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Liwa Zainebiyoun infobox flag.png}} [[Liwa Zainebiyoun]]<ref>{{cite news |title=التعرف على جثة امر لواء زينبيون الايراني الذي قتل في سوريا بنيران داعش الارهابي قبل عامين |trans-title=Identification of the body of the order of the Iranian Zainabiyoun Brigade, who was killed in Syria by ISIS terrorist fire two years ago |language=ar |work=IraqNewspaper.net |date=12 June 2019 |url=https://iraqnewspaper.net/ar/التعرف-جثة-امر-لواء-زينبيون-الايرا/}}</ref>
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Front (Syria) (Black).svg}} [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]]<ref>{{cite web |title=لماذا أوقفت كتائب الحر والجبهة الإسلامية قتال داعش في جنوب دمشق؟ |trans-title=Why did the Free and Islamic Front Brigades stop the fight against ISIS in southern Damascus? |language=ar|date=27 September 2014 |work=akhbaralaan.net |url=https://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/arab-world/2014/09/27/isis-relief-south-damascus-break-siege-syria}}</ref>
|[[Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union]]
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg}} [[Brigade Ba'ath]]<ref>{{cite web |title=عملية نوعية لـ "كتائب البعث" خلف خطوط "داعش" <!--Penutur bahasa Arab: CS1 menempatkan judul ini dalam tanda kutip ganda. Harap ganti tanda kutip ganda internal ini dengan yang lebih sesuai, mungkin tanda kutip tunggal-->|trans-title=A qualitative operation by the "Baath Brigades" behind the lines of ISIS |language=ar |date=5 October 2014 |work=DamPress.net |url=https://www.dampress.net/?page=show_det&category_id=12&id=49947&lang=ar}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Democratic Alliance (Venezuela)]]<ref name="AsambleaVE">{{Cite tweet |user=jguaido |author=Juan Guaidó |number=1169247448147091457 |date = 4 September 2019 |title=Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos.}}</ref>
|[[#Negara dan kelompok yang berperang bersama ISIS|Lihat bagian...]]}}
| logo = ISIL Caliphate Seal.svg
| image_size = 200px
| status = Organisasi Teroris
}}
'''Negara Islam Irak dan Syam''' ('''NIIS''' atau '''ISIS''' atau '''ISIL'''; {{lang-ar|الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام|Ad-Daulah al-Islāmiyyah fil-'Irāq wasy-Syām}}), juga dikenal dengan nama '''Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah''' ('''NIIS''' atau '''ISIS''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|aɪ|s|i|s}}), '''Negara Islam Irak dan asy-Syam''',<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/> '''Daesh''', atau '''Negara Islam''' ('''NI''' atau '''IS'''),<ref name="What is IS">{{cite news|title=What is Islamic State?|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144|publisher=BBC News|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> adalah kelompok militan [[ekstremisme Islam|ekstremis]] dan bekas [[proto-negara]] tidak diakui yang mengikuti doktrin [[Jihadisme salafi|jihadisme Salafi]]. {{As of|2015|12}}, NIIS menguasai wilayah dari Irak barat hingga Suriah timur yang diperkirakan berpenduduk 8–12 juta orang. Lewat kelompok lokalnya, NIIS juga menguasai wilayah kecil di [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]], dan [[Afghanistan]]. Kelompok ini juga beroperasi atau memiliki afiliasi di berbagai wilayah dunia, termasuk [[Afrika Utara]] dan [[Asia Selatan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurds accused of 'ethnic cleansing' by Syria rebels|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kurds-accused-ethnic-cleansing-syria-rebels-isis/|accessdate=22 June 2015|publisher=CBS News|date=15 June 2015}}<br />Islamic State is not a state, since it lacks international recognition. See: {{cite web | title = Statehood (international law) | url = https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statehood_international_law | website = [[Wex]] | publisher = [[Cornell University]] | accessdate = 20 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|title=Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross|agency=Reuters|accessdate=25 June 2015|date=13 March 2015|archive-date=2015-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113200347/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/13/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="reuters-turfwar">{{cite news|title=Exclusive: In turf war with Afghan Taliban, Islamic State loyalists gain ground|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|agency=Reuters|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=6 October 2015|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707211528/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/29/us-afghanistan-islamic-state-idUSKCN0P91EN20150629|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan">{{cite news|title=Militant Attack and Support Zones in Afghanistan|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|agency=Institute for the Study of War|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=22 September 2015|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060400/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Militant%20Sanctuary%20in%20Afghanistan%20Map_090915%20%283%29_0.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-pakistan-militants-is-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|agency=Reuters|date=18 November 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121325/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-militants-is/pakistan-taliban-splinter-group-vows-allegiance-to-islamic-state-idUSKCN0J20YQ20141118|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/>
Dalam bahasa Arab, kelompok ini dikenal dengan nama ''{{transl|ar|ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sy-Syām}}'' sehingga terciptalah kata '''Da'isy''' atau '''Daesh''' ({{lang|ar|داعش}}, {{IPA-ar|ˈdaːʕiʃ}}),<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |title=Decoding Daesh: Why is the new name for ISIS so hard to understand? |first=Alice |last=Guthrie |date=19 February 2015 |accessdate=15 November 2015 |work=Free Word Centre |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000440/https://www.freewordcentre.com/blog/2015/02/daesh-isis-media-alice-guthrie/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> singkatan "NIIS" dalam bahasa Arab. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini menyatakan dirinya sebagai [[negara Islam]] sekaligus [[kekhalifahan dunia]] yang dipimpin oleh [[khalifah]] [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] dan berganti nama menjadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|"Negara Islam" (NI)}}. Sebagai kekhalifahan, NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas semua Muslim di seluruh dunia, dan "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka".<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="newname">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html|last=Withnall|first=Adam|title=Iraq crisis: Isis changes name and declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East|date=29 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2014|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|author-link=Bill Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/06/isis_announces_formation_of_ca.php|title=ISIS announces formation of Caliphate, rebrands as 'Islamic State'|work=[[Long War Journal]]|date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Week">{{cite news|title = Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The man who would be caliph|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/267920/abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-the-man-who-would-be-caliph|accessdate=7 December 2014|work = [[The Week]]|date = 13 September 2014}}<!--al-Baghdadi has the megalomaniacal aim of restoring the long-expired caliphate, the original Muslim kingdom that existed under the successors of the Prophet Mohammed and at one point extended from modern-day Spain to Central Asia. "Caliph", or khalifa, means "successor" in Arabic, and by taking the title, al-Baghdadi has declared himself the chief imam and political and military leader of all Muslims.--></ref>
[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] menyebut NIIS telah melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan [[kejahatan perang]]. [[Amnesty International]] melaporkan bahwa kelompok ini telah melakukan [[pembersihan etnis]] "berskala sangat besar". Kelompok ini [[Daftar organisasi teroris resmi|dicap sebagai organisasi teroris]] oleh PBB, [[Uni Eropa]] dan negara-negara anggotanya, [[Amerika Serikat]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Turki]], [[Arab Saudi]], [[Suriah]], dan negara-negara lain. Lebih dari 60 negara secara langsung atau tidak langsung [[#Negara dan kelompok yang berperang melawan NIIS|berperang melawan NIIS]].
Kelompok ini awalnya didirikan dengan nama ''[[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]'' pada tahun 1999, lalu bergabung dengan [[al-Qaeda]] pada tahun 2004. Kelompok ini terlibat [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak]] setelah pasukan koalisi Barat [[invasi Irak 2003|menyerbu Irak tahun 2003]]. Bulan Januari 2006, kelompok tersebut bergabung dengan grup-grup pemberontak Sunni yang tergabung dalam [[Dewan Syura Mujahidin (Irak)|Dewan Syura Mujahidin]]. Mereka memproklamasikan pemberntukan [[Negara Islam Irak]] (NII) pada bulan Oktober 2006. Setelah [[Perang Saudara Suriah]] pecah bulan Maret 2011, NII di bawah kepemimpinan al-Baghdadi mengutus para pejuang ke Suriah pada Agustus 2011. Para pejuang tersebut menyebut dirinya ''Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli asy-Syām''—[[Front al-Nusra]]—dan menguasai daerah-daerah yang mayoritas dihuni warga Sunni di [[kegubernuran]] [[Kegubernuran Ar-Raqqah|Ar-Raqqah]], [[Kegubernuran Idlib|Idlib]], [[Kegubernuran Deir ez-Zor|Deir ez-Zor]], dan [[Kegubernuran Aleppo|Aleppo]]. Bulan April 2013, al-Baghdadi mengumumkan penyatuan NII dengan Front al-Nusra dan nama barunya, Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS). Namun demikian, [[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]] dan [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], masing-masing pemimpin al-Nusra dan al-Qaeda, menolak penyatuan tersebut. Setelah perebutan kekuasaan selama delapan bulan, al-Qaeda memutus semua hubungan dengan NIIS pada tanggal 3 Februari 2014 karena NIIS enggan berunding dan "luar biasa keras kepala". Di Suriah, kelompok ini melancarkan serangan darat terhadap pasukan pemerintah dan faksi pemberontak dalam Perang Saudara Suriah. Mereka mulai dikenal luas setelah mendesak mundur pasukan pemerintah Irak dari kota-kota besar di Irak barat dalam sebuah serangan pada awal 2014. Hilangnya kendali Irak atas wilayahnya sendiri mengakibatkan pecahnya pemerintahan Irak dan memicu aksi militer Amerika Serikat di Irak.<ref name="al-Qaeda severs link with ISIL">{{cite news|last=Holmes|first=Oliver|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203|agency=Reuters|title=Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL|date=3 February 2014|accessdate=6 July 2014|archive-date=2014-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625141853/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|title=Islamic law comes to rebel-held Syria|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-law-comes-to-rebel-held-syria/2013/03/19/b310532e-90af-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_print.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html|title=Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq|work=The Washington Post|first=Liz|last=Sly|date=3 February 2014|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1963547/Islamic-State-in-Iraq-and-the-Levant-ISIL|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=1 February 2015|subscription=yes}}</ref>
NIIS mahir memanfaatkan media sosial. Mereka mengepos video-video [[insiden pemenggalan NIIS|pemenggalan tentara, warga sipil, wartawan, dan pekerja sosial]] di Internet dan dikenal karena [[penghancuran warisan budaya oleh NIIS|menghancurkan situs-situs warisan budaya]]. Para tokoh [[Muslim]] di seluruh dunia mengutuk ideologi dan aksi-aksi NIIS; mereka berpendapat bahwa kelompok tersebut sudah keluar jauh dari ajaran [[Islam]] yang sejati dan segala tindakannya tidak mencerminkan ajaran atau nilai-nilai yang dibawa agama ini.<ref name="al-shorfa">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219092526/http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |url=http://mawtani.al-shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01 |title=Iraq churches, mosques under ISIL attack |first=Khalid |last=al-Taie |publisher=Al-Shorfa |date=13 February 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-19 |access-date=27 February 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state|title=Mehdi Hasan: How Islamic is Islamic State?|last=Hasan|first=Mehdi|authorlink=Medhi Hasan|work=New Statesman|date=10 March 2015|accessdate=7 July 2015|section=The Theologian|quote=Consider the various statements of Muslim groups such as the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation, representing 57 countries (Isis has "nothing to do with Islam"); the Islamic Society of North America (Isis’s actions are "in no way representative of what Islam actually teaches"); al-Azhar University in Cairo, the most prestigious seat of learning in the Sunni Muslim world (Isis is acting "under the guise of this holy religion . . . in an attempt to export their false Islam"); and even Saudi Arabia’s Salafist Grand Mufti, Abdul Aziz al ash-Sheikh (Isis is "the number-one enemy of Islam").}}</ref> Penggunaan nama "Negara Islam" dan konsep kekhalifahan oleh kelompok ini dikritik secara luas. PBB, [[NATO]], berbagai negara, dan sejumlah kelompok Muslim besar menolak keduanya.
== Nama{{anchor|Penamaan|Nama}} ==
Nama kelompok ini berubah-ubah sejak didirikan.<ref name="Conflict Encyclopedia">{{cite book|title=Uppsala Data Conflict Programme: Conflict Encyclopaedia (Iraq)|url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77®ionSelect=10-Middle_East|access-date=2015-11-26|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151947/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77®ionSelect=10-Middle_East|dead-url=yes}} (See One-sided violence – ISIS-civilians – Actor information-ISIS.) Retrieved 5 August 2014.</ref>
# Kelompok ini didirikan tahun 1999 oleh seorang pria yang berasal dari Yordania, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], dengan nama ''[[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad|Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād]]'', "Organisasi Tauhid dan Jihad" (JTJ).<ref name="winepJune14"/>
# Bulan Oktober 2004, al-Zarqawi [[Baiat|berbaiat]] kepada [[Osama bin Laden]] dan mengganti nama kelompoknya menjadi ''[[Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn|Tanẓīm Qāʻidat al-Jihād fī Bilād al-Rāfidayn]]'', "Organisasi Pangkalan Jihad di [[Mesopotamia]]", lebih dikenal dengan nama al-Qaeda di Irak (AQI).<ref name="Conflict Encyclopedia"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/09/AR2006060902040.html|title=Death Could Shake Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Around the World|work=The Washington Post|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|date=10 June 2006|accessdate=22 July 2014}}</ref> Meski mereka tidak pernah menyebut dirinya al-Qaeda di Irak, nama ini menjadi nama non-resminya selama beberapa tahun.<ref name="ctc29May">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor |title=The ISIL's Stand in the Ramadi-Falluja Corridor |last=Knights |first=Michael |publisher=Combating Terrorism Center |date=29 May 2014 |accessdate=12 July 2014 |archive-date=2017-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622143603/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-isils-stand-in-the-ramadi-falluja-corridor |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
# Bulan Januari 2006, AQI bergabung dengan sejumlah kelompok pemberontak Irak dan membentuk [[Dewan Syura Mujahidin (Irak)|Dewan Syura Mujahidin]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=48–9}} Akan tetapi, aksi al-Qaeda merupakan pencitraan sepele sekaligus upaya untuk memberi sentuhan Irak dan mungkin menjauhkan al-Qaeda dari kekacauan taktik al-Zarqawi, khususnya [[Pengeboman Amman 2005|pengeboman tiga hotel]] di Amman oleh AQI pada tahun 2005.</ref> Al-Zarqawi tewas pada bulan Juni 2006.
# Tanggal 12 Oktober 2006, Dewan Syura Mujahidin bergabung dengan beberapa faksi pemberontak. Keesokan harinya, mereka mengumumkan pembentukan ''ad-Dawlah al-ʻIraq al-Islāmiyah'', juga dikenal dengan nama [[Negara Islam Irak]] (NII).<ref name="lwj161006">{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/the_rump_islamic_emi.php|title=The Rump Islamic Emirate of Iraq|work=Long War Journal|date=16 October 2006|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Pemimpin kelompok ini adalah [[Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi]] dan [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=49–50}}</ref> Setelah keduanya tewas dalam operasi gabungan Amerika Serikat dan Irak bulan April 2010, [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] diangkat sebagai pemimpin baru kelompok tersebut.
# {{anchor|ISIS}}Tanggal 8 April 2013, setelah memperluas wilayahnya ke Suriah, kelompok ini mulai menggunakan nama Negara Islam Irak dan [[al-Syam]] atau Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah.<ref name="memri"/><ref name="bbc-2013-07-12">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23283079|title=Key Free Syria Army rebel 'killed by Islamist group'|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="AlArabiya_9-4-2013">{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/09/Al-Qaeda-in-Iraq-confirms-Syria-s-Nusra-Front-is-part-of-its-network.html|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra Front is part of its network|work=Al Arabiya|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=15 June 2014}}</ref> Kedua nama tersebut merupakan terjemahan dari bahasa Arab ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī-l-ʻIrāq wa-sy-Syām'';<ref name="BBC-profile">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084|title=Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)|work=BBC News|date=11 June 2014|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ISIS vs ISIL">{{cite news|last1=Saxena|first1=Vivek|title=ISIS vs ISIL – Which One Is It?|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1306844/isis-vs-isil-which-one-is-it/|accessdate=20 June 2014|work=The Inquisitr|date=18 June 2014}}</ref> ''[[wikt:الشام|al-Syām]]'' berarti kawasan [[Syam]] atau [[Suriah Raya]].<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate">{{cite news|last1=Tharoor|first1=Ishaan|title=ISIS or ISIL? The debate over what to call Iraq's terror group|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/18/isis-or-isil-the-debate-over-what-to-call-iraqs-terror-group/?_ga=1.75244306.1823250761.1403224335|accessdate=21 June 2014|work=The Washington Post|date=18 June 2014}}</ref> Nama terjemahan tersebut biasa disingkat ISIL atau ISIS dalam bahasa Inggris, namun tidak pernah tetap.<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="ISIS vs ISIL"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara kedua singkatan tersebut "tidak terlalu besar".<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/>
# Nama Da'isy sering dipakai oleh para penentang NIIS yang berbahasa Arab. Nama ini terdiri dari huruf [[Dāl]], [['alif|alif]], [[ﻋ ع|ʻayn]], dan [[Sīn|syīn]] sehingga membentuk kata ({{lang|ar|داعش}}), singkatan ''al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Syām'' dalam bahasa Arab.<ref name="daesh2">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/05/226067.htm |title=Terrorist Designations of Groups Operating in Syria |publisher=United States Department of State |date=14 May 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="daesh3">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27994277|title=Isis, Isil or Da'ish? What to call militants in Iraq|date=24 June 2014|work=BBC News|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> Ejaan singkatan tersebut beragam, dan "Daesh" lebih lazim digunakan. NIIS menganggap singkatan Da'isy sangat merendahkan karena dengan [[konjugasi tata bahasa]] yang tepat, kata tersebut terdengar seperti ''Daes'' yang berarti "seseorang yang menginjak sesuatu", dan ''Dahes'', "seseorang yang menebar kebencian".<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Randal|first1=Collin|title=Why Does a Simple Word like Daesh Disturb Extremists so Much|url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/why-does-a-simple-word-like-daesh-disturb-extremists-so-much|work=thenational.ae/|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> ISIL kabarnya memberi ancaman cambuk<ref name="daesh">{{cite web |last=Abouzeid |first=Rania |url=http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_syrias_uprising_within_an_uprising238 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125092845/http://ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_syrias_uprising_within_an_uprising238 |archivedate=25 January 2014 |title=Syria's uprising within an uprising |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations |date=16 January 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Keating|first1=Joshua|title=Who Is Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi?|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/06/16/abu_bakr_al_baghdadi_how_did_isis_s_leader_go_from_total_unknown_to_the.html|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=Slate|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> dan potong lidah<ref>{{cite news|first=Maria|last=Vultaggio|title=ISIL, ISIS, Islamic State, Daesh: What's The Difference?|date=16 November 2015|work=International Business Times|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isil-isis-islamic-state-daesh-whats-difference-2187131}}</ref> kepada orang-orang yang memakai istilah Da'isy di wilayahnya. Pada tahun 2015, lebih dari 120 anggota parlemen Britania meminta BBC memakai nama Daesh seperti [[John Kerry]] dan [[Laurent Fabius]].<ref name="DAESH shift"/><ref name="bbc-review-is">{{cite news|last1=Martinson|first1=Jane|title=BBC to review use of 'Islamic State' after MPs protest against term|url=http://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jun/29/bbc-to-review-use-of-islamic-state-after-mps-protest-against-term|accessdate=1 July 2015|work=The Guardian|date=29 June 2015|quote=More than 120 MPs, backed by David Cameron, sign letter saying name gives legitimacy to terrorist group that is neither Islamic nor a state... It urges the BBC and other broadcasters to adopt the name "Daesh" for the group.}}</ref>
# Tanggal 14 Mei 2014, [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]] memutuskan untuk menggunakan nama ''Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant'' (ISIL) untuk menyebut kelompok ini.<ref name="daesh2"/> Pada akhir 2014, para petinggi pemerintahan A.S. beralih ke Daesh karena nama tersebut lebih disukai sekutu-sekutunya di Arab.<ref name="DAESH shift">{{cite news|last1=Schwartz|first1=Felica|title=One More Name for Islamic State: Daesh|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2014/12/23/one-more-name-for-islamic-state-daesh/|accessdate=25 December 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>
# Tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini mengganti namanya menjadi ''ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah'' ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|Negara Islam (NI)}}) dan menyatakan dirinya sebagai [[kekhalifahan]] dunia.<ref name="newname"/><ref name="newname2">{{cite news|title=ISIL renames itself 'Islamic State' and declares Caliphate in captured territory|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/30/isil-renames-itself-islamic-state-and-declares-caliphate-in-captured-territory/|date=30 June 2014|work=Euronews|accessdate=30 June 2014|archive-date=2015-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825164958/http://www.euronews.com/2014/06/30/isil-renames-itself-islamic-state-and-declares-caliphate-in-captured-territory/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite news|last1=Khosla|first1=Simran|title=This Is What The World's Newest Islamic Caliphate Might Look Like|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-caliphate-might-look-like-2014-6?nr_email_referer=1&utm_source=Triggermail&utm_medium=email&utm_term=Business%20Insider%20Select&utm_campaign=BI%20Select%20Mondays%202014-06-30&utm_content=emailshare|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=Business Insider|publisher=GlobalPost|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> "Irak dan Syam" dihapus dari semua dokumen dan komunikasi resmi. Sejak saat itu, nama resmi kelompok ini adalah Negara Islam. Nama Negara Islam dan klaim kekhalifahan dikritik habis-habisan. PBB, beberapa negara, dan sejumlah kelompok Muslim besar menolak nama baru tersebut.<ref name="bbc-review-is"/><ref name="Moore">{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Jack|date=2 July 2014|title=Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-senior-jordan-jihadist-slams-isis-caliphate-1455041|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|last1=Mandhai|first1=Shafik|title=Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/muslim-leaders-reject-baghdadi-caliphate-20147744058773906.html|accessdate=12 July 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Goodenough">{{cite news|last=Goodenough|first=Patrick|url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/patrick-goodenough/self-appointed-caliph-makes-first-public-appearance|title=Self-Appointed 'Caliph' Makes First Public Appearance|work=CNS News|date=6 July 2014|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="un.org"/><ref name="ottawacitizen.com"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="potus-statement"/>
==
{{Sejarah Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
{{See also|Garis waktu peristiwa yang melibatkan NIIS|Negara Islam Irak#Garis waktu|Perang Saudara Suriah#Garis waktu|Insiden teroris di Irak tahun 2014}}
{{anchor|JTJ}}
=== Pembentukan, 1999–2006 ===
{{main|Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad|Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn|Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)}}
Setelah [[invasi Irak 2003]], [[jihadisme Salafis|jihadis Salafi]] asal Yordania, [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], dan kelompok militannya, Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (didirikan tahun 1999), muncul pada tahap awal [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak]] lewat serangkaian [[serangan bunuh diri]] terhadap masjid [[Islam Syi'ah]], warga sipil, badan pemerintahan Irak, dan tentara Italia yang terlibat dalam [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|Multi-National Force]] pimpinan Amerika Serikat.
{{anchor|Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn}}
Kelompok Al-Zarqawi secara resmi berbaiat kepada jaringan [[al-Qaeda]] [[Osama bin Laden]] pada bulan Oktober 2004 dan mengganti namanya menjadi Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn ({{lang|ar|تنظيم قاعدة الجهاد في بلاد الرافدين}}, "Organisasi Pusat Jihad di [[Mesopotamia]]"), biasa dikenal dengan nama [[al-Qaeda di Irak]] (AQI).<ref name="JamestownFoundation20041018">{{cite journal |last1=Pool |first1=Jeffrey |title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21 |journal=Terrorism Monitor |date=16 December 2004 |volume=2 |issue=24 |page=The Jamestown Foundation |url=http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dawn20041018">{{cite news|title=Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm|date=18 October 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229020549/http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm|archivedate=29 December 2007|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Dawn|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="Msnbc20041018">{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6268680/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC News|title=Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden|date=18 October 2004|accessdate=13 July 2007}}</ref> Serangan terhadap warga sipil, pasukan pemerintah dan pasukan keamanan Irak, diplomat dan tentara asing, dan konvoi Amerika Serikat berlangsung secara intens. Dalam surat kepada al-Zarqawi bulan Juli 2005, wakil ketua al-Qaeda [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] merumuskan rencana empat tahap untuk memperluas [[Perang Irak]]. Rencana tersebut mencakup pengusiran [[militer Amerika Serikat|pasukan A.S.]] dari Irak, pembentukan pemerintahan kekhalifahan Islam, penyebaran konflik ke negara tetangga Irak yang sekuler, dan perseteruan dengan Israel. Surat tersebut menyebutkan bahwa rencana ini "bertujuan melawan organisasi Islam baru apapun bentuknya".<ref>{{cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|title=Revealed: Al-Qaida plan to seize control of Iraq|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/13/alqaida.iraq|work=The Guardian|date=13 October 2005|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>
{{anchor|Dewan Syura Mujahidin}}
Pada bulan Januari 2006, AQI bergabung dengan beberapa kelompok pemberontak Irak kecil di bawah organisasi bernama Dewan Syura Mujahidin (DSM). Menurut Brian Fishman, aksi al-Qaeda merupakan pencitraan semata sekaligus upaya untuk memasukkan unsur-unsur Irak dan mungkin menjauhkan al-Qaeda dari kekacauan taktik al-Zarqawi, khususnya [[pengeboman Amman 2005|pengeboman tiga hotel]] di Amman oleh AQI pada tahun 2005.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fishman|2008|pp=48–9}}.</ref> Pada tanggal 7 Juni 2006, serangan udara A.S. menewaskan al-Zarqawi; posisinya digantikan oleh militan asal Mesir, [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]].<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq names new head|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5073092.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=12 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="Al Masri">{{cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|title=Al-Qaida in Iraq leader believed dead|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/01/iraq.alqaida|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 May 2007}}</ref>
Tanggal 12 Oktober 2006, DSM bergabung dengan tiga kelompok kecil dan enam suku [[Islam Sunni]] dalam "Koalisi Mutayibin". Kelompok baru ini bersumpah "untuk menyelamatkan umat Sunni dari penindasan kaum pembangkang (Muslim Syi'ah) dan pasukan pendudukan salibis ... untuk mengembalikan hak-hak [kami] sekalipun harus mengorbankan nyawa ... untuk menegakkan janji Allah di muka bumi, dan mengembalikan kejayaan Islam".<ref name="lwj121006">{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2006/10/alqaedas_grand_coali.php|title=al Qaeda's Grand Coalition in Anbar|work=Long War Journal|date=12 October 2006|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="memri171006">{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1910.htm |title=Jihad Groups in Iraq Take an Oath of Allegiance |website=MEMRI |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=17 October 2006 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> Sehari kemudian, DSM mengumumkan pembentukan Negara Islam Irak (NII) yang terdiri atas enam kegubernuran Arab Sunni di Irak.<ref name=FT15Oct06>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/e239159e-5c6a-11db-9e7e-0000779e2340.html|first=Stephen|last=Negus|title=Call for Sunni state in Iraq|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=15 October 2006|access-date=15 January 2015|subscription=yes}}</ref> [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] diangkat sebagai [[amir]],<ref name="lwj161006"/><ref name="Al-Qaida">{{cite web |title=Al-Qaida in Iraq (AQI) |url=http://www.nps.edu/Library/Research/SubjectGuides/SpecialTopics/TerroristProfile/Current/AlQaidaIraq.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401114027/http://www.nps.edu/Library/Research/SubjectGuides/SpecialTopics/TerroristProfile/Current/AlQaidaIraq.html |archivedate=1 April 2007 |website=[[Dudley Wright Knox|Dudley Knox]] Library |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School |accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> dan al-Masri diangkat sebagai Menteri Perang dalam kabinet NII yang beranggotakan sepuluh orang.<ref name="cabinetlist">{{cite news|title=Islamic State of Iraq Announces Establishment of the Cabinet of its First Islamic Administration in Video Issued Through al-Furqan Foundation|url=http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928061225/http://www.siteinstitute.org/bin/articles.cgi?ID=publications274907&Category=publications&Subcategory=0|archivedate=28 September 2007|accessdate=20 July 2014|publisher=SITE Institute|date=19 April 2007}}</ref>
{{anchor|Negara Islam Irak (2006–2013)}}
=== Negara Islam Irak, 2006–13 ===
{{Main|Negara Islam Irak}}
Menurut penelitian yang dilakukan oleh [[badan intelijen Amerika Serikat]] pada awal 2007, NII—dikenal dengan nama AQI—berencana menggulingkan pemerintahan di Irak bagian tengah dan barat, lalu mengubahnya menjadi [[kekhalifahan]] Sunni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahnaimi|first=Uzi|title=Al-Qaeda planning militant Islamic state within Iraq|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece|newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=13 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071632/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article1782088.ece|archivedate=24 May 2011|location=London}}</ref> Kelompok ini semakin menguat dan, pada masa kejayaannya, menguasai [[kegubernuran di Irak|kegubernuran]] [[Kegubernuran Al Anbar|Al Anbar]], [[Kegubernuran Diyala|Diyala]], dan [[Kegubernuran Baghdad|Baghdad]]. [[Baqubah]] dipilih sebagai ibu kota Negara Islam Irak.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ricks|first1=Thomas E.|title=Situation Called Dire in West Iraq|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components|accessdate=13 July 2014|work=The Washington Post|date=11 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Linzer|first1=Dafna|last2=Ricks|first2=Thomas E.|title=Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html|accessdate=18 July 2014|work=The Washington Post|date=28 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Engel|first1=Richard|url=http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts|title=Reporting under al-Qaida control|publisher=MSNBC|date=27 December 2006|accessdate=28 October 2009|archive-date=2018-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012110014/http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Engel|first=Richard|url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102170117/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx|archivedate=2 November 2007|title=Dangers of the Baghdad plan|publisher=MSNBC|date=17 January 2007|accessdate=28 October 2009}}</ref>
[[Kenaikan jumlah tentara Perang Irak 2007|Kenaikan jumlah tentara Perang Irak]] tahun 2007 memberi [[militer Amerika Serikat]] tambahan pasukan yang cukup untuk menyerbu kelompok tersebut. Akibatnya, banyak anggota AQI yang paling berpengaruh ditangkap atau dibunuh.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2007/11/targeting_al_qaeda_in_iraqs_ne.asp|title=Targeting al Qaeda in Iraq's Network|work=[[The Weekly Standard]]|date=13 November 2007}}</ref>
Antara bulan Juli dan Oktober 2007, al-Qaeda di Irak dikabarkan kehilangan kendali atas provinsi Al Anbar dan wilayah [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ricks|first1=Thomas|last2=DeYoung|first2=Karen|title=Al-Qaeda in Iraq Reported Crippled|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/14/AR2007101401245.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=15 October 2007|accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>
Sepanjang tahun 2008, serangkaian serangan yang dilancarkan Amerika Serikat dan Irak mendesak mundur pemberontak AQI dari wilayah kekuasaannya di kegubernuran [[kampanye Diyala|Diyala]] dan Al Anbar sampai ke kota [[Mosul]].<ref name="nostra">{{cite news|last=Samuels|first=Lennox|title=Al Qaeda in Iraq Ramps Up Its Racketeering|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/138085|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|date=20 May 2008|accessdate=13 February 2015}}{{subscription required}} Accessible via Google.</ref>
Pada tahun 2008, NII mengaku sedang mengalami "krisis luar biasa".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=How al Qaeda lost Iraq |url=http://www.polsis.uq.edu.au/docs/PHILLIPSHowAlQaedaLostIraq.pdf |journal=Australian Journal of International Affairs |volume=63 |number=1 |pages=64–84 |doi=10.1080/10357710802649840 |access-date=2015-11-29 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128071725/http://www.polsis.uq.edu.au/docs/PHILLIPSHowAlQaedaLostIraq.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Usaha kerasnya untuk mempertahankan wilayahnya dikecam oleh warga Irak Arab Sunni dan kelompok pemberontak lainnya. Kelompok tersebut mengalami kejatuhan sementara yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kahl |first=Colin H .|year=2008 |title=When to Leave Iraq: Walk Before Running |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/64458/colin-h-kahl-and-william-e-odom/when-to-leave-iraq |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=87 |number=4 |pages=151–154 |jstor=20032727}}</ref> salah satunya [[Kebangkitan Anbar]].
Pada akhir 2009, komandan pasukan A.S. di Irak, Jenderal [[Ray Odierno]], menyatakan bahwa NII "telah berubah besar dalam kurun dua tahun terakhir. Kelompok yang dulunya didominasi warga asing akhirnya didominasi oleh orang Irak".<ref>{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda in Iraq becoming less foreign-US general|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLI176502|date=18 November 2009|agency=Reuters|first=Michael|last=Christie}}</ref> Pada tanggal 18 April 2010, dua pucuk pimpinan NII, [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] dan [[Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi|Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]], tewas dalam serangan gabungan AS-Irak di dekat kota [[Tikrit]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Arango|first=Tim|title=Top Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Reported Killed in Raid|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/world/middleeast/20baghdad.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 August 2014}}</ref> Dalam konferensi pers bulan Juni 2010, Jenderal Odierno melaporkan bahwa 80% dari 42 pemimpin NII, termasuk perekrut dan penyalur dana, tewas atau ditangkap; delapan sisanya masih buron. Ia mengatakan bahwa kelompok ini sudah terpisah dari pusat al-Qaeda di Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shanker|first=Thom|title=Qaeda Leaders in Iraq Neutralized, US Says|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/05/world/middleeast/05military.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US says 80% of al-Qaeda leaders in Iraq removed|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10243585.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=4 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Attacks in Iraq down, Al-Qaeda arrests up: US general|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iliKXlauRMdj1Uijz1Zv-WkJ7RUQ|publisher=Google News|date=4 June 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225073345/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iliKXlauRMdj1Uijz1Zv-WkJ7RUQ|archivedate=9 January 2015}}</ref>
Tanggal 16 Mei 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi diangkat sebagai pemimpin baru Negara Islam Irak.<ref name="ISI">{{cite news|last=Shadid|first=Anthony|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/iraqi-insurgent-group-names-new-leaders/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|title=Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders|work=The New York Times|date=16 May 2010|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc31July14">{{cite web |title=Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28560449 |publisher=BBC World News |date=31 July 2014 |accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Al-Baghdadi mengganti para pemimpin yang tewas atau ditangkap dengan mengangkat mantan pejabat militer dan intelijen [[Partai Ba'ath Sosialis Arab – Irak|Ba'athis]] era [[Saddam Hussein]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|date=5 April 2015|title=How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/how-saddam-husseins-former-military-officers-and-spies-are-controlling-isis-10156610.html|newspaper=Independent|location=United Kingdrom|access-date=21 April 2015|quote=But American officials didn't anticipate that they would become not only adjuncts to al-Qaeda, but core members of the jihadist group.<br />They were instrumental in the group’s rebirth from the defeats inflicted on insurgents by the US military, which is now back in Iraq bombing many of the same men it had already fought twice before.}}<br />{{cite news|last=Sly|first=Liz|date=4 April 2015|title=The hidden hand behind the Islamic State militants? Saddam Hussein’s.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/the-hidden-hand-behind-the-islamic-state-militants-saddam-husseins/2015/04/04/aa97676c-cc32-11e4-8730-4f473416e759_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|location=United States|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Hampir semuanya pernah ditahan oleh militer Amerika Serikat, dan mereka mencakup sepertiga dari 25 komandan tertinggi Baghdadi. Salah satu di antaranya adalah mantan kolonel [[Samir al-Khlifawi]], biasa diapnggil Haji Bakr, yang menjadi komandan militer tertinggi yang mengatur semua operasi kelompok ini.<ref name="nytimes10Aug14">{{cite news|first1= Tim|last1=Arango|first2=Eric|last2=Schmidtt|title=U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled Rise of a Rebel|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/world/middleeast/us-actions-in-iraq-fueled-rise-of-a-rebel.html|work=The New York Times|date=10 August 2014|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="nytimes27Aug14">{{cite news|title=Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/28/world/middleeast/army-know-how-seen-as-factor-in-isis-successes.html|work=The New York Times|date=27 August 2014|accessdate=28 August 2014|first1=Ben|last1=Hubbard|first2=Eric|last2=Schmitt}}</ref> Al-Khlifawi berperan penting dalam perencanaan dasar yang kelak mendorong terbentuknya NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Samuel|date=21 April 2015|title=ISIS' Rise in Iraq Masterminded by Former Saddam Hussein Intelligence Officer, Recently Published Caliphate 'Blueprint' Documents Reveal|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/isis-rise-in-iraq-masterminded-by-former-saddam-hussein-intelligence-officer-recently-published-caliphate-blueprint-documents-reveal-137925/#uyxSLO8V20QzGpBj.99|newspaper=The Christian Post|access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news|agency=Reuters|date=20 April 2015|title=Former Saddam Hussein spy masterminded the rise of Isis, says report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/former-saddam-spy-masterminded-the-rise-of-islamic-state-says-report|newspaper=The Guardian|location=United Kingdom|access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite podcast |url=http://www.kfiam640.com/media/podcast-dark-secret-place-darksecretplace/dark-secret-place-0418-25982682/ |title=Dark Secret Place 04/18 |website=[[KFI]] |publisher=iHeartRadio |host=[[Bryan Suits]] |date=19 April 2015 |time=8:50| access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news|last=Dettmer|first=Jamie|first2=Jacob|last2=Siegel|date=21 April 2015|title=What Saddam Gave ISIS|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/04/21/what-saddam-gave-isis.html|newspaper=The Daily Beast|location=United States|access-date=21 April 2015}}<br />{{cite news|last=Reuter|first=Christoph|date=18 April 2015|title=The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-files-show-structure-of-islamist-terror-group-a-1029274.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|location=Germany|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
Pada Juli 2012, al-Baghdadi merilis pernyataan audio daring bahwa kelompoknya sudah kembali ke daerah yang dulu mereka kuasai sebelum diusir pasukan Amerika Serikat dan [[Para Putra Irak]] tahun 2007 dan 2008.<ref name="ap22July12">{{cite news|title=Al-Qaida: We're returning to old Iraq strongholds|url=https://news.yahoo.com/al-qaida-were-returning-old-iraq-strongholds-131645698.html|agency=Associated Press|date=22 July 2012|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref> Ia juga mengumumkan serangan baru di Irak bernama ''Breaking the Walls''; serangan ini bertujuan membebaskan para anggotanya yang ditahan di sejumlah penjara di Irak.<ref name="ap22July12"/> Kekerasan di Irak mulai meningkat pada Juni 2012 lewat serangkaian [[bom mobil|serangan bom mobil]] AQI. Pada Juli 2013, jumlah korban tewas mencapai 1.000 orang per bulan untuk pertama kalinya sejak April 2008.<ref name="iswSeptember13">{{cite web |title=Al Qaeda in Iraq Resurgent |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/AQI-Resurgent-10Sept_0.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |date=September 2013 |accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>
==== Perang Saudara Suriah ====
Pada bulan Maret 2011, unjuk rasa menentang pemerintahan [[Bashar al-Assad]] di Suriah dimulai. Dalam beberapa bulan berikutnya, kerusuhan antara pengunjuk rasa dan pasukan keamanan memicu militerisasi konflik secara bertahap.<ref name="bbc14March14">{{cite web |title=Syria: The story of the conflict |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868 |date=14 March 2014 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |publisher=BBC News |first=Rania |last=Abouzeid}}</ref> Bulan Agustus 2011, al-Baghdadi mulai mengirimkan anggota NII cabang Suriah dan Irak yang berpengalaman dalam perang gerilya untuk mendirikan organisasi di Suriah. Di bawah pimpinan [[Abu Muhammad al-Julani]] asal Suriah, kelompok ini mulai merekrut anggota dan mendirikan sel di seluruh Suriah.<ref name="politico23June14">{{cite web |title=The Jihad Next Door |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/al-qaeda-iraq-syria-108214_full.html |date=23 June 2014 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |publisher=Politico |first=Rania |last=Abouzeid}}</ref><ref name="quilliam">{{cite news|title=Jabhat al-Nusra A Strategic Briefing|url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf|publisher=Quilliam Foundation|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2015-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080133/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/jabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bulan Januari 2012, kelompok ini meresmikan dirinya dengan nama ''Jabhat al-Nusra li Ahl as-Sham''—[[Front al-Nusra|Jabhat al-Nusra]]—biasa dikenal dengan nama Front al-Nusra. Al-Nusra berkembang menjadi pasukan tempur berpengalaman. Mereka didukung oleh warga Suriah yang menentang pemerintahan Assad.<ref name="politico23June14"/>
{{anchor|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (2013–2014)|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
=== Negara Islam Irak dan Syam, 2013–14 ===
{{Main|Garis waktu peristiwa terkait Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
Pada tanggal 8 April 2013, al-Baghdadi merilis pernyataan audio bahwa Front al-Nusra didirikan, didanai, dan dibantu oleh Negara Islam Irak,<ref name="globalpost">{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network|title=Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network|date=9 April 2013|accessdate=9 April 2013|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=GlobalPost|archive-date=2013-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513193707/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130409/qaeda-iraq-confirms-syrias-nusra-part-network|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan keduanya bergabung menjadi "Negara Islam Irak dan al-Syam".<ref name="memri">{{cite web |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/7119.htm |title=ISI Confirms That Jabhat Al-Nusra Is Its Extension in Syria, Declares 'Islamic State of Iraq And Al-Sham' As New Name of Merged Group |website=MEMRI |publisher=Middle East Media Research Institute |date=8 April 2013 |accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> Al-Julani mengeluarkan pernyataan yang membantah penggabungan kedua kelompok tersebut dan mengaku bahwa tak satupun petinggi al-Nusra yang diberitahu soal penggabungan ini.<ref name="naharnet">{{cite news|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/78961-al-nusra-commits-to-al-qaida-deny-iraq-branch-merger/|title=Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger'|date=10 April 2013|accessdate=18 May 2013|agency=Naharnet [[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> Pada Juni 2013, [[Al Jazeera]] melaporkan bahwa mereka menerima surat dari pemimpin al-Qaeda [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] yang ditujukan kepada pemimpin al-Nusra dan NII; ia menolak penggabungan tersebut dan mengutus seseorang untuk mengawasi hubungan sekaligus meredam ketegangan antara kedua kelompok tersebut.<ref name="aljazeera090613">{{cite news|last=Atassi|first=Basma|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013699425657882.html|title=Qaeda chief annuls Syrian-Iraqi jihad merger|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref> Pada bulan yang sama, al-Baghdadi merilis pesan audio yang isinya menolak keputusan al-Zawahiri dan menyatakan bahwa penggabungan akan tetap berjalan.<ref name="aljazeera150613">{{cite news|first=Basma|last=Atassi|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615172217827810.html|title=Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=15 June 2013|accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref> Sementara itu, kampanye NIIS untuk membebaskan anggota-anggotanya yang dipenjara memuncak pada Juli 2013. NIIS melancarkan serangan bersamaan terhadap [[penjara Abu Ghraib]] dan [[Taji]] yang membebaskan lebih dari 500 tahanan, kebanyakan di antaranya veteran [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak]].<ref name="iswSeptember13"/><ref name="reuters23July13">{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda says it freed 500 inmates in Iraq jail-break|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/23/us-iraq-violence-alqaeda-idUSBRE96M0C720130723|agency=Reuters|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2015-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006093612/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/23/us-iraq-violence-alqaeda-idUSBRE96M0C720130723|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bulan Oktober 2013, al-Zawahiri memerintahkan pembubaran NIIS dan mengangkat Front al-Nusra sebagai pemimpin operasi jihadis di Suriah,<ref>{{cite news|title=Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria|url=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx|accessdate=8 November 2013|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|date=8 November 2013|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109021550/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> tetapi al-Baghdadi menolak keputusan al-Zawahiri atas dasar fikih Islam.<ref name="aljazeera150613"/> Kelompok al-Baghdadi melanjutkan operasinya di Suriah. Pada Februari 2013, setelah delapan bulan berebut kekuasaan, al-Qaeda memutuskan hubungan dengan NIIS.<ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd"/>
Menurut wartawan Sarah Birke, ada "perbedaan besar" antara Front al-Nusra dan NIIS. Bila al-Nusra aktif mendukung penggulingan pemerintahan Assad, NIIS "justru berfokus pada pendirian pemerintahan di wilayah yang didudukinya". NIIS "jauh lebih kejam" dalam pembentukan negara Islam. Mereka "melancarkan serangan sektarian dan langsung menegakkan hukum syariah saat itu juga". Front al-Nusra memiliki "kontingen pejuang asing berjumlah besar" dan dipandang sebagai kelompok dalam negeri oleh sebagian besar warga Suriah. Sebaliknya, para pengungsi Suriah justru memandang pejuang NIIS sebagai "pasukan 'penjajah' asing".<ref name="birke3">{{cite journal |last=Birke |first=Sarah |title=How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War |journal=New York Review of Books |date=27 December 2013 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/dec/27/how-al-qaeda-changed-syrian-war/}}</ref> NIIS menguasai Suriah timur dan utara, dan menerapkan hukum [[syariah]] di beberapa kota di sana.<ref name="birke3"/> Kelompok ini kabarnya menguasai empat kota perbatasan Atmeh, al-Bab, Azaz, dan Jarablus dengan tujuan mengendalikan arus perpindahan manusia dari Suriah ke Turki.<ref name="birke3"/> Pejuang asing di Suriah mencakup para jihadis berbahasa Rusia yang awalnya merupakan anggota [[Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar]] (JMA).<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journal-neo.org/2014/01/18/rus-rost-mezhdunarodno-terroristicheskoj-ugrozy-s-territorii-sirii/ |title=Growth of International Terrorist Threat from Syria |first=Vladimir |last=Platov |journal=New Eastern Outlook |date=18 January 2014 |accessdate=11 June 2014}}</ref> Pada November 2013, pemimpin JMA asal Chechnya, [[Abu Omar al-Shishani]], [[baiat|berbaiat]] kepada al-Baghdadi.<ref>{{cite news|first=Thomas|last=Joscelyn|title=Chechen-led group swears allegiance to head of Islamic State of Iraq and Sham|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/11/muhajireen_army_swea.php|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=13 July 2014|work=Long War Journal}}</ref> JMA kemudian terbelah antara pihak pendukung al-Shishani dan pihak yang melanjutkan operasi JMA secara terpisah di bawah kepemimpinan baru.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25151104|title=Syria crisis: Omar Shishani, Chechen jihadist leader|publisher=BBC News|date=3 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013}}</ref>
Pada bulan Januari 2014, pemberontak yang berafiliasi dengan [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]] dan [[Pasukan Suriah Bebas]] yang dilatih Amerika Serikat<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/21/world/la-fg-wn-cia-syria-20130621|title=U.S. training Syrian rebels; White House 'stepped up assistance'|work=Los Angeles Times|date=21 June 2013|first1=David S.|last1=Cloud|first2=Raja|last2=Abdulrahim}}</ref> melancarkan serangan melawan militan NIIS di dalam dan sekitar kota [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/world/middleeast/qaeda-insurgents-in-syria.html|title=Qaeda-Linked Insurgents Clash With Other Rebels in Syria, as Schism Grows|work=The New York Times|date=4 January 2014|accessdate=16 January 2014|first1=Hwaida|last1=Saad|first2=Rick|last2=Gladstone}}</ref><ref name="Casey">{{cite web |last=Casey |first=Mary Joshua Haber |title=Rebel factions continue fight against ISIL in Northern Syria |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/07/rebel-factions-continue-fight-against-isil-in-northern-syria/ |date=7 January 2014 |work=Foreign Policy |accessdate=7 January 2014}}</ref> Bulan Mei 2014, Ayman al-Zawahiri meminta Front al-Nusra untuk menghentikan serangan terhadap pesaingnya, NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jun-18/260556-isis-rebel-clashes-resume-in-deir-al-zor.ashx|title=ISIS-rebel clashes resume in Deir al-Zor|date=18 June 2014|accessdate=23 July 2015|work=The Daily Star}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2015}} Bulan Juni 2014, setelah pertempuran berlarut-larut antara kedua kelompok tersebut, cabang al-Nusra di kota [[Al-Bukamal]], Suriah, berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="Al-Nusra">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140625-syrian-branch-qaeda-vows-loyalty-iraq-isis-kamal/|title=Syrian branch of al Qaeda vows loyalty to Iraq's ISIS|publisher=[[France 24]]|date=25 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ANF">{{cite news|title=Al Nusra pledges allegiance to Isil|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iraq/al-nusra-pledges-allegiance-to-isil-1.1352029|date=25 June 2014|work=Gulf News|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> Pada pertengahan Juni 2014, NIIS menduduki perlintasan Trabil di perbatasan Yordania–Irak,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaouette|first1=Nicole|last2=Ajrash|first2=Kadhim|last3=Sabah|first3=Zaid|date=23 June 2014|title=Militants Seize Iraq-Jordan Border as Kerry Visits Baghdad|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-23/militants-seize-iraqi-town-near-border-with-jordan.html|publisher=Bloomberg News|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> satu-satunya perlintasan perbatasan antara kedua negara ini.<ref name="NYT Jordan border">{{cite news|last1=Arango|first1=Tim|last2=Gordon|first2=Michael R.|date=23 June 2014|title=Iraqi Insurgents Secure Control of Border Posts|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/world/middleeast/sunni-militants-seize-crossing-on-iraq-jordan-border.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> NIIS didukung oleh sebagian kecil masyarakat di Yordania walaupun tidak banyak karena faktor penindasan pemerintah di Yordania.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abuqudairi|first=Areej|date=5 July 2014|title=Anger boils over in the 'Fallujah of Jordan'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/anger-boils-over-fallujah-jordan-20147575130478577.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref> NIIS melakukan perekrutan di Arab Saudi<ref name="Bloomberg"/> karena suku-suku di utara Arab Saudi berhubungan dekat dengan suku-suku di Irak barat dan Suriah timur.<ref name="FT Saudi troops">{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Erika|last2=Kerr|first2=Simeon|date=3 July 2014|title=Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3312faba-0286-11e4-aa85-00144feab7de.html|work=Financial Times|accessdate=6 July 2014|subscription=yes}}</ref>
{{anchor|Negara Islam (Juni 2014–sekarang)}}
=== Negara Islam, 2014–sekarang ===
{{See also|Insiden pemenggalan NIIS|Intervensi pimpinan Amerika Serikat di Suriah|Intervensi pimpinan Amerika Serikat di Irak (2014–sekarang)|Intervensi Iran di Irak (2014–sekarang)|Intervensi militer terhadap NIIS|Serangan Irak Utara (Juni 2014)|Keterlibatan Turki pada Perang Saudara Suriah}}
Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, organisasi ini mengklaim diri sebagai [[kekhalifahan dunia]].<ref name=worldwide1>{{cite news|last1=Lawrence|first1=Jessica|title=Iraq crisis: Could an ISIS caliphate ever govern the entire Muslim world?|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-02/could-an-isis-caliphate-ever-govern-the-muslim-world/5559806|publisher=ABC News (Australia)|accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref> Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi—dikenal oleh para pendukungnya dengan sebutan [[Amirul Mu'minin]], Khalifah Ibrahim—diangkat sebagai [[khalifah]], dan kelompok ini mengganti namanya menjadi ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah ({{lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}, {{transl|id|"Negara Islam" (NI)}}).<ref name="newname"/> Sebagai "kekhalifahan", NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas umat Islam di seluruh dunia.<ref name="The Week"/><ref name="Al Akhbar English">{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20378 |title=What does ISIS' declaration of a caliphate mean? |work=Al Akhbar English |accessdate=25 November 2014 |archive-date=2019-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119080201/https://english.al-akhbar.com/node/20378 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Konsep kekhalifahan dan nama "Negara Islam" ditolak oleh pejabat pemerintahan dan tokoh-tokoh Islam di seluruh dunia.<ref name="Moore"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Goodenough"/><ref name="un.org"/><ref name="ottawacitizen.com"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="potus-statement"/>
Pada bulan Juni dan Juli 2014, Yordania dan Arab Saudi mengerahkan pasukannya ke perbatasan Irak setelah Irak kehilangan kendali atas titik-titik perlintasan strategis yang dikuasai NIIS atau suku-suku pendukung NIIS.<ref name="NYT Jordan border"/><ref name="DTel">{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|date=3 July 2014|title=Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/10942680/Saudi-Arabia-sends-30000-troops-to-Iraq-border.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=6 July 2014|location=London}}</ref> Kala itu muncul spekulasi bahwa Perdana Menteri Irak [[Nouri al-Maliki]] memerintahkan penarikan tentara dari perbatasan Irak–Saudi untuk "menekan Arab Saudi dan menciptakan ancaman bahwa NIIS juga akan menyeberang ke Arab Saudi".<ref name="FT Saudi troops"/>
Pada Juli 2014, NIIS merekrut lebih dari 6.300 orang menurut [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]]. Beberapa di antaranya diduga pernah menjadi bagian dari [[Pasukan Suriah Bebas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-30/269031-syrians-adjust-to-life-under-isis-rule.ashx |title=Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule |work=The Daily Star |date=29 August 2014 |accessdate=29 August 2014 |archive-date=2019-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806175434/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-30/269031-syrians-adjust-to-life-under-isis-rule.ashx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Tanggal 23 Juli 2014, pemimpin [[Abu Sayyaf]], [[Isnilon Totoni Hapilon]], dan sejumlah pria bertopeng berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi lewat rekaman video sehingga NIIS juga hadir di Filipina.<ref name="ISIL gains supporters">{{cite web |last=Zavadski |first=Katie |title=ISIS Now Has a Network of Military Affiliates in 11 Countries Around the World |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/isis-now-has-military-allies-in-11-countries.html |accessdate=25 November 2014 |work=New York |date=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="sayyaf-swears-loyalty">{{cite news|first=Maria A.|last=Ressa|work=[[Rappler]]|location=Pasig City, Philippines|date=4 August 2014|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/65199-abu-sayyaf-leader-oath-isis}}</ref> Bulan September 2014, kelompok ini mulai menculik orang-orang untuk dimintai tebusan atas nama NIIS.<ref name="Abu Sayyaf kidnaps 2 Germans in the name of ISIL">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/24/islamists-philippines-threaten-kill-german-hostages-isis|title=Islamists in Philippines threaten to kill German hostages|first=Philip|last=Oltermann|work=The Guardian|date=24 September 2014}}</ref>
[[Berkas:USAID Mt Sinjar.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pengungsi Yazidi dan pekerja sosial Amerika Serikat di Gunung Sinjar, Agustus 2014]]
Tanggal 3 Agustus 2014, NIIS menduduki kota [[Zumar]], [[Sinjar]], dan [[Wana, Irak|Wana]] di Irak utara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/world/middleeast/iraq.html|title=Sunni Extremists in Iraq Seize 3 Towns From Kurds and Threaten Major Dam|work=The New York Times|last1=Arango|first1=Tim|date=3 August 2014|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> Ribuan orang [[Yazidi]] mengungsi ke [[Pegunungan Sinjar|Gunung Sinjar]] untuk menghindari militan NIIS. Penderitaan warga Yazidi yang membutuhkan pangan dan air, ancaman [[genosida]] oleh NIIS, serta perlunya melindungi warga A.S. di Irak dan membantu Irak melawan NIIS merupakan alasan [[intervensi Amerika Serikat di Irak 2014|intervensi Amerika Serikat di Irak]] tanggal 7 Agustus<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/07/statement-president |title=Statement by the President |publisher=The White House |date=7 August 2014 |accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref> dan [[intervensi Amerika Serikat di IRak 2014|kampanye pengeboman udara]] di Irak tanggal 8 Agustus 2014.
Tanggal 11 Oktober 2014, NIIS dikabarkan mengerahkan 10.000 militan dari Suriah dan [[Mosul]] untuk menduduki ibu kota Irak, [[Baghdad]].<ref name="10,000 ISIS fighters head to Baghdad">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2014/10/11/nr-paton-walsh-isis-fighters-head-to-baghdad.cnn&iref=allsearch&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fquery%3DISIS%2Bsends%2B10%252C000%2Bto%2BBaghdad%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26primaryType%3Dmixed%26sortBy%3Drelevance%26intl%3Dfalse|title=CNN Video - Breaking News Videos from CNN.com|publisher=CNN|accessdate=25 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129063632/http://www.cnn.com/video/?%2Fvideo%2Fworld%2F2014%2F10%2F11%2Fnr-paton-walsh-isis-fighters-head-to-baghdad.cnn&iref=allsearch&video_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fquery%3DISIS+sends+10%2C000+to+Baghdad&x=0&y=0&primaryType=mixed&sortBy=relevance&intl=false|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Angkatan Darat Irak dan suku Anbar mengancam desersi apabila Amerika Serikat tidak menerjunkan tentara untuk menghambat laju NIIS.<ref name="Iraqi fighters in Anbar Province call for US intervention">{{cite news|first1=Laura|last1=Smith-Spark|first2=Ben|last2=Wedeman|first3=Greg|last3=Botelho|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/11/world/meast/isis-threat/|title=Leaders of Iraq's Anbar province call for U.S. ground forces to stop ISIS|publisher=CNN|date=11 October 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 13 Oktober, pasukan NIIS terletak {{convert|25|km}} dari Bandar Udara Baghdad.<ref name="ISIL nearly made it to Baghdad Airport">{{cite news|first=Mary Grace|last=Lucas|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/politics/isis-baghdad-martin-dempsey/index.html|title=ISIS nearly made it to Baghdad airport, top U.S. military leader says|publisher=CNN|date=13 October 2014}}</ref>
Pada akhir Oktober 2014, 800 militan radikal menguasai sebagian kota [[Derna, Libya]], dan berbaiat kepada Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Derna menjadi kota pertama di luar Suriah dan Irak yang menjadi bagian dari "Kekhalifahan Negara Islam".<ref name="Derna">{{cite web |url=http://www.cp24.com/world/libyan-city-declares-itself-part-of-islamic-state-caliphate-1.2093900 |title=Libyan city declares itself part of Islamic State caliphate |work=CP24}}</ref> Tanggal 2 November 2014, menurut [[Associated Press]], sebagai tanggapan atas serangan udara koalisi, perwakilan [[Ahrar ash-Sham]] bertemu dengan [[Front al-Nusra]], [[Khorasan Group]], NIIS, dan [[Jund al-Aqsa]] untuk menyatukan kekuatan untuk melawan koalisi pimpinan Amerika Serikat dan kelompok pemberontak moderat Suriah.<ref name="al-Qaeda groups in Syria unite">{{cite news|first=Deb|last=Riechmann|url=http://news.yahoo.com/ap-sources-al-qaida-reach-accord-syria-190921017.html|title=IS, al-Qaeda reach accord in Syria|agency=Associate Press|date=13 November 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> Namun demikian, pada tanggal 14 November 2014, terungkap bahwa perundingan tersebut tidak menemukan titik terang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/negotiations-failed-between-the-is-jabhat-al-nusra-and-islamic-battalions/ |title=Negotiations failed between the IS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic battalions |work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights |date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 10 November 2014, faksi besar dari kelompok militan [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] asal Mesir menyatakan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="news.yahoo.com">{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/egypts-main-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state-060836737.html|title=Egypt jihadists vow loyalty to IS as Iraq probes leader's fate|date=10 November 2014|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Coalition Airstrike on ISIL position in Kobane.jpg|jmpl|ka|upright=1.2|250px|Serangan udara koalisi terhadap target-target NIIS, Oktober 2014]]
NIIS sering memanfaatkan air sebagai senjata perang. Penutupan gerbang bendungan kecil Nuaimiyah di Fallujah pada bulan April 2014 mengakibatkan banjir di wilayah sekitarnya sekaligus memutus aliran air ke Irak selatan yang didominasi penduduk [[Syi'ah]]. Sekitar 12.000 keluarga kehilangan tempat tinggal dan 200 km² desa dan lahan pertanian banjir atau mengering. Ekonomi wilayah tersebut juga terdampak oleh gagal panen dan terputusnya aliran listrik.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water and Violence Link: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East |url=http://strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/63948150123-web.pdf |publisher=Strategic Foresight |location=Mumbai, India |date=December 2014 |isbn= 978-81-88262-24-3}}</ref>
Pada pertengahan Januari 2015, seorang pejabat Yaman mengatakan bahwa NIIS memiliki "puluhan" anggota di Yaman, dan mereka berebut kekuasaan dengan [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]].<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda">{{cite news|title=ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/21/politics/isis-gaining-ground-in-yemen/|publisher=CNN|date=21 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, pejabat Afghanistan membenarkan bahwa NIIS hadir di Afghanistan<ref name="ISIL confirmed to have presence in Afghanistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2015/01/afghan-officials-confirm-isil-presence-201511815245847478.html|title=Officials confirm ISIL present in Afghanistan|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> setelah merekrut 135 militan pada akhir Januari. Pada akhir Januari 2015, 65 militan telah ditangkap atau dibunuh oleh [[Taliban]]. Perekrut utama NIIS di Afghanistan, [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Mullah Abdul Rauf]], tewas akibat [[serangan pesawat nirawak Amerika Serikat]] pada bulan Februari 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/02/isis-reportedly-kills-afghan-taliban-commander-modi-to-visit-china-pakistan-tests-cruise-missile/ |title=ISIS Reportedly Kills Afghan Taliban Commander; Modi to Visit China; Pakistan Tests Cruise Missile |work=Foreign Policy |accessdate=6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="cbsnews-southafghan">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-active-in-south-afghanistan-officials-confirm-for-first-time/|title=ISIS active in south Afghanistan, officials confirm for first time|date=12 January 2015|accessdate=6 February 2015|publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref name=BBC31290147>{{cite news|title=Afghanistan drone strike 'kills IS commander Abdul Rauf'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-31290147|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2015|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>
Pada akhir Januari 2015, dikabarkan bahwa anggota NIIS telah menyusup ke [[Uni Eropa]] dengan berpura-pura menjadi pengungsi sipil yang mengungsi dari zona perang Irak dan Syam.<ref name="the fight for Kobani is not yet over">{{cite web |url=http://syriahr.com/en/2015/02/exclusive-it-is-not-the-end-of-fighting-in-kobani-expert-fears-is-could-return/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: ‘It is not the end of fighting in Kobani’ – expert fears IS could return |author=sohranas |work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights}}</ref> Seorang perwakilan NIIS mengklaim bahwa NIIS berhasil menyelundupkan 4.000 anggotanya, dan mereka merencanakan rangkaian serangan di Eropa sebagai balasan atas serangan udara terhadap target-target NIIS di Irak dan Suriah. Namun demikian, para pengamat yakin bahwa klaim tersebut dibesar-besarkan demi menyebarkan rasa takut. Mereka juga mengakui bahwa sejumlah negara Barat sudah tahu soal penyusupan anggota NIIS.<ref name="ISIL smuggles fighters into Europe">{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/mikegiglio/isis-operative-this-is-how-we-send-jihadis-to-europe#.ejORGJzM9 |title=ISIS Operative: This Is How We Send Jihadis To Europe |first1=Mike |last1=Giglio |first2=Munzer |last2=al-Awad |work=BuzzFeed}}</ref>
Pada awal Februari 2015, militan NIIS di Libya berusaha menduduki sebagian pedesaan di sebelah barat [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] dan wilayah yang mencakup kota [[Sirte]], [[Pendudukan Nofaliya (2015)|Nofolia]], dan pangkalan militer di selatan kedua kota tersebut. Pada bulan itu juga, sebagian anggota [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yaman)|Ansar al-Sharia di Yaman]] berpisah dari al-Qaeda dan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="the War on ISIS">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3723588/the-war-on-isis/|title=What Comes After the War on ISIS|first=David|last=Von Drehle|work=Time|date=26 February 2015}}</ref>
Tanggal 16 Februari 2015, [[serangan udara Mesir di Libya Februari 2015|Mesir melancarkan serangan udara di Libya]] sebagai balasan atas pemenggalan 21 penganut Kristen Mesir oleh NIIS. Pada hari itu pula, 64 militan NIIS di Libya tewas akibat serangan udara tersebut, termasuk [[pendudukan Derna oleh NIIS|50 militan di Derna]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/us-mideast-crisis-libya-egypt-idUSKBN0LJ10D20150216/|title=Egypt bombs Islamic State targets in Libya after 21 Egyptians beheaded|agency=Reuters|first1=Omar|last1=Fahny|first2=Yara|last2=Bayoumy|date=16 February 2015|accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=2015-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115172105/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/us-mideast-crisis-libya-egypt-idUSKBN0LJ10D20150216|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Akan tetapi, pada awal Maret 2015, NIIS menduduki sebagian kecil wilayah Libya, termasuk sebuah kota di sebelah barat Derna, wilayah sekitar [[Sirte]], sepetak lahan di Libya selatan, sebagian wilayah dekat [[Benghazi]], dan sebagian wilayah di sebelah timur [[Tripoli]].
Tanggal 7 Maret 2015, [[Boko Haram]] menyatakan berbaiat kepada NIIS sehingga NIIS hadir di Nigeria, Niger, Chad, dan Kamerun.<ref name="cnn-boko-haram-isis">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/07/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-isis/|title=Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS|first1=Nima|last1=Elbagir|first2=Paul|last2=Cruickshank|first3=Mohammed|last3=Tawfeeq|date=7 March 2015|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="Boko Haram joins ISIL">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/03/08/boko-haram-swears-formal-allegiance-to-isis/|title=Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS|others=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="sunnewsonline.com"/> Tanggal 13 Maret 2015, kelompok militan dari [[Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan]] berbaiat kepada NIIS;<ref name="IMU joins ISIL">{{cite web |url=http://www.khaama.com/uzbek-militants-in-afghanistan-pledge-allegiance-to-isis-in-beheading-video-9962 |title=Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video |website=khaama.com}}</ref> kelompok tersebut merilis video lain pada 31 Juli 2015 yang menampilkan baiat pemimpin spiritualnya kepada NIIS.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/74471 |title=IMU Pledges Allegiance to Islamic State |work=EurasiaNet |date=1 August 2015}}</ref> Tanggal 30 Maret 2015, pejabat syariah senior [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia di Libya]], Abdullah Al-Libi, pindah ke NIIS.<ref name="lwj9apr">{{cite news|first=Thomas|last=Joscelyn|title=Ansar al Sharia Libya relaunches social media sites|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/04/ansar-al-sharia-libya-relaunches-social-media-sites.php|work=Long War Journal|date=9 April 2015|accessdate=10 April 2015}}</ref>
Sejak Maret sampai pertengahan April 2015, serbuan pasukan Irak di wilayah NIIS lebih diutamakan di [[Tikrit]] dan [[Kegubernuran Saladin]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daragahi|first1=Borzou|title=Iraqi forces advance further into Tikrit|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f3cec738-c898-11e4-8617-00144feab7de.html|work=Financial Times|date=12 March 2015}}</ref>
Pada bulan Juni 2015, Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat mengumumkan bahwa NIIS kehilangan lebih dari 10.000 anggota akibat serangan udara selama sembilan bulan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/more-10-000-jihadists-killed-since-coalition-raids-141800399.html |title=More than 10,000 jihadists killed since coalition raids: US |date=3 June 2015 |work=Yahoo News Singapore |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, tiga serangan bersamaan terjadi: dua hotel diserang oleh pria bersenjata di Tunisia, satu orang dipenggal di Prancis, dan sebuah bom meledak di masjid Syi'ah di Kuwait. NIIS mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan di Kuwait dan Tunisia. Bendera NIIS dikibarkan di TKP di Prancis, tetapi NIIS tidak mengaku bertanggung jawab. NIIS juga mengaku bertanggung jawab atas [[serangan Paris November 2015]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Hannah|last=Al-Othman|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/paris-attacks-french-president-francois-hollande-says-shootings-were-an-act-of-war-by-islamic-state-a3114476.html|title=Paris attacks: Islamic State claims responsibility as French President Francois Hollande promises "merciless" revenge|newspaper=London Evening Standard|date=14 November 2015|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>
== Ideologi dan kepercayaan ==
{{Main|Ideologi Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
NIIS adalah kelompok [[gerakan Salafi|Salafi]] atau Wahhabi.<ref name="huffpost-wahhabi"/><ref name="guardian-traincamp">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/25/inside-isis-training-camps|title=The secret world of Isis training camps – ruled by sacred texts and the sword|last=Hassan|first=Hassan|work=The Guardian|date=24 January 2015|accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-affiliate-takes-root-amid-libyas-chaos-1422837545|title=Islamic State Affiliate Takes Root Amid Libya's Chaos|last=Bradley|first=Matt|date=1 February 2015|accessdate=2 February 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> NIIS mengikuti penafsiran [[Islam]] ekstrem, mendukung kekerasan agama, dan menganggap Muslim yang tidak sepakat dengan penafsirannya sebagai kafir atau [[murtad]].<ref name="NS">{{cite web |title=Islamic State |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |accessdate=22 July 2014 |work=Australian National Security |publisher=Australian Government |archive-date=2017-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708054051/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/IslamicState.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Menurut Hayder al Khoei, pemikiran NIIS diwakili oleh simbolisme [[Bendera Hitam]] yang digunakan Muhammad saat bertempur. Bendera tersebut menampilkan [[lambang Muhammad]] di dalam lingkaran putih disertai tulisan "[[syahadat|Tiada Tuhan selain Allah]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3311665/isis-flag-iraq-syria/|title=What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group|work=Time|first=Ilene|last=Prusher|author-link=Ilene Prusher|date=9 September 2014|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909202210/http://time.com/3311665/isis-flag-iraq-syria/|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> Simbolisme seperti itu mengacu pada kepercayaan NIIS bahwa kelompoknya akan mengembalikan kejayaan kekhalifahan Islam zaman dulu beserta seluruh pengaruh politik, agama, dan eskatologinya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/anne-speckhard/isis-iraq_b_5541693.html|title=Endtimes Brewing|work=Huffington Post (UK)|first=Anne|last=Speckhard|date=29 August 2014|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2014-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917040453/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/anne-speckhard/isis-iraq_b_5541693.html|dead-url=unfit}}</ref>
Menurut sejumlah pengamat, NIIS terbentuk dari ideologi [[Ikhwanul Muslimin]], kelompok Islamis [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|pasca-Utsmaniyah]] pertama yang berdiri pada akhir 1920-an di Mesir.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hussain|first=Ghaffar|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/iraq-crisis-what-does-the-isis-caliphate-mean-for-global-jihadism-9573951.html|title=Iraq crisis: What does the Isis caliphate mean for global jihadism?|date=30 June 2014|website=The Independent|accessdate=6 July 2014|location=London}}</ref> NIIS mengikuti prinsip [[jihadisme|jihadis]] global dan ideologi garis keras [[al-Qaeda]] dan kelompok jihadis modern lainnya.<ref name="al-Qaeda severs link with ISIL"/><ref name="NS"/>
Namun demikian, sumber-sumber lain menyebutkan bahwa kelompok ini berakar dari [[gerakan Wahhabi|Wahhabisme]].
{{quote|text=Sebagai prinsip penuntunnya, para pemimpin Negara Islam ... membuka dan memperjelas komitmennya terhadap aliran Wahhabi Islam Sunni. Kelompok ini menyebarkan gambar-gambar buku teks agama Wahhabi dari Arab Saudi di sekolah-sekolah yang dikendalikannya. Video dari wilayah NIIS menampilkan teks-teks Wahhabi yang ditemplekan di samping mobil dakwah resmi. |author=[[David D. Kirkpatrick]] |source=''The New York Times''<ref name=ISIS-NYT/>}}
Menurut ''[[The Economist]]'', para penentang di ibu kota NIIS, [[Ar-Raqqah]], melaporkan bahwa "kedua belas hakim yang saat ini menjalankan sistem peradilan [di sana] ... adalah orang Saudi". Praktik Wahhabi Saudi yang juga dianut kelompok ini adalah pembentukan [[polisi agama Islam|polisi agama]] untuk menertibkan masyarakat dan mewajibkan [[salat]] di masjid, pelaksanaan hukuman mati, dan penghancuran atau penataan ulang bangunan keagamaan non-Sunni.<ref name="economist-behead">{{cite journal |title=Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: The other beheaders |journal=The Economist |date=20 September 2014 |url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21618918-possible-reasons-mysterious-surge-executions-other-beheaders |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> [[Bernard Haykel]] menyebut niat al-Baghdadi sebagai "Wahhabisme yang belum dijinakkan".<ref name=ISIS-NYT/>
NIIs bertujuan mengembalikan masa-masa kejayaan awal Islam dan menolak segala [[bidah]] atau penyesuaian agama Islam yang dianggap menyesatkan tujuan aslinya. NIIS mengutuk rezim-rezim modern dan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] karena keluar dari Islam yang sejati.<ref name="qz-dontpanic"/> NIIS juga berusaha membangkitkan kembali proyek pendirian kekhalifahan Wahhabi yang diatur oleh doktrin Salafis yang ketat. Mengikuti tradisi Salafi-Wahhabi, NIIS mencap para pengikut hukum sekuler, termasuk pemerintah Arab Saudi, sebagai kaum murtad.<ref name=ibrahim140822>{{cite news|last=al-Ibrahim|first=Fouad|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234|title=Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism’s deferred promise|work=Al Akhbar|location=Beirut, Lebanon|date=22 August 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014|archive-date=2014-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121659/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/21234|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Kaum Salafi seperti NIIS percaya bahwa hanya kewenangan sahlah yang dapat memimpin [[jihad]], dan prioritas utama di wilayah pertempuran seperti negara-negara non-Muslim adalah penyucian umat Islam. Contohnya, NIIS menganggap kelompok Sunni Palestina, [[Hamas]], kafir yang tidak punya kewenangan sah untuk memimpin jihad. Mereka juga menganggap pertempuran melawan Hamas sebagai tahap pertama pertempuran melawan Israel oleh NIIS.<ref name=ISIS-NYT/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mamouri|first1=Ali|title=Why Islamic State has no sympathy for Hamas|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/islamic-state-fighting-hamas-priority-before-israel.html|date=29 July 2014|work=Al-Monitor|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
=== Eskatologi ===
Salah satu perbedaan antara NIIS dan gerakan Islamis atau jihadis lainnya seperti [[al-Qaeda]] adalah penekanannya pada [[eskatologi Islam|eskatologi]] dan [[apokaliptisme]]—iman kepada Hari Akhirat dan keyakinan bahwa kedatangan [[Imam Mahdi]] sudah dekat. NIIS percaya bahwa mereka akan mengalahkan pasukan "Romawi" (Rum) di kota [[Dabiq]] sesuai takdir yang telah digariskan.<ref name="what-isis-really-wants"/> Mengikuti penafsiran [[Hadits Dua Belas Imam]], NIIS juga percaya bahwa al-Baghdadi akan digantikan oleh empat khalifah yang sah.<ref name="what-isis-really-wants"/>
Seorang pakar Islamisme militan, [[Will McCants|William McCants]], menulis:
{{quote|text=Hari Kiamat memenuhi propaganda Negara Islam. [Hari Kiamat] merupakan nilai jual utama untuk para pejuang asing yang ingin mendatangi tempat-tempat yang diramalkan menjadi ajang pertempuran terakhir [umat Islam]. Perang saudara yang berkobar di negara-negara tersebut [Irak dan Suriah] menguatkan ramalan ini. Negara Islam terus mengompori api-api kiamat. [...] Bagi generasi Bin Laden, hari kiamat bukan alasan perekrutan yang efektif. Dua dasawarsa lalu, sejumlah negara di Timur Tengah jauh lebih stabil dan berhasil meredam sektarianisme. Saat itu lebih baik mengangkat isu pemberantasan korupsi dan tirani daripada perlawanan terhadap Antikristus [Dajjal]. Kini, hari kiamat menjadi alasan perekrutan yang dirasa lebih masuk akal.|author=William McCants|source=''[http://www.amazon.com/The-ISIS-Apocalypse-Strategy-Doomsday/dp/1250080908 The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State:]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The ISIS Apocalypse: The History, Strategy, and Doomsday Vision of the Islamic State|last=McCants|first=William|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-250-08090-5|location=New York|page=147|url=http://www.amazon.com/The-ISIS-Apocalypse-Strategy-Doomsday/dp/1250080908}}</ref>}}
== Tujuan dan strategi ==
=== Tujuan ===
Sejak tahun 2004, tujuan utama kelompok ini adalah pembentukan [[negara Islam]] [[Islam Sunni|Sunni]].<ref name="Beauchamp14">{{cite web |url=http://www.vox.com/cards/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know/isis-goal-theocracy |title=17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know |first=Zack |last=Beauchamp |date=2 September 2014 |website=Vox |accessdate=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="dni.gov">{{cite news|last1=Abu Mohammad|title=Letter dated 9 July 2005|url=http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/letter_in_english.pdf|accessdate=22 July 2014|publisher=Office of the Director of National Intelligence|at=See page 2 onwards|archive-date=2011-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522153638/http://www.dni.gov/press_releases/letter_in_english.pdf|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> NIIS lebih tepatnya ingin mendirikan sebuah [[kekhalifahan]], negara Islam yang dipimpin oleh pemerintahan keagamaan (religius) di bawah pemimpin agung—[[khalifah]]—yang diyakini sebagai pengganti Nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Johnson14">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=M. Alex|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/deviant-pathological-what-do-isis-extremists-really-want-n194136|title='Deviant and Pathological': What Do ISIS Extremists Really Want?|date=3 September 2014|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=5 September 2014}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni 2014, NIIS menerbitkan dokumen yang mengklaim bahwa silsilah al-Baghdadi dapat ditelusuri hingga Muhammad.<ref name="Johnson14"/> Setelah mendeklarasikan kekhalifahan baru pada tanggal 29 Juni, NIIS mengangkat al-Baghdadi sebagai khalifahnya. Selaku khalifah, ia meminta semua Muslim taat di [[kekhalifahan dunia|seluruh dunia]] untuk berbaiat kepadanya sesuai [[fikih]] Islam.<ref name="aj140707">{{cite news|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/inside-story/articles/2014/7/7/isil-s-leader-emergesfromtheshadowswhoisabubakralbaghdadi.html|title=Who is the U.S. targeting in Iraq air strikes?|date=7 July 2014|first=Laith|last=Kubba|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
ISIL menjabarkan tujuan organisasinya dalam majalah Dabiq, yaitu terus memperluas kekuasaan dan menguasai dunia sampai:
{{quote|text=Benderanya yang diberkati [Allah]...berkibar di ujung timur dan barat Bumi, menyemaikan benih-benih kebenaran dan keadilan Islam di seluruh dunia, dan mengakhiri kepalsuan dan tirani kaum jahiliyah [tersesat] sekalipun Amerika Serikat beserta koalisinya menolaknya.|source=[[Dabiq (majalah)|Dabiq]] edisi ke-5, majalah Negara Islam berbahasa Inggris<ref name="Joscelyn">{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=US counterterrorism efforts in Syria: A winning strategy?|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/us-counterterrorism-efforts-in-syria-a-winning-strategy.php|work=Long War Journal|date=29 September 2015}}</ref>}}
Menurut wartawan Jerman [[Jürgen Todenhöfer]] yang menghabiskan sepuluh hari bersama NIIS di Mosul, ia sering mendengar seruan bahwa NIIS ingin "menguasai dunia" dan semua yang tidak percaya dengan penafsiran Quran versi NIIS akan dibunuh. Todenhöfer dikejutkan oleh keyakinan para anggota NIIS bahwa "semua agama yang menyetujui demokrasi harus lenyap”<ref name=Withnall>{{cite news|last1=Withnall|first1=Adam|title=Middle East. Inside Isis: The first Western journalist ever to be given access to the 'Islamic State' has just returned – and this is what he discovered|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/inside-isis-the-first-western-journalist-ever-given-access-to-the-islamic-state-has-just-returned-9938438.html|accessdate=3 October 2015|work=The Independent|date=21 December 2014}}</ref> dan "semangatnya yang luar biasa"—termasuk semangat untuk membunuh "ratusan juta" orang.<ref name=Greyvenstein>{{cite news|last1=Greyvenstein|first1=Hester Maria|title=Q&A: German journalist on surviving ISIL|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/2014/12/qa-german-journalist-surviving-isil-20141224164752725983.html|accessdate=4 October 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=15 January 2015|quote=Something that I don't understand at all is the enthusiasm in their plan of religious cleansing, planning to kill the non-believers... They also will kill Muslim democrats because they believe that non-ISIL-Muslims put the laws of human beings above the commandments of God. These were very difficult discussions, especially when they were talking about the number of people who they are willing to kill. They were talking about hundreds of millions. They were enthusiastic about it, and I just cannot understand that.}}</ref>
Peta yang menyebar di Internet terkait bekas wilayah negara Islam di Eropa, Timur Tengah, dan Afrika yang menjadi target perluasan NIIS dibuat oleh pendukung luar dan tidak berhubungan resmi dengan NIIS.<ref name="qz-dontpanic">{{cite web |url=http://qz.com/228833/dont-believe-the-people-telling-you-to-freak-out-over-this-isil-map/ |title=Don’t believe the people telling you to freak out over this "ISIL" map |first=Tim |last=Fernholz |work=Quartz |publisher=Atlantic Media |date=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jeremy|last=Bender|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-five-year-expansion-map-is-fake-2014-7|title=ISIS' Five Year Expansion Map Is Fake - Business Insider|date=1 July 2014|work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/that-isis-five-year-expansion-plan-map-is-fake/articleshow/37600684.cms |title=That ISIS Five Year Expansion Plan Map Is Fake |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/perspective/analysis/2014/07/02/Expert-claims-ISIS-five-year-expansion-plan-map-is-fake.html |title=ISIS’ five-year expansion plan map branded a fake |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=2 July 2014 |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/that-isis-caliphate-map-is-bogus-so-stop-freaking-ou-1598657469 |title=That ISIS 'Caliphate Map' Is Bogus, So Stop Freaking Out |first=Mark |last=Strauss |work=io9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aattp.org/seriously-nbc-station-posts-terrifying-isis-expanison-map-created-by-neofascists-on-twitter/ |title=Seriously, NBC? Station Posts ‘Terrifying ISIS Expansion Map’ Created By Neofascists on Twitter |first=Josh |last=Kilburn |work=Americans Against the Tea Party}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/07/03/what-was-fake-on-the-internet-this-week-glee-bubbling-and-a-modeling-contract-for-hot-felon-jeremy-meeks/|title=What was fake on the Internet this week: Glee, ‘bubbling’ and a modeling contract for ‘hot felon’ Jeremy Meeks|first=Caitlin|last=Dewey|date=3 July 2014|work=The Washington Post}}</ref>
Saat kekhalifahan diproklamasikan, NIIS menyatakan bahwa, "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka."<ref name="Johnson14"/> Ini merupakan penolakan terhadap pemecahan wilayah di Timur Tengah yang dirancang oleh negara-negara Eropa semasa [[Perang Dunia I]] lewat [[Perjanjian Sykes–Picot]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tran|first1=Mark|last2=Weaver|first2=Matthew|date=30 June 2014|title=Isis announces Islamic caliphate in area straddling Iraq and Syria|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/30/isis-announces-islamic-caliphate-iraq-syria|work=The Guardian|accessdate=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGrath|first1=Timothy|title=Watch this English-speaking ISIS fighter explain how a 98-year-old colonial map created today's conflict|url=http://www.dailynews.com/general-news/20140702/watch-this-english-speaking-isis-fighter-explain-how-a-98-year-old-colonial-map-created-todays-conflict|accessdate=22 July 2014|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=GlobalPost|date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/syriaincrisis/?fa=54017 |title=The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind |first=Romain |last=Caillet |date=27 December 2013 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>
=== Strategi ===
Menurut Jason Burke, seorang wartawan yang menulis tentang Salafisme Jihadi, tujuan NIIS adalah "meneror, mengerahkan, [dan] memecah belah".<ref name=Gude-2015-3/><ref>Jason Burke, “[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/islamic-state-goes-global-paris-attacks Islamic State ‘Goes Global’ with Paris Attacks],” ''The Observer'', November 14, 2015</ref> Bila diperinci lagi, tujuan NIIS adalah meneror untuk mengintimidasi warga sipil dan memaksa pemerintah musuh "mengambil keputusan tergesa-gesa yang sebenarnya tidak ingin diambil," mengerahkan para pendukungnya lewat serangkaian motivasi seperti serangan besar mematikan di negara musuh seperti [[serangan Paris November 2015]], dan memecah belah dengan menjauhkan Muslim—khususnya di Barat—dari pemerintah naungannya sehingga menaikkan citra NIIS. Selain itu, NIIS juga "melenyapkan pihak netral dengan memaksa mereka bergabung atau menghancurkan mereka".<ref name=Gude-2015-3>{{cite book|last1=Gude|first1=Ken|title=Anti-Muslim Sentiment Is a Serious Threat to American Security|date=November 2015|publisher=Center for American Progress|page=3|url=https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/25074358/ISISTrap.pdf|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Harleen Gambhir, “[http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/INTSUM_Summary_update.pdf ISIS Global Intelligence Summary: January 7 – February 18]” (Washington: Institute for the Study of War, 2015)</ref>
Sebuah artikel daring berjudul [[Management of Savagery]]<ref name=MoS>{{cite book|last1=Abu Bakr Naji|title=The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Stage Through Which the Umma Will Pass|date=23 May 2006|publisher=John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University|url=https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pass.pdf|accessdate=20 November 2015|archive-date=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413010243/https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pass.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> (''Idarat at Tawahoush'') tahun 2014, yang disebut-sebut berpengaruh terhadap kemunculan NIIS<ref>{{cite web |last=McCoy |first=Terrence McCoy |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/12/the-calculated-madness-of-the-islamic-states-horrifying-brutality/ |title=The calculated madness of the Islamic State's horrifying brutality |work=The Washington Post |date=12 August 2014 |accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Alastair |first=Crooke |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/iraq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html |title=The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq |work=The Huffington Post |date=30 June 2014 |accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hassan |first=Hassan |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/isis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot |title=Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it |work=The Guardian |date=8 February 2015 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> dan memaparkan strategi pembentukan [[kekhalifahan]] Islam baru,<ref name="nyJune14">{{cite web |last=Wright |first=Lawrence |title=ISIS’s Savage Strategy in Iraq |url=http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/isiss-savage-strategy-in-iraq |work=The New Yorker |date=16 June 2014 |accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> menyarankan strategi serangan di luar negeri agar para pejuangnya:
{{quote|text=Meragamkan dan memperluas serangan gangguan terhadap musuh Salibis-Zionis di semua tempat di dunia Islam, bahkan di luarnya bila memungkinkan, untuk mengacaukan upaya persekutuan musuh dan membuat mereka sangat lelah.|author=[[Scott Atran]]|source=''Paris: The War ISIS Wants''<ref name=Atran-nybooks-11-16-15>{{cite news|last1=Atran|first1=Scott|last2=Hamid|first2=Nafees|title=Paris: The War ISIS Wants|url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2015/nov/16/paris-attacks-isis-strategy-chaos|work=[[The New York Review of Books]]|accessdate=20 November 2015|date=16 November 2015}}</ref>}}
Serangan teror terhadap target-target lunak seperti tempat liburan akan menaikkan anggaran belanja keamanan yang kemudian melemahkan "para salibis".
{{quote|text=Apabila sebuah resor wisata yang dilindungi Salibis ... diserang, semua resor wisata di semua negara di dunia akan diperketat keamanannya oleh pasukan tambahan sehingga jumlah personilnya berlipat ganda dan anggarannya naik drastis,|author=Scott Atran |source=''Paris: The War ISIS Wants''<ref name=Atran-nybooks-11-16-15/>}}
sekaligus menginspirasi para pemuda yang pada dasarnya penuh semangat dan enerjik. Teror seperti ini akan:
{{quote|text=memotivasi banyak orang untuk pindah ke wilayah kekuasaan kami, terutama para pemuda. ... [Karena] pemuda bangsa memiliki semangat dan jiwa berontak yang sangat tinggi dan lebih dekat dengan sifat [manusia] yang paling dasar.|author=Scott Atran |source=''Paris: The War ISIS Wants''<ref name=Atran-nybooks-11-16-15/>}}
Teror tersebut juga akan menyeret "Salibis" ke dalam konflik militer yang serba kacau:
{{quote|text=[Kami] berusaha mengungkapkan kelemahan kekuasaan Amerika Serikat yang terpusat dengan memaksa mereka meninggalkan perang psikologis lewat media dan perang lewat pihak ketiga sampai mereka memutuskan untuk berperang secara langsung di lapangan.|author=Scott Atran |source=''Paris: The War ISIS Wants''<ref name=Atran-nybooks-11-16-15/>}}
Seorang pengamat menyebut publikasi eksekusi massal dan pembunuhan warga sipil oleh NIIS sebagai bagian dari "rencana yang sengaja dirancang untuk memunculkan anggapan misi yang suci dan terhormat di kalangan pengikutnya, tetapi juga menggentarkan para pihak yang tidak berbuat apa-apa serta musuhnya."<ref name=Atran-nybooks-11-16-15/> Pengamat lainnya mengatakan bahwa tujuan publikasi tersebut adalah "mematahkan" semangat para penduduk di bawah kekuasaannya secara psikologis "untuk menjamin kesetiaan mutlak mereka melalui rasa takut dan intimidasi", namun pada saat yang bersamaan juga membangkitkan "rasa kebencian dan balas dendam" di kalangan musuhnya.<ref name=Reardon-6-7-15>{{cite news|last1=Reardon|first1=Martin|title=ISIL and the management of savagery|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/07/isil-management-savagery-150705060914471.html|accessdate=20 November 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=6 Jul 2015}}</ref>
Dokumen yang ditemukan setelah kematian Samir Abd Muhammad al-Khlifawi, mantan kolonel dinas intelijen pasukan pertahanan udara Saddam Hussein dan "kepala strategi" NIIS, merincikan rencana penaklukan Suriah utara oleh NIIS yang memungkinkan "pergerakan kelompok ini ke Irak". Al-Khlifawi mengusulkan penyusupan mata-mata ke wilayah yang hendak dikuasai. Mata-mata tersebut akan mencari "informasi sebanyak mungkin tentang kota targetnya: Siapa yang tinggal di sana, siapa yang berkuasa, keluarga mana yang taat agamanya, pengikut mazhab Islam manakah mereka, berapa banyak masjid di sana, siapa imamnya, berapa banyak istri dan anak-anaknya, dan berapa usia mereka." Setelah diintai, terjadilah pembunuhan dan penculikan yang "[melenyapkan] setiap orang yang berpotensi menjadi pemimpin atau oposisi". Di Raqqa, setelah pasukan pemberontak mengusir pasukan Assad, NIIS menyusup ke kota tersebut, lalu "pertama-tama puluhan orang hilang, kemudian ratusan orang hilang."
<ref name=Reuter-4-18-2015>{{cite news|last1=Reuter|first1=Christoph|title=The Terror Strategist: Secret Files Reveal the Structure of Islamic State|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-files-show-structure-of-islamist-terror-group-a-1029274.html|accessdate=4 December 2015|agency=Spiegel Online International|date=April 18, 2015}}</ref>
Sejauh ini tidak diketahui keterlibatan NIIS dalam penyelesaian konflik apapun. Pada musim gugur 2015, mediator Irlandia, Jonathan Galway-Jackson, meminta pemimpin oposisi anti-perang di Britania Raya, [[Jeremy Corbyn]], untuk menyusun rencana "perundingan diplomatik jalur kedua" di [[INCORE]], Irlandia, yang melibatkan semua pihak, termasuk perwakilan politik NIIS.
== Misi kekhalifahan dunia ==
{{anchor|Klaim wilayah}}
=== Klaim wilayah dan perluasan internasional ===
{{Main|Klaim wilayah NIIS}}
[[Berkas:Territorial control of the ISIS.svg|jmpl|250px|{{leftlegend|#c12838|Wilayah yang dikuasai (per 21 Oktober 2015)|outline=black}} {{leftlegend|#fefee9|Sisa wilayah negara-negara tempat bercokolnya NIIS|outline=black}}]]
Di Irak dan Suriah, NIIS menggunakan [[pembagian administratif Irak|pembagian administratif]] yang sudah ada untuk menata wilayahnya. NIIS menyebut pembagian administratifnya [[wilayah]] atau provinsi.<ref name="mesr22"/> Pada Juni 2015, NIIS mendirikan cabang resmi di Libya, Mesir (Semenanjung Sinai), Arab Saudi, Yaman, Aljazair, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, dan Kaukasus Utara.<ref name=turf/> Di luar Irak dan Suriah, NIIS hanya [[daftar kelompok pemberontak aktif#Kelompok yang menguasai wilayah|menguasai wilayah]] di Sinai, Afghanistan, dan Libya.<ref name="reuters-turfwar"/> NIIS juga memiliki anggota di Maroko, Lebanon, Yordania, Turki, dan Israel, namun tidak mendirikan cabang resmi di sana.<ref name="ISIS Global Intelligence Summary">{{cite report |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/INTSUM_Summary_update.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |title=ISIS Global Intelligence Summary, January 7 – February 18, 2015 |date=18 February 2015 |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Libya ====
{{Main|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam di Libya}}
[[Berkas:Libyan Civil War.png|jmpl|250px|Situasi militer saat ini di Libya:<br /> {{legend|#b4b2ae|Di bawah kekuasaan NIIS dan [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)|Ansar al-Sharia]]}}]]
NIIS membagi Libya menjadi tiga provinsi bersejarah. Mereka mengklaim wilayah [[Cyrenaica]] di timur, [[Fezzan]] di selatan, dan [[Tripolitania]] di barat, sekitar ibu kota [[Tripoli]].<ref name=nytimes14feb15>{{cite news|title=Islamic State Sprouting Limbs Beyond Its Base|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/middleeast/islamic-state-sprouting-limbs-beyond-mideast.html|work=The New York Times|date=14 February 2015|accessdate=23 February 2015|first1=Eric|last1=Schmitt|first2=David D.|last2=Kirkpatrick}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 5 Oktober 2014, Dewan Syura Pemuda Islam dan militan lainnya di Libya bergabung dan membentuk Provinsi Cyrenaica.<ref name="spiegel.de">{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-expanding-into-north-africa-a-1003525.html|title=Islamic State Expanding into North Africa|location=Hamburg, Germany|date=18 November 2014|work=Der Spiegel|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="ISIS comes to Libya">{{cite news|title=ISIS comes to Libya|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/index.html|accessdate=20 November 2014|publisher=CNN|date=18 November 2014}}</ref> NIIS cabang Libya merupakan cabang yang paling aktif dan sukses di luar Irak dan Suriah. NIIS lebih aktif di seputaran [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] dan [[Sirte]], kampung halaman [[Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/21/us-libya-security-insight-idUSKBN0O610M20150521|title=Gaddafi's home town falls to Islamic State in anarchic Libya|first=Ulf|last=Laessing|date=21 May 2015|agency=Reuters|accessdate=17 August 2015|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920221459/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/21/us-libya-security-insight-idUSKBN0O610M20150521|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washington post.com/world/middle_east/in-libyas-civil-war-the-islamic-state-shows-itself-as-the-main-threat/2015/06/06/65766592-0879-11e5-951e-8e15090d64ae_story.html|title=Libyan gains may offer ISIS a base for new attacks|first=Hassan|last=Morajea|date=6 June 2015|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>
Tanggal 4 Januari 2015, pasukan NIIS di Libya menguasai pedesaan timur [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] dan mengeksekusi 14 tentara Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/middle-east-updates/1.635108 |title=Middle East updates / ISIS kills 14 Libyan soldiers, official government says |date=3 January 2015 |work=[[Haaretz]] |location=Tel Aviv, Israel |accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jason|last=Ditz|url=http://news.antiwar.com/2015/01/04/isis-fighters-kill-14-soldiers-in-southern-libya/|title=ISIS Fighters Kill 14 Soldiers in Southern Libya|work=Antiwar.com|date=4 January 2015|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Mereka sempat [[kampanye Derna (2014–15)|menguasai sebagian Derna]] sebelum terusir pada pertengahan 2015.<ref name="victory">{{cite news|first=Mohamed|last=Eljarh|url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/24/a-victory-over-the-islamic-state-in-libya/|title=A Victory Over the Islamic State in Libya|work=Foreign Policy|date=24 June 2015|accessdate=4 July 2015}}</ref> Laporan dari Sirte mengindikasikan bahwa militan NIIS yang ditempatkan di sana merupakan campuran militan asing dan loyalis [[Gaddafi|eks-Gaddafi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Isis in Libya: Muammar Gaddafi's soldiers are back in the country and fighting under the black flag of the 'Islamic State'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-libya-muammar-gaddafis-soldiers-are-back-in-the-country-and-fighting-under-the-black-flag-of-the-islamic-state-10111964.html|work=The Independent|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=17 August 2015|location=London|first=Yasmine|last=Ryan}}</ref> Pasukan pro-Dawn yang berkaitan dengan Misrata dan Operasi Dawn terlibat pertempuran melawan militan NI di Sirte.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP:SPS (Twitter, FB, WP)--><ref>{{cite news|title=Libya Islamist militia attacks Daesh in Sirte|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/478517--libya-islamist-militia-attacks-daesh-in-sirte|work=Anadolu Agency|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State fighters and force allied with Tripoli clash in central Libya|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|agency=Reuters|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015|archive-date=2015-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930184432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/14/libya-security-idUSL6N0WG0M620150314|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pertempuran antara pasukan Libya Dawn dan militan NIIS juga terjadi di Daheera, sebelah barat Sirte, dan Harawa, sebelah timur Sirte.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fighting between GNC-Libyan Dawn’s Sunrise and IS forces – deaths and injuries reported|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/03/15/fighting-between-gnc-libyan-dawns-sunrise-and-is-forces-deaths-and-injuries-reported/|work=Libya Herald|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref>
Sumber yang belum dikonfirmasi mengklaim bahwa NIIS menggunakan pangkalannya di Libya untuk menyelundupkan anggota-anggotanya ke [[Uni Eropa]] dengan berpura-pura menjadi [[pusat penerimaan imigran Lampedusa|pengungsi]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Piggott|title=Isis militants are being 'smuggled to Europe in migrant boats', Libyan government adviser|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-militants-are-being-smuggled-europe-migrant-boats-libyan-government-adviser-1501692|work=International Business Times|date=17 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=11,000 migrants land in Italy in a week, ISIS had warned of sending over 500,000|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-04-17/local-news/11-000-migrants-land-in-Italy-in-a-week-ISIS-had-warned-of-sending-over-500-000-6736133962|work=The Independent|location=Malta|date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Sinai ====
{{main|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Sinai}}
Tanggal 10 November 2014, banyak anggota [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] yang berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi.<ref name="news.yahoo.com"/> Setelah itu, NIIS mendirikan [[Provinsi Sinai (NIIS)|Provinsi Sinai]] (''Wilayat Sinai'').<ref name="spiegel.de"/><ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/us-egypt-ansar-islamicstate-idUSKCN0IU0DD20141110?irpc=932|title=Egyptian militant group pledges loyalty to Islamic State in audio clip|agency=Reuters|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=11 November 2014|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111012651/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/10/us-egypt-ansar-islamicstate-idUSKCN0IU0DD20141110?irpc=932|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=lwj14nov>{{cite news|first=Thomas|last=Joscelyn|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/11/sinai_jihadists_rebr.php|title=Sinai-based jihadist group rebranded as Islamic State's official arm|work=Long War Journal|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=winep14nov>{{cite news|first=Aaron Y.|last=Zelin|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-archipelago-of-provinces|title=The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces|work=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=15 November 2014}}</ref> NIIS cabang Sinai diperkirakan memiliki 1.000–2.000 anggota.<ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticleNews.aspx?ArtID=69939|title=Interior Ministry analyzes Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis statement over assassination attempt|agency=State Information Services|location=Cairo, Egypt|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=26 December 2013}}</ref> NIIS cabang Sinai juga beroperasi di [[Jalur Gaza]] dengan nama ''Negara Islam di Gaza''.<ref name=middleeasteye-2014-10-08>{{cite news|title=IS claims responsibility for Gaza's French Cultural Centre blast, reports|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/claims-responsibility-gaza-s-french-cultural-centre-blast-1790519098|accessdate=9 October 2014|work=Middle East Eye|date=8 October 2014}}</ref> Tanggal 19 Agustus 2015, sejumlah anggota NIIS mengebom markas pasukan keamanan Mesir di [[Kairo]] utara. Serangan tersebut melukai 30 orang.<ref>{{cite news|first=Laura|last=King|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-egypt-bombing-20150820-story.html|title=Egypt's grim summer: Islamic State affiliate claims latest bombing|date=20 August 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> NIIS juga diduga sebagai dalang jatuhnya [[Metrojet Penerbangan 9268]] yang menewaskan 224 penumpangnya. NIIS mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan tersebut lewat rekaman video, namun pemerintah Mesir membantah klaim NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Barbara|last1=Starr|first2=Catherine E.|last2=Shoichet|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/04/africa/russian-plane-crash-egypt-sinai/index.html|title=Russian plane crash: U.S. intel suggests ISIS bomb brought down jet|date=5 November 2015|work=CNN}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Aljazair ====
Para anggota [[Jund al-Khilafah]] berbaiat kepada NIIS pada bulan September 2014.<ref name="npr.org">{{cite web |last=Fadel |first=Leila |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/11/18/364942091/with-cash-and-cachet-the-islamic-state-expands-its-empire |title=With Cash And Cachet, The Islamic State Expands Its Empire |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> NIIS di Aljazair mulai mendapat perhatian setelah mereka memenggal wisatawan Prancis, Herve Gourdel, bulan September 2014. Sejak saat itu, kelompok ini tidak terdengar lagi kabarnya. Pemimpinnya, Khalid Abu-Sulayman, dilaporkan tewas akibat serangan pasukan Aljazair pada Desember 2014.<ref name=turf>{{cite news|title=Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf|work=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300|date=25 June 2015|accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Khorasan ====
{{main|Negara Islam Irak dan Syam – Provinsi Khorasan}}
Tanggal 26 Januari 2015, [[Provinsi Khorasan (NIIS)|Provinsi Khorasan]] (Wilayat Khorasan) didirikan. Hafiz Saeed Khan diangkat sebagai [[Wāli]] (gubernur) dan [[Abdul Rauf Aliza|Abdul Rauf]] diangkat sebagai wakilnya setelah keduanya berbaiat kepada al-Baghdadi. Nama Khorasan mengacu pada wilayah lama yang mencakup Afghanistan, Pakistan, dan "daerah sekitarnya".<ref name=BBC31290147/><ref name=Khorasan>{{cite news|first=Rezaul H.|last=Laskar|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2015|accessdate=22 February 2015|archive-date=2015-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914043630/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=Khorasan2>{{cite journal |first=Animesh |last=Roul |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43744&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=a10cd1f7a96b29d5b0d0bd12f571ebd0 |title=‘Wilayat Khurasan’: Islamic State Consolidates Position in AfPak Region |work=Terrorism Monitor |volume=13 |issue=7 |accessdate=13 April 2015 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/02/pakistani_taliban_em.php|title=Pakistani Taliban emir for Bajaur joins Islamic State|work=Long War Journal|date=2 February 2015}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 9 Februari 2015, Mullah Abdul Rauf tewas akibat serangan udara NATO.<ref name=BBC31290147/> Tanggal 18 Maret 2015, Hafiz Wahidi, pengganti wakil amir NIIS di Afghanistan, bersama sembilan militan NIIS lainnya tewas akibat serangan Angkatan Bersenjata Afghanistan.<ref name="ISIL Afghan replacement deputy killed">{{cite news|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/afghan-army-kills-commander-of-isil-affiliate/|title=Afghan Army Kills Commander of ISIL Affiliate|work=Al-Masdar News|date=18 March 2015|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713101439/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/afghan-army-kills-commander-of-isil-affiliate/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni, Reuters menerima laporan bahwa sejumlah desa di beberapa distrik [[Provinsi Nangarhar]], Afghanistan, telah diduduki oleh NIIS.<ref name="reuters-turfwar"/> Tanggal 10 Juli 2015, Hafiz Saeed Khan, amir Provinsi Khorasan NIIS, dikabarkan tewas dalam serangan pesawat nirawak A.S. di Afghanistan timur.<ref name="ISIL Wilayat Khorasan leader killed">{{cite news|first1=Sudarsan|last1=Raghavan|first2=Sayed|last2=Salahuddin|title=Officials: Top Islamic State leader killed in Afghanistan strike|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/suspected-us-drone-strike-kills-top-isis-leader-in-afghanistan/2015/07/11/90dc9bf6-5ff4-4472-84f8-8a059eaed501_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=11 July 2015}}</ref> Provinsi Khorasan merilis pesan audio yang diklaim sebagai suara Hafiz Saeed Khan pada tanggal 13 Juli 2015,<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Islamic State audio tape raises doubt whether Afghan leader dead|url=http://news.yahoo.com/islamic-state-says-afghanistan-leader-still-alive-020358897.html|accessdate=13 July 2015|date=13 July 2015|agency=Reuters|via=Yahoo! News|quote=Islamic State on Monday released an audio tape it said was of the movement's leader for Afghanistan, raising doubts over whether he was killed in a U.S. drone strike on Friday}}</ref> dan ia dijatuhi sanksi oleh [[Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat]] pada tanggal 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0188.aspx |title=Treasury Sanctions Major Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Leaders, Financial Figures, Facilitators, and Supporters |date=29 September 2015 |publisher=US Treasury Department |accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Yaman ====
Pada tanggal 13 November 2014, militan tak dikenal di Yaman berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="npr.org"/> Pada bulan Desember 2014, NIIS sudah memiliki anggota aktif di Yaman. NIIS dan [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]] (AQAP) berebut anggota di Yaman.<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda"/><ref>"[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/08/13/Yemeni-Al-Qaeda-leader-hails-ISIS-gains-in-Iraq.html Yemeni Al-Qaeda leader hails ISIS gains in Iraq]". [[Al Arabiya]]. 13 August 2014.</ref> Pada Februari 2015, dikabarkan bahwa sejumlah anggota [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yaman)|Ansar al-Sharia di Yaman]] berpisah dari AQAP dan berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/al-qaeda-supporters-yemen-pledge-allegiance-islamic-state-306058|title=Al-Qaeda Supporters in Yemen ‘Pledge Allegiance to Islamic State’|work=[[Newsweek]]|agency=Reuters|date=11 February 2015|subscription=yes}}</ref> Saat [[Perang Saudara Yaman (2015)|Perang Saudara Yaman]] pecah bulan Maret 2015, sedikitnya tujuh provinsi NIIS yang perbatasannya mengikuti provinsi Yaman mengaku bertanggung jawab atas serangan terhadap pasukan [[Houthi]], termasuk Provinsi [[Kegubernuran Hadhramaut|Hadhramaut]], [[Kegubernuran Shabwah|Shabwah]], dan [[Sana'a]].<ref name="ISIL establishes Sanaa Province in Yemen">{{cite web |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=News&limiter=&u=powa9245&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=OVIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA406347867 |title=Gale Cengage Product Failure |publisher=galegroup.com |subscription=yes}}</ref><ref name="iswMay15">{{cite report |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |title=ISIS Global Intelligence Summary, March 1 – May 7, 2015 |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS%20INTSUM_Final.pdf |publisher=Institute for the Study of War |date=10 May 2015 |accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref>
[[Houthi]] [[Zaidiyyah|Syi'ah]] (Komite Revolusi) merupakan musuh utama NIIS cabang Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/30/islamic-state-bomb-attack-on-huthi-rebel-leaders-in-yemen-leaves-28-dead|title=Islamic State bomb attack on Houthi rebel leaders in Yemen leaves 28 dead|date=30 June 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11707328/Islamic-State-targets-Houthi-mourners-in-Yemen-with-car-bomb.html|title=Islamic State targets Houthi mourners in Yemen with car bomb|first=Louisa|last=Loveluck|date=30 June 2015|work=The Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> Amerika Serikat mendukung [[intervensi pimpinan Arab Saudi di Yaman]] melawan pasukan Houthi,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/04/expediting-arms-supplies-saudi-led-coalition-150407152205321.html|title=US steps up arms for Saudi campaign in Yemen|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=8 April 2015}}</ref> tetapi banyak anggota [[United States Special Operations Command|U.S. SOCOM]] yang mendukung Houthi karena mereka dianggap mampu mendesak mundur al-Qaeda dan NIIS di Yaman, "sesuatu yang tidak mampu dilakukan oleh ratusan serangan pesawat nirawak A.S. dan penasihat militer Yaman".<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Perry|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/17/us-generals-think-saudi-strikes-in-yemen-a-bad-idea.html|title=US generals: Saudi intervention in Yemen ‘a bad idea’|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=17 April 2015}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' melaporkan bahwa "hanya NIIS dan al-Qaeda yang mengambil untung dari konflik yang telah memecah-belah Yaman dan membuat 20 juta orang membutuhkan bantuan darurat."<ref>{{cite news|first=Kareem|last=Shaheen|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/07/jihadis-likely-winners-of-saudi-arabias-futile-war-on-yemens-houthi-rebels|title=Jihadis likely winners of Saudi Arabia's futile war on Yemen's Houthi rebels|date=7 July 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
==== Provinsi Afrika Barat ====
{{main|Boko Haram}}
Pada tanggal 7 Maret 2015, pemimpin Boko Haram [[Abubakar Shekau]] berbaiat kepada Negara Islam Irak dan Syam melalui pesan audio yang dikirimkan di akun [[Twitter]] Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-31784538|title=Nigeria's Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic State|date=7 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/boko-haram-pledges-allegiance-islamic-state/387235/|title=The Islamic State of Boko Haram? :The terrorist group has pledged its allegiance to ISIS. But what does that really mean?|first=Adam|last=Chandler|date=9 March 2015|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> Tanggal 12 Maret 2015, juru bicara NIIS [[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]] merilis pesan audio yang isinya menerima baiat Boko Haram dan menyebutnya sebagai perluasan wilayah NIIS di [[Afrika Barat]].<ref name="BokoHaramIS">{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/accepts-allegiance-nigeria-jihadists-boko-haram-201513146.html|title=IS welcomes Boko Haram allegiance: tape|work=Yahoo!|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref> Material NIIS yang terbit bulan Maret 2015 mencantumkan bahwa anggota Boko Haram adalah bagian dari ''Wilayat Gharb Afriqiya'' (Provinsi Afrika Barat).<ref name="iswMay15"/>
==== Provinsi Kaukasus Utara ====
Sejumlah komandan [[Keamiran Kaukasus]] di [[Chechnya]] dan [[Dagestan]] berbaiat kepada NIIS pada akhir 2014 dan awal 2015.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus |journal=Eurasia Daily Monitor |volume=12 |issue=29 |date=13 February 2015 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43542&cHash=7c819b2612b6c4e991453bf9f8fbb1f2}}</ref> Pada tanggal 23 Juni 2015, juru bicara NIIS Abu Mohammad al-Adnani menerima baiat Kaukasus dan mengumumkan pembentukan [[Provinsi Kaukasus (NIIS)|Provinsi Kaukasus]] (''Wilayat al-Qawqaz'') di bawah kepemimpinan [[Rustam Asildarov]].<ref name=turf/><ref name=caucasus>{{cite web |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region |title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia’s North Caucasus Region |date=23 June 2015 |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>
==== Asia Tenggara ====
{{main|Abu Sayyaf}}
Pada tanggal 23 Juli 2014, pemimpin [[Abu Sayyaf]], [[Isnilon Totoni Hapilon]], di [[Filipina]] berbaiat kepada [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], pemimpin NIIS.<ref name="sayyaf-swears-loyalty"/> Pada September 2014, kelompok ini mulai menculik orang untuk dimintai tebusan atas nama NIIS.<ref name="Abu Sayyaf kidnaps 2 Germans in the name of ISIL"/>
=== Wilayah operasi lainnya ===
* Militan tak dikenal di Arab Saudi berbaiat kepada NIIS dan ditetapkan sebagai provinsi NIIS.<ref name="npr.org"/>
* ''Free Sunni of Baalbek Brigade'' (Lebanon) berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/>
* ''Sons of the Call for Tawhid and Jihad'' (Yordania) berbaiat kepada NIIS.<ref name="Jordinian jihadist group joins ISIL">{{cite news|url=http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state|title=Local jihadist group pledges allegiance to Islamic State|work=The Jordan Times|date=23 July 2014|publisher=Jordan Press Foundation|accessdate=6 June 2015|first=Taylor|last=Luck|location=Amman, Jordan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724154338/http://jordantimes.com/local-jihadist-group-pledges-allegiance-to-islamic-state|archivedate=24 July 2014|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
=== Kepemimpinan dan pemerintahan ===
{{Further|Daftar anggota Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
[[Berkas:Mugshot of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 2004.jpg|jmpl|lurus|200px|Foto al-Baghdadi yang direkam oleh militer A.S. saat masih ditahan di [[Camp Bucca]] tahun 2004]]
Kelompok ini dipimpin dan dijalankan oleh [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] yang dibantu oleh kabinet penasihat. Ia dibantu oleh dua wakil ketua, [[Abu Muslim al-Turkmani]] ([[tewas dalam perang|KIA]]) di Irak dan [[Abu Ali al-Anbari]] di Suriah, dan 12 gubernur lokal di Irak dan Suriah. Tokoh ketiga, [[Abu Ala al-Afri]], diyakini memegang jabatan penting di NIIS dan kabarnya merupakan wakil ketua NIIS. Ketiganya diduga berasal dari etnis [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]]. Mantan penguasa Irak, [[Saddam Hussein]], juga kabarnya dikelilingi oleh pejabat Turkmen senior.<ref name="The Islamic State">{{cite web |title=The Islamic State |url=http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf |website=Soufan Group |date=November 2014 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |archive-date=2015-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102203/http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS Replace Injured Leader Baghdadi With Former Physics Teacher |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/isis-replace-injured-leader-baghdadi-former-physics-teacher-324082 |website=Newsweek |date=22 April 2015 |accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref> Meski al-Baghdadi memberitahu pengikutnya untuk "menasihatinya apabila [ia] membuat kesalahan" dalam khutbahnya, menurut sejumlah pengamat, "ancaman, perlawanan, atau bahkan perbedaan pendapat apapun langsung dibungkam".<ref name=NYRoB-7-9-2015>{{cite journal |last1=Ruthven |first1=Malise |title=Inside the Islamic State. Review of Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate by Abdel Bari Atwan |journal=New York Review of Books |issue=9 July 2015 |accessdate=11 August 2015}}</ref> Di bawah para pemimpin terdapat dewan keuangan, kepemimpinan, militer, hukum—termasuk urusan eksekusi—bantuan pejuang asing, keamanan, intelijen, dan media. Selain itu, NIIS mendirikan dewan [[syura]] yang menjamin kesesuaian segala keputusan gubernur dan dewan dengan penafsiran [[syariah]] NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Thompson|first1=Nick|last2=Shubert|first2=Attika|title=The anatomy of ISIS: How the 'Islamic State' is run, from oil to beheadings|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/18/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq-hierarchy/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=21 September 2014|publisher=CNN|date=18 September 2014}}</ref> Sebagian besar jajaran pemerintahan NIIS didominasi oleh warga Irak, khususnya mantan pejabat pemerintahan [[Partai Baa'th Sosialis Arab - Irak|Ba'ath]] era Saddam Hussein yang kehilangan pekerjaan sekaligus pensiunnya dalam proses [[de-Ba'athifikasi]] setelah rezimnya digulingkan.<ref name="nytimes27Aug14"/><ref>{{cite news|title=How Saddam Hussein's former military officers and spies are controlling Isis|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/how-saddam-husseins-former-military-officers-and-spies-are-controlling-isis-10156610.html|website=The Independent|date=5 April 2015|accessdate=5 April 2015|location=London|first=Liz|last=Sly}}</ref> Warga Irak dan Suriah lebih diutamakan daripada warga negara lain di dalam NIIS karena kelompok ini membutuhkan kesetiaan penduduk Sunni setempat di Irak dan Suriah agar bisa terus berdiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Recruits Are Islamic State's Cannon Fodder |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-02-11/foreign-fighters-are-islamic-state-s-cannon-fodder |date=February 2015 |accessdate=February 2015 |archive-date=2015-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223175120/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-02-11/foreign-fighters-are-islamic-state-s-cannon-fodder |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqis, Saudis call shots in Raqa, ISIL's Syrian 'capital' |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/specialreports/mh370/news/iraqis-saudis-call-shots/1178866.html |date=June 2014 |accessdate=February 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212174907/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/specialreports/mh370/news/iraqis-saudis-call-shots/1178866.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Namun demikian, laporan lainnya menunjukkan bahwa warga Suriah merasa terusir oleh pejuang NIIS dari luar negeri. Beberapa pejuang asli Suriah menolak "favoritisme" (kesukaan) upah dan akomodasi yang diterima pejuang asing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Splits in Islamic State Emerge as Its Ranks Expand|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-feels-growing-pains-1425903933|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 March 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|first=Maria|last=Abi-Habib}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In Islamic State Stronghold of Raqqa, Foreign Fighters Dominate|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-islamic-state-stronghold-of-raqqa-foreign-fighters-dominate-1423087426|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|first=Yaroslav|last=Trofimov}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Al-Furqān Media Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.png|thumbnail|upright|left|Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi delivering a sermon in the [[Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Mosul)|Great Mosque of al-Nuri]] in [[Mosul]] (July 2014)]] -->
Pada bulan September 2014, ''The Wall Street Journal'' memperkirakan bahwa delapan juta warga Irak dan Suriah tinggal di wilayah yang dikuasai NIIS.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1HzMucorCwo |title=The Islamic State: How Its Leadership Is Organized |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> [[Ar-Raqqah]] di Suriah merupakan ibu kota ''de facto'' sekaligus tempat uji coba pemerintahan NIIS.<ref name="nytimesraqqa">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/islamic-state-controls-raqqa-syria.html|date=24 July 2014|title=Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side|accessdate=5 September 2014|first=Ben|last=Hubbard|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Per September 2014, pemerintahan di Ar-Raqqah dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh NIIS. NIIS telah membangun ulang struktur pemerintahan modern kurang dari satu tahun. Mantan pejabat pemerintahan era Assad yang berbaiat kepada NIIS tetap memegang jabatan yang sama. Lembaga pemerintah yang difungsikan dan ditata ulang menyediakan jasa bagi masyarakat. Hanya lembaga kepolisian dan militer yang diisi oleh para pejuang NIIS; mereka menerima rumah milik warga non-Sunni dan warga lainnya yang sudah mengungsi. Pemerintah menyediakan layanan kesejahteraan, pengendalian harga, dan pajak bagi penduduk kelas atas. NIIS menjalankan program [[kekuasaan lembut]] di daerah-derah kekuasaannya di Irak dan Suriah, termasuk [[layanan sosial]], khutbah keagamaan, dan [[dakwah]] bagi penduduk setempat. NIIS juga melaksanakan [[layanan masyarakat]] seperti [[perbaikan jalan]] dan pengelolaan [[transmisi tenaga listrik|arus listrik]].<ref name="Atlantic consumer">{{cite web |last=Zelin |first=Aaron Y. |date=13 June 2014 |title=The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Has a Consumer Protection Office |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/the-isis-guide-to-building-an-islamic-state/372769/ |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>
Pakar keamanan Britania Raya [[Frank Gardner (wartawan)|Frank Gardner]] menyimpulkan bahwa prospek penguasaan NIIS lebih besar pada tahun 2014 daripada tahun 2006. Walaupun masih sama brutalnya, keberadaan NIIS "diterima dengan baik" oleh penduduk setempat dan mungkin tidak bisa terusir oleh pasukan Suriah atau Irak yang kurang efektif. NIIS menggantikan pemerintah sebelumnya yang korup dengan pemerintah yang berfungsi dengan baik, menjalankan kembali layanan masyarakat, dan menyediakan suplai air dan minyak. Seiring mengecilnya kemungkinan intervensi Barat, kelompok ini akan "terus mempertahankan daerahnya" dan menguasai wilayah "seluas [[Pennsylvania]] sampai waktu yang tak ditentukan".<ref name="mesr22">{{cite web |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/ISIS_Governance.pdf |title=ISIS Governance in Syria |date=July 2014 |first=Charles C. |last=Caris |first2=Samuel |last2=Reynolds |publisher=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=Frank|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28222872|title='Jihadistan': Can Isis militants rule seized territory?|publisher=BBC News|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> NIIS juga mempertahankan produksi pangan, faktor penting bagi kelangsungan pemerintahan dan dukungan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Flick|first=Maggie|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/30/us-mideast-crisis-wheat-idUSKCN0HP12J20140930|title=Special Report: Islamic State uses grain to tighten grip in Iraq|agency=Reuters|date=30 September 2014|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204927/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/30/us-mideast-crisis-wheat-idUSKCN0HP12J20140930|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Penguasaan 40% produksi gandum Irak oleh NIIS semakin memperkuat cengkeramannya di Irak.
=== Sistem keuangan ===
{{Main|Dinar emas modern}}
Pada tanggal 11 November 2014, NIIS mengumumkan rencananya untuk mencetak koin emas, perak, dan tembaga sendiri berdasarkan [[dinar emas|koin]] [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]] pada abad ke-7. Setelah pengumuman tersebut, NIIS mulai membeli emas, perak, dan tembaga di pasar-pasar di Irak utara dan barat. Para anggota kelompok ini juga kabarnya mulai mencabut insulasi kabel listrik untuk memanfaatkan kabel tembaganya.<ref name="IsisDinar">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins|title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper|work=The Guardian|date=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=GoldDinar>{{cite web |title=Islamic State reportedly buying silver, gold as it prepares to issue currency |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/11/20/247584_islamic-state-reportedly-buying.html |work=McClatchy |accessdate=21 November 2014 |date=20 November 2014 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koin tersebut menampilkan peta dunia, pedang dan tameng, [[Masjid Al-Aqsa]] di [[Yerusalem]], dan [[Hilal (bulan sabit)|bulan sabit]]. Pakar ekonomi seperti Steven H. Hanke dari [[Universitas Johns Hopkins]] tidak yakin dengan rencana tersebut.<ref name=GoldDinar/><ref name="GoldDinar2">{{cite news|title=Islamic State announces its own currency|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230324/Islamic-State-announces-its-own-currency.html|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=14 November 2014|location=London|first=Josie|last=Ensor|archive-date=2015-02-02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150202011141/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230324/Islamic-State-announces-its-own-currency.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Laporan selanjutnya menduga bahwa koin yang diedarkan di Mosul hanya dilapisi emas dan nilainya tidak sama seperti koin emas asli.<ref>{{cite news|first=Marwan|last=Jabbar|work=Niqash|url=http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/economy/5097/Islamic-State-Release-Their-Own-'Fake'-Currency.htm|title=Gold at End of Extremist Rainbow: Islamic State Release Their Own 'Fake' Currency|location=Baghdad|date=3 September 2015|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124023527/http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/economy/5097/Islamic-State-Release-Their-Own-%27Fake%27-Currency.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== Non-pejuang ===
Meski NIIS menarik pengikut dari berbagai penjuru dunia dengan menggembar-gemborkan perang suci, tidak semua anggotanya menjadi pejuang. Banyak anggota baru yang berharap menjadi [[mujahidin]] setelah bertempur di Suriah, namun kecewa karena harus melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari seperti mencari air atau membersihkan toilet. Mereka juga kecewa atas larangan penggunaan telepon genggam saat latihan militer.<ref>{{cite news|first=Simon|last=Tomlinson|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2855780/Indian-IS-recruit-goes-home-having-clean-toilets.html|title='ISIS made me clean the toilets... and my iPod didn't work': How disenchanted Islamic fanatics are returning home because jihad isn't as glamorous as they hoped|date=1 December 2014|accessdate=22 January 2015|location=London|work=Daily Mail}}</ref>
NIIS menerbitkan material media terkait wanita. Karena wanita tidak diizinkan memegang senjata, NIIS meminta mereka memainkan peran pendukung di dalam organisasi tersebut, misalnya memberi pertolongan pertama, memasak, membesarkan anak, dan menjahit agar menjadi "istri-istri jihad yang baik".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-now-targeting-women-with-guides-on-how-to-be-the-ultimate-wives-of-jihad-9830562.html|title=Isis now targeting women with guides on how to be the 'ultimate wives of jihad'|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=22 January 2015|location=London|work=The Independent|first=Heather|last=Saul}}</ref> Dalam dokumen berjudul ''Women in the Islamic State: Manifesto and Case Study'' yang dirilis oleh divisi media Brigade Al-Khanssaa NIIS, pernikahan dan peran keibuan (sejak usia 9 tahun) sangat diutamakan. Wanita harus menjalani hidup "sedenter", memenuhi "peran keibuannya yang mulia" di rumah, kecuali ketika mereka bekerja sebagai guru atau dokter.<ref name=imsorfw>{{cite journal |last1=Abdul-Alim |first1=Jamaal |title=ISIS 'Manifesto' Spells Out Role for Women |journal=The Atlantic |date=8 March 2015 |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/03/isis-manifesto-spells-out-role-for-women/387049/ |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=quilliam-women>{{cite web |last1=Winter |first1=Charlie |title=QUILLIAM Translation and Analysis of Islamic State Manifesto on Jihadist Brides |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/press/quilliam-translation-and-analysis-of-islamic-state-manifesto-on-jihadist-brides/ |publisher=Quilliam Foundation |accessdate=23 November 2015 |date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055307/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/press/quilliam-translation-and-analysis-of-islamic-state-manifesto-on-jihadist-brides/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> NIIS menolak kesetaraan wanita dan pendidikan non-agama yang tergolong "ilmu duniawi tak berguna".<ref name=quilliam-women/>
== Militer dan sumber daya ==
=== Militer ===
{{anchor|Perlengkapan}}
{{main|Militer NIIS}}
[[Berkas:Islamic State (IS) insurgents, Anbar Province, Iraq.jpg|jmpl|Pejuang NIIS di [[Kegubernuran Al Anbar|Provinsi Anbar]], Irak]]
Militer NIIS diperkirakan beranggotakan puluhan ribu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=293580&fundi |title=Sa është numri i xhihadistëve të ISIS-it? |trans-title=How Many Jihadists ISIS? |language=Albanian |publisher=Top Channel |location=Tirana, Albania |accessdate=22 February 2015 |archive-date=2015-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221165446/http://top-channel.tv/lajme/artikull.php?id=293580&fundi |dead-url=yes }}</ref> sampai 200.000 orang.<ref name="Kurdish"/>
==== Pejuang asing di Suriah dan Irak ====
Pada awal 2015, wartawan Mary Anne Weaver memperkirakan bahwa separuh pejuang NIIS adalah pendatang asing.<ref name=NYT-HMJ>{{cite news|last1=Weaver|first1=Mary Anne|title=Her Majesty’s Jihadists|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/magazine/her-majestys-jihadists.html|accessdate=14 April 2015|work=The New York Times|date=19 April 2015}}</ref> PBB memperkirakan bahwa NIIS beranggotakan 15.000 pejuang dari lebih dari 80 negara pada November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/571503/20141103/isis-un-report-haaretz-caliphate-security-council.htm|title=UN Report on 15,000 Foreigners Joining ISIS Fighters in Syria And Iraq Will Shock You|work=International Business Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110162633/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/571503/20141103/isis-un-report-haaretz-caliphate-security-council.htm|archivedate=10 November 2014}}</ref> Intelijen Amerika Serikat memperkirakan peningkatan jumlah pejuang asing sebesar 20.000 orang pada Februari 2015, termasuk 3.400 orang dari negara-negara Barat.<ref name=NBCforeignfighters />
{{Bar chart
| title = Daftar negara asal pejuang NIIS (500 orang atau lebih)
| label_type = Negara
| label1 = {{flagu|Tunisia}} | data1 = 3.000
| label2 = {{flagu|Arab Saudi}} | data2 = 2.500
| label3 = {{flagu|Rusia}} | data3 = 1.700
| label4 = {{flagu|Yordania}} | data4 = 1.500
| label5 = {{flagu|Maroko}} | data5 = 1.500
| label6 = {{flagu|Prancis}} | data6 = 1.200
| label7 = {{flagu|Turki}} | data7 = 1.000
| label8 = {{flagu|Lebanon}} | data8 = 900
| label9 = {{flagu|Jerman}} | data9 = 700
| label10 = {{flagu|Libya}} | data10 = 600
| label11 = {{flagu|Britania Raya}} | data11 = 600
| label12 = {{flagu|Indonesia}} | data12 = 500
| label13 = {{flagu|Uzbekistan}} | data13 = 500
| label14 = {{flagu|Pakistan}} | data14 = 500
<!-- | label15 = {{flagu|Belgium}} | data15 = 440
| label16 = {{flagu|Turkmenistan}} | data16 = 360
| label17 = {{flagu|Egypt}} | data17 = 360
| label18 = {{flagu|Serbia}} | data18 = 350
| label19 = {{flagu|Bosnia}} | data19 = 330
| label20 = {{flagu|China}} | data20 = 300
| label21 = {{flagu|Kosovo}} | data21 = 300
| label22 = {{flagu|Sweden}} | data22 = 300
| label23 = {{flagu|Australia}} | data23 = 250
| label24 = {{flagu|Kazakhstan}} | data24 = 250
| label25 = {{flagu|Netherlands}} | data25 = 250
| label26 = {{flagu|Austria}} | data26 = 200
| label27 = {{flagu|Algeria}} | data27 = 200
| label28 = {{flagu|Malaysia}} | data28 = 200
| label29 = {{flagu|Tajikistan}} | data29 = 190
| label30 = {{flagu|United States}} | data30 = 180
| label31 = {{flagu|Norway}} | data31 = 150
| label32 = {{flagu|Denmark}} | data32 = 150
| label33 = {{flagu|Albania}} | data33 = 140
| label34 = {{flagu|Canada}} | data34 = 130
| label35 = {{flagu|Palestine}} | data35 = 70–80
| label36 = {{flagu|Yemen}} | data36 = 110
| label37 = {{flagu|Sudan}} | data37 = 100
| label38 = {{flagu|Kyrgyzstan}} | data38 = 100
| label39 = {{flagu|Spain}} | data39 = 100
| label40 = {{flagu|Italy}} | data40 = 80
| label41 = {{flagu|Somalia}} | data41 = 70
| label42 = {{flagu|Kuwait}} | data42 = 70
| label43 = {{flagu|Finland}} | data43 = 70
| label44 = {{flagu|Ukraine}} | data44 = 50
| label45 = {{flagu|Israel}} | data45 = 40–50
| label46 = {{flagu|Switzerland}} | data46 = 40
| label47 = {{flagu|Ira}} | data47 = 40
| label48 = {{flagu|India}} | data48 = 18
| label49 = {{flagu|Portugal}} | data49 = 10–12
| label50 = {{flagu|Philippines}} | data50 = 3 - 200 -->
}}
Statistik per negara: 3.000 pejuang dari Tunisia,<ref name="CNNforeign">{{cite news|title=The names: Who has been recruited to ISIS from the West|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/25/world/isis-western-recruits/|publisher=CNN|date=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ICSR">{{cite news|first=Peter R.|last=Neumann|title=Foreign fighter total in Syria/Iraq now exceeds 20,000; surpasses Afghanistan conflict in the 1980s|url=http://icsr.info/2015/01/foreign-fighter-total-syriairaq-now-exceeds-20000-surpasses-afghanistan-conflict-1980s/|work=[[The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence|ICSR]]|publisher=Department of War Studies, King’s College London|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> 2.500 dari Arab Saudi,<ref name="CNNforeign"/><ref name="ICSR"/> 1.700 dari Rusia,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 1,700 Russians Fighting For ISIS in Iraq: Report|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/nearly-1700-russians-fighting-isis-iraq-report-1822536|work=International Business Times|date=20 February 2015}}</ref> 1.500 dari Yordania,<ref name="ICSR"/> 1.500 dari Maroko,<ref name="ICSR"/> 1.200 dari Prancis,<ref name="ICSR"/> 1.000 dari Turki,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yeginsu|first1=Ceylan|title=ISIS Draws a Steady Stream of Recruits From Turkey|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/world/europe/turkey-is-a-steady-source-of-isis-recruits.html|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2014}}</ref> 900 dari Lebanon,<ref name="ICSR"/> 700 dari Jerman,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bild.de/politik/inland/isis-terroristen/hundert-deutsche-isis-kaempfer-getoetet-42291702.bild.html |title=100 deutsche ISIS-Kämpfer in Syrien und im Irak getötet |work=BILD.de}}</ref> 600 dari Libya,<ref name="ICSR"/> 600 dari Britania Raya,<ref name="CNNforeign"/><ref name="ICSR"/> 500 dari Indonesia,<ref name="IDMY">{{cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/why-malaysia-has-a-problem-with-islamic-state-julien-gradot |title=Why Malaysia has a problem with Islamic State |first=Julien |last=Gradot |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=21 October 2015}}</ref> 500 dari Uzbekistan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 500 dari Pakistan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 440 dari Belgia,<ref name="ICSR"/> 360 dari Turkmenistan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 360 dari Mesir,<ref name="ICSR"/> 350 dari Serbia,<ref name="BalkanInsight">{{cite news|last=Tomovic|first=Dusica|title=Hundreds of Balkan Jihadists Have Joined ISIS, CIA Says|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/hundreds-of-balkan-jihadist-reportedly-joined-isis/|publisher=Balkan Insight|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> 330 dari Bosnia,<ref name="ICSR"/> 300 dari Ciina,<ref>{{cite news|title=300 Chinese are fighting alongside ISIS in Iraq, Syria|url=http://nypost.com/2014/12/15/300-chinese-are-fighting-alongside-isis-in-iraq-syria/|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=The New York Post|date=15 December 2014}}</ref> 300 dari Kosovo,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kosovo Charges Seven With Islamist Terrorism|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-charges-seven-for-islamic-state-involvement|work=Balkan Insight|date=3 March 2015}}</ref> 300 dari Swedia,<ref>{{cite news|title=Fears up to 300 Swedes fighting with Isis|url=http://www.thelocal.se/20141123/up-to-300-swedes-with-islamic-state-report|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Local]]|location=Sweden|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> 250 dari Australia,<ref>{{cite news|title=HOW many? Authorities claim 'up to 250' Australians are linked to ISIS terrorists|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2815858/Authorities-claim-250-Australians-linked-ISIS-terrorists.html|accessdate=4 January 2015|work=Daily Mail|date=31 October 2014|location=London}}</ref> 250 dari Kazakhstan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 250 dari Belanda,<ref name="ICSR"/> 200-300 dari Azerbaijan,<ref>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijanis Killed In Syria, Pro-Government Outlets Report|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/isis-azerbaijan-syria-fighting-killed/26848583.html|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> 200 dari Austria,<ref>{{cite news|title=Austria passes controversial reforms to Islam law banning foreign funding|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/11435388/Austria-passes-controversial-reforms-to-Islam-law-banning-foreign-funding.html|work=The Telegraph|date=25 February 2015|location=London}}</ref> 200 dari Aljazair,<ref name="ICSR"/> 200 dari Malaysia,<ref name="IDMY"/> 190 dari Tajikistan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 180 dari Amerika Serikat,<ref name=NBCforeignfighters /> 150 dari Norwegia,<ref>{{cite news|title=New Norwegians take top roles in Isis jihadi group|url=http://www.thelocal.no/20150212/new-norwegians-take-top-roles-in-isis-jihadi-group|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=The Local|location=Norway|date=12 February 2015}}</ref> 150 dari Denmark,<ref name="ICSR"/> 140 dari Albania,<ref name="BalkanInsight"/> 133 dari Spanyol,<ref>{{cite news|title=Police arrest seven for recruiting women for Isis|url=http://www.thelocal.es/20141216/police-arrest-seven-people-for-recruiting-women-for-isis|work=The Local|location=Spain|date=16 December 2014}}</ref> 130 dari Kanada,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canadians have joined ISIS to fight – and die – in Syria|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/10/world/canada-isis-jihadists/|accessdate=3 January 2015|publisher=CNN|date=10 September 2014}}</ref> 110 dari Yaman,<ref name="ICSR"/> 100 dari Sudan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 100 dari Kyrgyzstan,<ref name="ICSR"/> 80 dari Italia,<ref name="ICSR"/> 70–80 dari [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]],<ref name=ajvtv/> 70 dari Somalia,<ref name="ICSR"/> 70 dari Kuwait,<ref name="ICSR"/> 70 dari Finlandia,<ref name="ICSR"/> 50 dari Ukraina,<ref name="ICSR"/> 40–50 dari Israel,<ref name=ajvtv>{{cite news|first=Gregg|last=Carlstrom|date=3 October 2014|title=ISIL a distant threat for Israel|publisher=Al Jazeera|quote=The London-based International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation estimates that just 120 people from Israel and the Palestinian territories are now fighting in Syria and Iraq.|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/isil-distant-threat-israel-2014103132011368904.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Israelis Are Joining ISIS|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/israelis-fighting-isis/|accessdate=3 January 2015|work=Vocativ|date=7 November 2014}} "According to Israeli security service estimates, there are now 40 to 50 Arab-Israelis fighting in Syria and Iraq, most of them as part of ISIS. That’s not a huge number, given that there are 1.3 million Muslims living in Israel."</ref> 40 dari Irlandia,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Quann|first1=Jack|title=EXCLUSIVE: Newstalk speaks to former ISIS operative about Irish fighters|url=https://www.newstalk.ie/Former-ISIS-operative-Irish-fighters-IS-Syria-Turkey-interview-Abu-Omar|accessdate=1 July 2015|work=Newstalk|date=10 February 2015|quote=It is estimated that some 40 Irish men have gone to fight for ISIS in Syria and Iraq}}</ref> 40 dari Swiss,<ref name="ICSR"/> sedikitnya 30 dari Georgia,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Machaidze|first1=Rusiko|title=Four people detained in Georgia for links to ISIS|url=http://dfwatch.net/four-people-detained-in-georgia-for-links-to-isis-36529|accessdate=18 June 2015|agency=Democracy & Freedom Watch|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> 23 dari Argentina,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.clarin.com/edicion-impresa/Argentinos-aparecen-yihadistas-exoticos_0_1224477624.html|title=Argentinos aparecen entre los “yihadistas exóticos”|newspaper=Clarín|date=5 October 2014|accessdate=21 December 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> 18 dari India,<ref name="The Timesg2014">{{cite web |title=India tracking 18 desi jihadis in Iraq, Syria |website=The Times of India Mobile Site |date=9 July 2014 |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/india/India-tracking-18-desi-jihadis-in-Iraq-Syria/articleshow/38036066.cms |accessdate=26 February 2015}}</ref> 10–12 dari Portugal,<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal Fails to Heed Warnings from Spain About Jihadis |website=The Clarion Project |date=16 September 2014 |url=http://www.clarionproject.org/analysis/portugal-fails-heed-warnings-spain-about-jihadis |accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal’s Jihadists gain prominence |website=The Portugal News |date=5 February 2015 |url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/portugals-jihadists-gain-prominence/33884 |accessdate=21 May 2015}}</ref> dan 3 dari Filipina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/69817-dead-filipino-isis-jihadists |title=Filipino jihadists killed in Syria - reports |first=Carmela |last=Fonbuena |publisher=Rappler |date=22 September 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref>
Menurut pernyataan mantan pemimpin senior NI, para pejuang mendapatkan suplai makanan, bensin, dan rumah tanpa upah, tidak seperti pejuang Irak atau Suriah.<ref>{{cite news|title=World's Richest Terror Army|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b05s4ytp/this-world-worlds-richest-terror-army|publisher=BBC|date=24 April 2015|page=25:06 – within a 59 minute programme|quote=excerpt from, interview with Abu Hajjar, a former "senior leader of IS": "How much money would a foreign fighter receive as a wage?" "A foreigner? They aren't given a salary. They are given food and housing, not money."}}</ref>
=== Senjata ===
{{See also|Peralatan militer ISIL}}
==== Senjata konvensional ====
NIIS cenderung bergantung pada senjata rampasan. Sumber terbesarnya adalah arsenal [[Saddam Hussein]] pada masa [[pemberontakan Irak (2003–11)|pemberontakan Irak 2003–11]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Insight into How Insurgents Fought in Iraq|url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/insight-into-how-insurgents-fought-in-iraq/|date=17 October 2013|work=The New York Times|accessdate=22 August 2014|first=John|last=Ismay}}</ref> dan senjata milik pasukan pemerintah dan oposisi pada masa [[Perang Saudara Suriah]] serta [[pemberontakan Irak (2011–sekarang|pemberontakan Irak pasca-AS]]. Senjata yang mereka rampas, termasuk kendaraan lapis baja, bedil, rudal darat-ke-udara, dan bahkan sejumlah pesawat terbang, memungkinkan NIIS memperluas wilayahnya dengan cepat dan merampas peralatan militer lainnya.<ref name="huffpo7aug">{{cite news|first=Charles|last=Lister|title=Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-lister/not-just-iraq-the-islamic_b_5658048.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>
==== Senjata non-konvensional ====
Kelompok ini dikenal sering memanfaatkan [[bom mobil]] dan truk, [[pengebom bunuh diri]], dan [[peledak rakitan]], serta [[senjata kimia]] di Irak dan Suriah. NIIS merampas material nuklir dari [[Universitas Mosul]] pada Juli 2014, namun tidak mampu mengubahnya menjadi senjata.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|title=Low-Grade Nuclear Material Is Seized by Rebels in Iraq, U.N. Says|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/world/middleeast/iraq.html|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=The New York Times|date=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherlock|first1=Ruth|title=Iraq jihadists seize 'nuclear material', says ambassador to UN|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10958388/Iraq-jihadists-seize-nuclear-material-says-ambassador-to-UN.html|accessdate=15 July 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=10 July 2014|location=London}}</ref> Dalam majalah bulanan [[Dabiq]], [[John Cantlie]] mengarang skenario pembelian senjata nuklir dari pejabat-pejabat korup di Pakistan oleh NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/891121/islamic-state-says-it-could-buy-nuclear-weapon-from-pakistan-within-a-year/|title=Islamic State says it could buy nuclear weapon from Pakistan within a year|work=The Express Tribune|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref> Menteri Pertahanan India menanggapi, "Dengan bangkitnya NIIS di Asia Barat, [kami] khawatir mereka mampu mendapatkan akses persenjataan nuklir dari negara-negara seperti Pakistan".<ref>{{cite news|first=Maria|last=Khan|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-india-warns-islamic-state-can-obtain-nuclear-weapons-pakistan-1503755|title=Isis: India warns Islamic State can obtain nuclear weapons from Pakistan|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
Pada September 2015, seorang pejabat Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa NIIS membuat dan menggunakan [[gas mustar]] di Suriah dan Irak, dan memiliki tim peneliti senjata kimia aktif.<ref name=bbc-20150911>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-34211838|title=US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'|first=Paul|last=Blake|publisher=BBC|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=independent-20150911>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-manufacturing-and-using-chemical-weapons-in-iraq-and-syria-us-official-claims-10496094.html|title=Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims|first=Lizzie|last=Dearden|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>
=== Propaganda dan media sosial ===
NIIS dikenal karena propagandanya yang luas dan efektif.<ref name="ft-20140617"/><ref name=ibtimes-2014-06-17>{{cite news|last=Stone|first=Jeff|date=17 June 2014|title=ISIS Attacks Twitter Streams, Hacks Accounts To Make Jihadi Message Go Viral|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/isis-attacks-twitter-streams-hacks-accounts-make-jihadi-message-go-viral-1603842|newspaper=International Business Times|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> NISS memakai [[Bendera Hitam]] Islam dan merancang [[lambang]] yang memiliki makna simbolis di kalangan umat Islam.<ref name=time-2014-09-09>{{cite news|last1=Prusher|first1=Ilene|title=What the ISIS Flag Says About the Militant Group|url=http://time.com/3311665/isis-flag-iraq-syria/|accessdate=29 September 2014|work=Time|date=9 September 2014}}</ref>
Pada bulan November 2006, tidak lama setelah mengubah namanya menjadi "Negara Islam Irak", kelompok ini mendirikan Al-Furqan Foundation for Media Production untuk keperluan pembuatan CD, DVD, poster, pamflet, dan produk propaganda web sekaligus pernyataan resmi.<ref name="LWJMmedia">{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|title=US targets al Qaeda's al Furqan media wing in Iraq|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2007/10/us_targets_al_qaedas.php|work=Long War Journal|date=28 October 2007|accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> NIIS mulai memperluas kehadiran medianya pada tahun 2013 lewat pembentukan sayap media keduanya bernama Al-I'tisam Media Foundation pada bulan Maret<ref name="Bilger 2014 p1">{{Harvnb|Bilger|2014|p=1}}.</ref><ref name="Jihadologymedia">{{cite web |last=Zelin |first=Aaron Y. |title=New statement from the Global Islamic Media Front: Announcement on the Publishing of al-I'tiṣām Media Foundation – A Subsidiary of the Islamic State of Iraq – It Will Be Released Via GIMF |url=http://jihadology.net/2013/03/08/new-statement-from-the-global-islamic-media-front-announcement-on-the-publishing-of-al-iti%E1%B9%A3am-media-foundation-a-subsidiary-of-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-it-will-be-released-via-gimf/ |publisher=JIHADOLOGY |date=8 March 2013 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> dan Ajnad Foundation for Media Production untuk pembuatan [[nasyid]] dan konten suara pada bulan Agustus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jihadology.net/2013/08/20/new-statement-from-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-and-al-sham-announcing-ajnad-foundation-for-media-production/ |title=New statement from the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām: "Announcing Ajnād Foundation For Media Production" |work=JIHADOLOGY |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref> Pada pertengahan 2014, NIIS mendirikan Al-Hayat Media Center yang menargetkan masyarakat Barat dan memproduksi material berbahasa Inggris, Jerman, Rusia dan Prancis.<ref name="FreeBeaconMedia">{{cite web |last=Gertz |first=Bill |title=New Al Qaeda Group Produces Recruitment Material for Americans, Westerners |url=http://freebeacon.com/national-security/new-al-qaeda-group-produces-recruitment-material-for-americans-westerners/ |work=The Washington Free Beacon |date=13 June 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="MEMRIMedia">{{cite web |title=ISIS Declares Islamic Caliphate, Appoints Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi As 'Caliph', Declares All Muslims Must Pledge Allegiance To Him |url=http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/8049.htm |publisher=MEMRI |date=30 June 2014 |accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref> Ketika NIIS mengumumkan perluasannya ke negara lain pada November 2014, organisasi ini mendirikan departemen media untuk cabang-cabang barunya. Sayap media NIIS menjamin bahwa cabang-cabangnya mengikuti model pemasaran yang dipakai di Irak dan Suriah.<ref name=wapo28jan>{{cite news|title=The Islamic State’s model|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2015/01/28/the-islamic-states-model/|accessdate=30 March 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=28 January 2015|first=Aaron Y.|last=Zelin}}</ref>
Bulan Desember 2014, Direktur FBI [[James Comey]] menyatakan bahwa "propaganda NIIS sangat bagus. Mereka mengudara... dalam kurang lebih 23 bahasa".<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kevin|date=8 December 2014|title=Three American teens, recruited online, are caught trying to join the Islamic State|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/three-american-teens-recruited-online-are-caught-trying-to-join-the-islamic-state/2014/12/08/8022e6c4-7afb-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html?tid=hybrid_1.1_strip_1|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=9 December 2014}}</ref>
Sejak Juli 2014, al-Hayat mulai menerbitkan majalah digital bernama ''[[Dabiq (majalah)|Dabiq]]'', dalam berbagai bahasa, termasuk bahasa Inggris. Menurut majalah tersebut, namanya diambil dari nama kota [[Dabiq]] di Suriah utara yang disebutkan dalam sebuah [[hadits]] mengenai [[eskatologi Islam|Hari Kiamat]].<ref name="JamestownDabiq">{{cite web |title=Dabiq: What Islamic State's New Magazine Tells Us about Their Strategic Direction, Recruitment Patterns and Guerrilla Doctrine |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42702&cHash=0efbd71af77fb92c064b9403dc8ea838 |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date=1 August 2014 |accessdate=18 August 2014}}</ref> Al-Hayat juga menerbitkan majalah digital berbahasa Turki bernama ''[[Konstantiniyye (majalah)|Konstantiniyye]]'', nama Istanbul dalam [[bahasa Turki Utsmaniyah]], pada bulan Juni 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Akkoc |first=Raziye |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11926022/Ankara-bombings-Islamic-State-is-main-suspect-says-Turkish-PM-Ahmet-Davutoglu.html |title=Ankara bombings: Islamic State is main suspect, says Turkish PM Ahmet Davutoglu |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2015-10-12 |accessdate=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Isabel |last=Hunter |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/suruc-bombings-turkish-president-accused-of-not-doing-enough-to-help-kurds-fight-isis-threat-across-10408839.html |title=Suruc bombings: Turkish President accused of not doing enough to help Kurds fight Isis threat across its border in Syria |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2015-07-22 |accessdate=2015-12-02}}</ref> Kelompok ini juga mengoperasikan jaringan radio [[Al-Bayan (stasiun radio)|Al-Bayan]] yang menyiarkan buletin berbahasa Arab, Rusia, dan Inggris, dan meliput aktivitasnya di Irak, Suriah, dan Libya.<ref name="radio">{{cite news|title=Islamic State launches English-language radio bulletins|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11519977/Islamic-State-launches-English-language-radio-news-bulletins.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=18 May 2015|location=London|date=7 April 2015}}</ref>
Pemanfaatan media sosial oleh NIIS diakui "lebih hebat daripada sebagian besar perusahaan Amerika Serikat".<ref name="ft-20140617"/><ref name="Atlantic socmedia">{{cite web |last=Berger |first=J. M. |date=16 June 2014 |title=How ISIS Games Twitter |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/isis-iraq-twitter-social-media-strategy/372856/ |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> Organisasi ini sering menggunakan media sosial, terutama Twitter, untuk menyebarkan pesan-pesannya dengan melakukan kampanye tagar, mengepos kicauan di tagar populer, dan memanfaatkan aplikasi perangkat lunak yang memungkinkan propagandanya tersebar secara otomatis lewat akun para pendukungnya.<ref name="Atlantic socmedia"/><ref name=adl-2014-06-27>{{cite web |title=ISIS Propaganda Campaign Threatens U.S. |url=http://blog.adl.org/extremism/isis-propaganda-campaign-threatens-u-s |date=27 June 2014 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |accessdate=27 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629081405/http://blog.adl.org/extremism/isis-propaganda-campaign-threatens-u-s |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Seorang pengamat mengatakan bahwa "NIIS lebih mahir memanfaatkan media sosial daripada kelompok-kelompok jihad lainnya... Kehadiran mereka di media sosial sangat teratur."<ref name=buzzfeed-2014-06-16>{{cite web |last=Sheera |first=Frenkel |title=Meet The 'ISIS Fanboys' Spreading The Message of Iraq's Most Feared Terror Group |url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/sheerafrenkel/meet-the-isis-fanboys-spreading-the-message-of-iraqs-most-fe |publisher=BuzzFeed |date=16 June 2014}}</ref> Pada Agustus 2014, Twitter menutup beberapa akun yang berhubungan dengan NIIS. NIIS membuat lagi dan mempublikasikan akun-akun barunya keesokan harinya, namun ditutup lagi oleh Twitter.<ref name="Friedman14">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/twitter-stepping-suspensions-isis-affiliated-accounts-experts-article-1.1906193|title=Twitter stepping up suspensions of ISIS-affiliated accounts: experts|first=Dan|last=Friedman|date=17 August 2014|work=Daily News|location=New York|accessdate=8 September 2014}}</ref> Kelompok ini berusaha beralih ke situs media sosial alternatif seperti [[GNU social|Quitter]], [[Friendica]], dan [[Diaspora (jaringan sosial)|Diaspora]]. Namun demikian, Quitter dan Friendica berusaha melenyapkan akun-akun NIIS dari situs mereka.<ref name=adl-2014-07-23>{{cite web |title=ISIS Faces Resistance From Social Media Companies |url=http://blog.adl.org/extremism/isis-faces-resistance-from-social-media-companies |date=23 July 2014 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |accessdate=24 July 2014 |archive-date=2014-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729113047/http://blog.adl.org/extremism/isis-faces-resistance-from-social-media-companies |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Penerbitan video dan foto pemenggalan, penembakan, pembakaran atau penenggelaman tahanan dijuluki sebagai "prestasi" NIIS.<ref name=cnn-12-8-15>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Ian|last2=Hanna|first2=Jason|title=Croatian ISIS captive reportedly beheaded|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/12/middleeast/isis-croatian-hostage/|accessdate=12 August 2015|publisher=CNN|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Wartawan [[Abdel Bari Atwan]] menyebut konten media NIIS sebagai bagian dari "kebijakan yang diterapkan secara sistematis". Kekejaman pembunuhannya "menjamin" naiknya perhatian media dan masyarakat. Sesuai [[Management of Savagery|rencana]] strategiwan al-Qaeda [[Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim|Abu Bakr Naji]], NIIS berharap bahwa "kekejaman" akan membuat musuh-musuh Baratnya "jengkel dan lelah" dan menarik Amerika Serikat ke lapangan untuk melawan NIIS. Pasukan yang tidak berniat untuk memenangkan perang berkelanjutan akan "dibuat lelah" secara militer.<ref name=NYRoB-7-9-2015/>
Selain pencitraan yang brutal, NIIS mencitrakan dirinya sebagai "negara impian yang emosional, tempat orang-orang 'kembali', ketika semua orang adalah 'saudara' atau 'saudari'. Adaptasi atau singkatan istilah Islam yang disesuaikan dengan bahasa prokem mulai merebak di akun-akun media sosial berbahasa Inggris untuk menciptakan citra 'jihadi keren'."<ref name=NYRoB-7-9-2015/> "Alasan psikologis yang paling manjur" dari propaganda media NIIS adalah janji surga bagi para pejuang yang syahid. Media NIIS sering mengepos foto jihadis syahid dengan wajah tersenyum, 'salam' NIIS berupa 'telunjuk yang mengarah ke langit', dan kesaksian para janda pejuang yang bahagia.<ref name=NYRoB-7-9-2015/>
NIIS juga berusaha memaparkan "argumen [yang lebih] rasional" dalam seri "pernyataan pers/diskusi" yang dibawakan oleh [[John Cantlie]] dan dipublikasikan di YouTube. Salah satu "presentasi Cantlie" mengutip berbagai pejabat Amerika Serikat, baik petahana maupun mantan, seperti Presiden [[Barack Obama]] dan pejabat [[CIA]] [[Michael Scheuer]].<ref name=nydailynews-2014-09-23>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Michael|title=ISIS releases second 'lecture video' of British hostage John Cantlie|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/isis-releases-lecture-video-british-hostage-john-cantlie-article-1.1949195|accessdate=6 October 2014|work=Daily News|location=New York|date=23 September 2014}}</ref> Bulan April 2015, sekelompok peretas yang mengaku berbaiat kepada NIIS meretas 11 saluran televisi global milik [[TV5Monde]] selama beberapa jam dan mengambil alih halaman media sosialnya selama hampir satu hari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2015/04/11/isis-blacks-out-french-television-station-broadcasts-cyberterrorism-has-arrived/|title=ISIS Blacks Out French Television Station Broadcasts|date=11 April 2015|first=Joseph|last=Steinberg|authorlink=Joseph Steinberg|work=Forbes|accessdate=12 April 2015}}</ref> Perusahaan keamanan siber Amerika Serikat, [[FireEye]], melaporkan bahwa serangan tersebut diyakini dilakukan oleh kelompok peretas asal Rusia bernama ''[[Sofacy Group|APT28]]'' yang diduga berhubungan dengan pemerintah Rusia.<ref>{{cite news|title=France probes Russian lead in TV5Monde hacking: sources|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/10/us-france-russia-cybercrime-idUSKBN0OQ2GG20150610|accessdate=9 July 2015|agency=Reuters|date=10 June 2015|archive-date=2015-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623054000/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/10/us-france-russia-cybercrime-idUSKBN0OQ2GG20150610|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
==== Anonymous ====
Setelah [[serangan Paris November 2015]], grup [[hacktivisme|hacktivis]] [[Anonymous (kelompok)|Anonymous]] "menyatakan perang" terhadap NIIS.<ref name="anonvsisis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/online/hacking/anonymous-declares-war-on-isis-vows-cyberattacks-following-paris-attacks/news-story/c5e48c7dac3440c8d08cdc7f89bdc760 |title=Anonymous declares ‘war’ on ISIS, vows cyberattacks following Paris attacks |website=[[News.com.au]] |date=17 November 2015|access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref> Beberapa hari setelah serangan, Anonymous mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah menutup "lebih dari 5.500" akun Twitter milik pendukung NIIS. Kelompok ini juga merilis "daftar target" untuk para anggotanya, termasuk "akun Twitter anggota NIS, penyedia layanan Internet Suriah, dan surel dan server web NIIS."<ref name=cyberwarheatsup1>{{cite news|last1=Reisinger|first1=Don|title=ISIS Calls Anonymous 'Idiots' As Cyber War Heats Up|url=http://fortune.com/2015/11/17/isis-anonymous-idiots/|accessdate=19 November 2015|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Sebuah akun [[Telegram (perangkat lunak)|Telegram]] yang diduga terkait dengan NIIS menanggapi aksi Anonymous dengan menyebut mereka "idiot".<ref name="anonvsisis2">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4117704/isis-anonymous-cyber-war/|title=ISIS Calls Anonymous ‘Idiots’ as Cyber War Heats Up|website=[[Time magazine|Time]]|date=17 November 2015|access-date=18 November 2015|first1=Don|last1=Reisinger}}</ref> Juru bicara Twitter memberitahu [[The Daily Dot]] bahwa Twitter tidak memakai daftar akun yang dilaporkan Anonymous karena terbukti "sangat tidak akurat" dan mencakup akun milik para akademisi dan wartawan.<ref name="anonvsisis3">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/twitter-isnt-reading-anonymous-list-isis-accounts/ |title=Twitter: Anonymous's lists of alleged ISIS accounts are 'wildly inaccurate' |website=The Daily Dot |date=20 November 2015|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>
=== Pendanaan ===
{{main|Pendanaan NIIS}}
Menurut penelitian [[Financial Action Task Force]] tahun 2015, lima sumber pendapatan utama NIIS adalah sebagai berikut (menurut nilai):
* rampasan dari pendudukan wilayah (termasuk penguasaan bank, sumber minyak dan gas, pajak, pemerasan, dan perampokan aset-aset ekonomis)
* tebusan penculikan
* sumbangan dari Arab Saudi dan negara-negara Teluk, biasanya beralasan "sumbangan kemanusiaan"
* bantuan material oleh pejuang asing
* penggalangan dana lewat jaringan komunikasi modern<ref name = FATF>{{cite news|title=Financing of the Terrorist Organisation Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant|url=http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Financing-of-the-terrorist-organisation-ISIL.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=19 April 2015|publisher=Financial Action Task Force|date=February 2015}}</ref>
Tahun 2014, [[RAND Corporation]] menganalisis sumber pendanaan NIIS dari dokumen yang diperoleh antara tahun 2005 dan 2010<ref name = "ISIfunding"/> dan menemukan bahwa sumbangan luar negeri hanya mencakup 5% dari total anggaran operasional kelompok ini.<ref name="ISIfunding"/> Sel-sel di Irak diwajibkan mengirim 20% pendapatannya yang diperoleh dari penculikan, pemerasan, dan aktivitas lain ke induknya. Induk organisasi tersebut akan menyalurkannya ke sel-sel provinsi atau lokal yang membutuhkan dana untuk melancarkan serangan.<ref name = "ISIfunding"/><ref name="ISIfunding">{{cite news|last=Allam|first=Hannah|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/06/23/231223/records-show-how-iraqi-extremists.html|title=Records show how Iraqi extremists withstood U.S. anti-terror efforts|publisher=McClatchy News|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=25 June 2014|archive-date=2014-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625142039/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/06/23/231223/records-show-how-iraqi-extremists.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pada pertengahan 2014, intelijen Irak mendapatkan informasi bahwa NIIS memiliki aset senilai US$2 miliar<ref name="isil-wealth">{{cite news|last=Chulov|first=Martin|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/15/iraq-isis-arrest-jihadists-wealth-power|title=How an arrest in Iraq revealed Isis's $2bn jihadist network|date=15 June 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref> dan menjadikannya kelompok jihadis terkaya di dunia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Jack|date=11 June 2014|title=Mosul Seized: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World’s Richest Terror Force|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mosul-seized-jihadis-loot-429m-citys-central-bank-make-isis-worlds-richest-terror-force-1452190|newspaper=International Business Times|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> Sekitar tiga per empat jumlah tersebut dirampok dari bank sentral Mosul dan bank-bank komersial di Mosul.<ref name="WAPO richest">{{cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=12 June 2014|title=ISIS just stole $425 million, Iraqi governor says, and became the 'world's richest terrorist group'|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/12/isis-just-stole-425-million-and-became-the-worlds-richest-terrorist-group|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Glen|last2=Haboush|first2=Mahmoud|last3=Viscusi|first3=Gregory|title=Financing Jihad: Why ISIS Is a Lot Richer Than Al-Qaeda|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-26/looted-banks-fund-iraq-fighters-eyeing-wealth-al-qaeda-never-had.html|accessdate=19 July 2014|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=26 June 2014}}</ref> Akan tetapi, sebagian pihak meragukan apakah NIIS mampu merampok uang sedemikian besarnya dari bank sentral<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Windrem|title=U.S. Official Doubts ISIS Mosul Bank Heist Windfall|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/iraq-turmoil/u-s-official-doubts-isis-mosul-bank-heist-windfall-n139846|accessdate=22 July 2014|publisher=NBC News|date=24 June 2014}}</ref> dan apakah perampokan bank benar-benar terjadi.<ref name="ft bank">{{cite news|last1=Daragahi|first1=Borzou|title=Biggest bank robbery that 'never happened' – $400m Isis heist|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0378d4f4-0c28-11e4-9080-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=21 July 2014|work=Financial Times|date=17 July 2014|subscription=yes}}</ref>
Sejak 2012, NIIS merilis laporan tahunan layaknya laporan operasional perusahaan untuk menarik calon donatur.<ref name="ft-20140617">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/69e70954-f639-11e3-a038-00144feabdc0.html?—ftcamp=crm/email/2014617/nbe/AsiaMorningHeadlines/product|title=Selling terror: how Isis details its brutality|first1=Roula|last1=Khalaf|first2=Sam|last2=Jones|newspaper=Financial Times|date=17 June 2014|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Dylan|title=The surreal infographics ISIS is producing, translated|url=http://www.vox.com/2014/6/24/5834068/the-iraqi-rebels-make-annual-reports-with-infographics-we-translated|accessdate=25 July 2014|publisher=Vox|date=24 July 2014}}</ref>
==== Pendapatan minyak ====
{{Main|Produksi minyak NIIS}}
Seorang pejabat Kementerian Keuangan Amerika Serikat memperkirakan bahwa NIIS memiliki pendapatan US$1 juta per hari lewat aktivitas ekspor minyak.<ref name=cnn141007>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-funding/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Self-funded and deep-rooted: How ISIS makes its millions|date=7 October 2014|publisher=CNN|first=Scott|last=Bronstein|author2=Drew Griffin}}</ref> Pada tahun 2014, analis energi asal Dubai memperkirakan bahwa pendapatan minyak gabungan dari wilayah Irak dan Suriah yang diduduki NIIS mencapai US$3 juta per hari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.com/International/story?id=24814359|title=ISIS Makes Up To $3 Million a Day Selling Oil, Say Analysts|date=2 August 2014|accessdate=8 October 2014|publisher=ABC news|first=Karen|last=Leigh}}</ref> Tahun 2014, sebagian besar pendanaan kelompok ini berasal dari produksi dan penjualan energi; NIIS menguasai kurang lebih 300 sumur minyak di Irak. Pada puncaknya, NIIS mengoperasikan 350 sumur minyak di Irak, namun kehilangan 45 sumur akibat serangan udara pasukan asing. NIIS telah menguasai 60% kapasitas produksi minyak Suriah. Sekitar seperlima kapasitas totalnya dioperasikan oleh NIIS. NIIS mendapatkan US$2,5 juta per hari dengan menjual 50.000–60.000 barel minyak per hari.<ref name=cnn141007/><ref name=nw141106/> Penjualan luar negeri bergantung pada pasar gelap ekspor ke Turki. Banyak penyelundup dan penjaga perbatasan Turki korup yang membantu [[Saddam Hussein]] menghindari sanksi justru membantu NIIS mengekspor minyak dan mengimpor uang tunai.<ref name="isil-wealth"/><ref name=nw141106>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2014/11/14/how-does-isis-fund-its-reign-terror-282607.html|title=How Does ISIS Fund Its Reign of Terror?|date=6 November 2014|work=Newsweek|first1=Janine|last1=di Giovanni|first2=Leah|last2=McGrath Goodman|first3=Damien|last3=Sharkov}}</ref><ref name="FT Isis oil">{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Erika|date=28 April 2014|title=Syria's jihadist groups fight for control of eastern oilfields|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5346e788-cbd6-11e3-9f27-00144feabdc0.html|newspaper=Financial Times|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref> Pendapatan energi NIIS juga mencakup penjualan listrik dari pembangkit listrik di Suriah utara; sebagian listrik tersebut kabarnya dijual kembali ke pemerintah Suriah.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite web |last=Fisher |first=Max |title=How ISIS is exploiting the economics of Syria's civil war |url=http://www.vox.com/2014/6/12/5802824/how-isis-is-exploiting-the-economics-of-syrias-civil-war| |date=12 June 2014 |website=Vox |accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>
==== Penjualan barang antik ====
Penjualan artefak diduga merupakan sumber pendanaan NIIS terbesar kedua.<ref name=nw141106/> Lebih dari sepertiga situs sejarah Irak dikuasai oleh NIIS. NIIS menjarah istana raja Asiria [[Ashurnasirpal II]] di Kalhu ([[Nimrud]]) yang sudah berdiri sejak abad ke-9 SM. Tablet, manuskrip, dan kuneiform dijual senilai ratusan juta dolar. Artefak jarahan diselundupkan ke Turki dan Yordania. Abdulamir al-Hamdani, arkeolog SUNY [[Stony Brook University|Stony Brook]], mengatakan bahwa NIIS "menjarah... akar terdasar umat manusia, artefak dari peradaban tertua di dunia".<ref name=nw141106/>
==== Pajak dan pemerasan ====
NIIS juga mengumpulkan kekayaannya lewat pajak dan pemerasan.<ref name=cnn141007/> Terkait pajak, umat Kristen dan orang asing wajib membayar pajak [[jizyah]]. Selain itu, kelompok ini rutin melakukan [[pemerasan]] dengan meminta uang dari sopir truk dan mengancam mengebom toko. Merampok bank dan toko emas merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan NIIS.<ref name="ListerTop">{{cite news|last=Lister|first=Tim|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/12/world/meast/who-is-the-isis/|title=ISIS: The first terror group to build an Islamic state?|publisher=CNN|date=13 June 2014|accessdate=14 June 2014}}</ref> Pemerintah Irak secara tidak langsung mendanai NIIS karena pemerintah masih terus membayar gaji ribuan karyawan pemerintah yang bekerja di wilayah NIIS; NIIS kemudian memangkas separuh gaji karyawan pemerintah Irak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Peritz|first=Aki|date=4 February 2015|title=How Iraq Subsidizes Islamic State|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/05/opinion/how-iraq-subsidizes-islamic-state.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref> Polisi, guru, dan tentara yang sebelumnya bekerja untuk rezim sekuler Irak masih diizinkan bekerja apabila mereka membayar iuran kartu pertobatan yang harus diperpanjang setiap tahunnya.<ref name=bb2>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-19/why-u-s-efforts-to-cut-off-islamic-state-s-funds-have-failed?cmpid=BBD111915_BIZ|first1=Cam|last1=Simpson|first2=Matthew|last2=Philips|title=Why ISIS has all the money it needs|publisher=Bloomberg Business|date=19 November 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref>
==== Perdagangan narkotika ====
Menurut [[Victor Ivanov]], kepala badan narkotika nasional Rusia, NIIS mengumpulkan kekayaan dengan menyelundupkan [[heroin]] Afghanistan melintasi wilayahnya seperti yang dilakukan [[Boko Haram]].<ref name=ivanov>{{cite web |url=http://www.rt.com/politics/310571-isis-economy-based-on-illegal/ |title=ISIS economy based on illegal drug trade – Russian anti-drug chief |publisher=RT |date=23 July 2015 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> Pendapatan dari aktivitas ini bisa mencapai $1 miliar per tahunnya.<ref name=ivanov/>
==== Pertanian ====
Lahan pertanian antara sungai Tigris dan Eufrat menghasilkan separuh produksi gandum tahunan Suriah dan sepertiga produksi gandum tahunan Irak. NIIS mampu memproduksi hasil tani senilai US$200 juta per tahun bila lahannya dikelola dengan baik.<ref name=bb2/>
==== Sumbangan Arab Saudi dan negara-negara Teluk ====
Pada Juni 2014, surat kabar ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' menuduh [[Arab Saudi]], [[Kuwait]], dan [[Qatar]] mendanai NIIS.<ref name=beast14June14>{{cite news|last=Rogin|first=Josh|date=14 June 2014|title=America's Allies Are Funding ISIS|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/14/america-s-allies-are-funding-isis.html|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iraq crisis: How Saudi Arabia helped Isis take over the north of the country|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/iraq-crisis-how-saudi-arabia-helped-isis-take-over-the-north-of-the-country-9602312.html|accessdate=9 August 2014|work=The Independent|date=13 July 2014|location=London|first=Patrick|last=Cockburn}}</ref> [[Iran]] dan Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]] juga menuduh Arab Saudi dan Qatar mendanai kelompok tersebut.<ref name=beast14June14/><ref name="maliki-saudi-openly">{{cite news|first1=Ned|last1=Parker|first2=Louise|last2=Ireland|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/09/us-iraq-saudi-qatar-idUSBREA2806S20140309|title=Iraqi PM Maliki says Saudi, Qatar openly funding violence in Anbar|work=Reuters|date=9 March 2014|access-date=2014-07-31|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924194500/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/09/us-iraq-saudi-qatar-idUSBREA2806S20140309|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="FT Iran Saudi">{{cite news|last1=Bozorgmehr|first1=Najmeh|last2=Kerr|first2=Simeon|title=Iran-Saudi proxy war heats up as Isis entrenches in Iraq|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fdff6240-fc46-11e3-98b8-00144feab7de.html|date=25 June 2014|work=Financial Times|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> Menjelang konferensi pro-Irak anti-NIIS yang diselenggarakan di [[intervensi militer terhadap NIIS#Koalisi 15 September|Paris tanggal 15 September 2014]], menteri luar negeri Prancis mengakui bahwa sejumlah negara yang hadir (Saudi, Qatar, dan Kuwait) "sangat mungkin" mendanai operasi NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/09/15/islamic-state-conference/15654309/|title=As summit strategizes on ISIL, French jets fly over Iraq|first=Doug|last=Stanglin|work=USA Today|date=15 September 2014}}</ref> Menurut ''[[The Atlantic]]'', NIIS bisa jadi merupakan badian dari strategi [[operasi rahasia]] [[Bandar bin Sultan]] di Suriah.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clemons|first1=Steve|title='Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/isis-saudi-arabia-iraq-syria-bandar/373181/|accessdate=9 October 2014|work=The Atlantic|date=23 June 2014}}</ref>
Beberapa organisasi amal tak terdaftar menjadi perantara dana ke NIIS dengan alasan "sumbangan kemanusiaan". Arab Saudi menerapkan larangan menyeluruh untuk sumbangan tak berizin ke Suriah demi menghentikan arus dana tersebut.<ref name=nw141106/> Namun demikian, sejumlah sumber menegaskan tidak ada bukti bahwa NIIS didukung langsung oleh negara-negara Teluk.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|last1=Carey|first1=Glen|last2=Almashabi|first2=Deema|date=16 June 2014|title=Jihadi Recruitment in Riyadh Revives Saudi Arabia's Greatest Fear|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-15/jihadis-recruitment-drive-in-riyadh-revives-biggest-saudi-threat.html|work=Bloomberg News|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="FT Iran Saudi"/><ref name="saudi-reject-accusation">{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Black (journalist)|date=19 June 2014|title=Saudi Arabia rejects Iraqi accusations of Isis support|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/saudi-arabia-rejects-iraqi-accusations-isis-support|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref>
== Pendukung ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Most ISIS twitter supporters around the world.jpg|thumbnail|Top locations supporting ISIS in [[Twitter]] - 2015]] -->
=== Warga Irak dan Suriah ===
Menurut laporan [[Reuters]] yang mengutip sumber "ideolog jihadis", 90% pejuang NIIS di Irak adalah warga Irak dan 70% pejuang di Suriah adalah warga Suriah. Artikel tersebut menyatakan bahwa kelompok tersebut memiliki 40.000 pejuang dan 60.000 pendukung di Irak dan Suriah.<ref name="saddam">{{cite news|title = Saddam's former army is secret of Baghdadi's success|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-insight-idUSKBN0OW1VN20150616|agency = Reuters|date = 16 June 2015|accessdate = 1 July 2015|archive-date = 2015-07-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703111617/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-insight-idUSKBN0OW1VN20150616|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
=== Warga asing ===
Menurut laporan [[Dewan Keamanan PBB]] bulan Maret 2015, 22.000 pejuang asing dari 100 negara telah berangkat ke Suriah dan Irak, sebagian besar hendak mendukung NIIS. Laporan tersebut memperingatkan bahwa Suriah dan Irak telah menjadi "tempat pendidikan ekstremis tahap akhir".<ref name=bbc020415>{{cite news|title=UN says '25,000 foreign fighters' joined Islamist militants|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32156541?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_term=*Mideast%20Brief&utm_campaign=2014_The%20Middle%20East%20Daily|accessdate=2 April 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Pada pertengahan 2014, pemimpin NIIS Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi menyerukan, "Berangkatlah, wahai umat Islam, ke negaramu ...".<ref name=bbc-1-7-14>{{cite news|title=Isis leader calls on Muslims to 'build Islamic state'|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28116846|accessdate=6 April 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=1 July 2014}}</ref>
Laporan PBB {{as of|2015|5|alt=bulan Mei 2015}} menunjukkan bahwa 25.000 "pejuang teroris asing" dari 100 negara telah bergabung dengan berbagai kelompok "Islamis". Banyak di antaranya yang bekerja untuk NIIS atau al-Qaeda.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burke|first1=Jason|title=Islamist fighters drawn from half the world's countries, says UN|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/26/islamist-fighters-drawn-from-half-the-worlds-countries-says-un|accessdate=26 May 2015|work=The Guardian|date=26 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526202608/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/26/islamist-fighters-drawn-from-half-the-worlds-countries-says-un|archivedate=26 May 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref>
=== Kelompok pendukung ===
Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium (TRAC) mengidentifikasi 60 kelompok jihadis di 30 negara yang telah berbaiat atau mendukung NIIS per November 2014. Kelompok-kelompok ini sebelumnya berafiliasi dengan al-Qaeda sehingga menunjukkan adanya peralihan kepemimpinan jihad global ke NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|first=Riyadh|last=Mohammed|url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2014/11/16/ISIS-Doubles-Down-Infidels-Boosted-60-New-Terror-Groups#sthash.eYktEthB.dpuf|title=ISIS Beheads Another American As 60 New Terror Groups Join|work=The Fiscal Times|date=16 November 2014|accessdate=28 November 2014}}</ref>
Kelompok-kelompok berikut telah menyatakan dukungannya kepada NIIS:
{{colbegin}}
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} [[Boko Haram]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-accepts-boko-haram-pledge-says-would-be-recruits-can-go-to-nigeria-1.2993474|title=ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria|date=13 March 2015|work=CBC News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>
* <!-- Commented out: [[File:Ansar al-Sharia Tunisia Logo.jpg|20px]] --> [[Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Jamel|last=Arfaoui|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201407090299.html|title=Tunisia: Ansar Al-Sharia Tunisia Spokesman Backs Isis|publisher=AllAfrica|location=Tunis, Tunisia|date=8 July 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Abdallah Suleiman Ali|title=Global jihadists recognize Islamic State|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/07/syria-iraq-isis-islamic-caliphate-global-recognition.html|accessdate=25 September 2014|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Jund al-Khilafah]]<ref name=rt-09-14>{{cite news|last1=Chikhi|first1=Lamine|title=Splinter group breaks from al Qaeda in North Africa|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/14/us-algeria-security-idUSKBN0H90G820140914|accessdate=24 September 2014|agency=Reuters|date=14 September 2014|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081710/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/14/us-algeria-security-idUSKBN0H90G820140914|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} [[Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Asmaa|last=al-Ghoul|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/02/isis-gaza-salafist-jihadist-qaeda-hamas.html|title=Gaza Salafists pledge allegiance to ISIS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|date=27 February 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid]]<ref name="indonesiagroup-split">{{cite web |last=Witular |first=Rendi A. |title=Sons, top aides abandon Ba'asyir over ISIL, form new jihadist group |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/08/13/sons-top-aides-abandon-ba-asyir-over-isil-form-new-jihadist-group.html |work=The Jakarta Post |date=13 August 2014}}</ref> – (berbaiat kepada NIIS; sebagian besar anggotanya keluar setelah pemimpinnya berbaiat kepada NIIS)<ref name="indonesiagroup-split"/><ref name="Indonesian jihadist group joins ISIL">{{cite web |title=Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, The Perpetual threat |first=Chris |last=Rottenberg |work=Osgood Center for International Studies |year=2012 |url=http://www.osgoodcenter.org/PDF/JAT.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2015-12-25 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806101220/http://www.osgoodcenter.org/PDF/JAT.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]]<ref name=support>{{cite news|title=Uzbek militants declare support for Islamic State|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1136578/uzbek-militants-declare-support-for-islamic-state/print|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Dawn|date=7 October 2014|quote="Hereby, on behalf of all members of our movement, in line with our sacred duties, I declare that we are in the same ranks with the Islamic State in this continued war between Islam and [non-Muslims]," Usman Gazi wrote in an online statement on Sept 26.|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=imubayat>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/imu-islamic-state/27174567.html|title=IMU Declares It Is Now Part Of The Islamic State|date=6 August 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Jundallah (Pakistan)]]<ref name="Pakistani Taliban pledges allegiance to ISIL"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg}} [[Caucasus Emirate]] (beberapa komandan Caucasus Emirate berbaiat ke NIIS)<ref name=refrl13Feb15>{{cite web |title=Caucasus Emirate and Islamic State Split Slows Militant Activities in North Caucasus |url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=43542&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=817653426dd1c50e08a874b89567939a |date=13 February 2014 |accessdate=17 February 2015 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref><ref name="rferl02Jan15">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.mobi/a/islamic-state-north-caucasus-insurgency-commanders-allegiance/26773615.html |title=Six North Caucasus Insurgency Commanders Transfer Allegiance To Islamic State |first=Liz |last=Fuller |date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=demise>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=44051&cHash=973198e3db1a533a0115a648cad28b2a |title=What Caused the Demise of the Caucasus Emirate? |date=18 June 2015 |publisher=Jamestown Foundation}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/|title=ISIS: We Are Operating in Gaza|last=|first=|date=9 June 2014|work=Vocative: The extremist terror organization is establishing a toehold inside Gaza, despite Hamas' claims to the contrary|access-date=2 June 2015|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816061921/https://www.vocativ.com/world/israel-world/isis-operating-gaza/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} [[Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Jemaah Islamiyah]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Dean|first=Sarah|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2730480/PM-Tony-Abbott-warns-Australians-new-threats-Indonesian-terror-group-Jemaah-Islamiyah-calls-James-Foleys-beheading-truly-sickening.html|title=PM Tony Abbott warns Australians of threats from Indonesian Jemaah Islamiyah group|work=Daily Mail|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=23 August 2014|location=London}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abu Sayyaf]]<ref name="ISIL gains supporters"/><ref name="PHL">{{cite news|title=Philippines condemns, vows to 'thwart' ISIS|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/69380-philippines-condemns-islamic-state-isis|first=Paterno|last=Emasquel II|publisher=Rappler|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]]<ref>{{cite news|title=BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists|work=GMA News Online|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=GMA Network|location=Quezon City, Philippines|date=16 August 2014|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/375074/news/nation/biff-abu-sayyaf-pledge-allegiance-to-islamic-state-jihadists|accessdate=22 August 2014}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag.svg}} [[Ansar Khalifah Philippines]]
* {{Colend}}
=== Dugaan bantuan Turki ===
{{Further|Keterlibatan Turki pada Perang Saudara Suriah#Kritik terhadap Turki}}
Berbagai pengamat, warga Kurdi Suriah, dan Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat [[Joe Biden]] menduga Turki mendukung atau bekerja sama dengan NIIS.<ref name="yahoonews">{{cite news|last1=Bertrand|first1=Natasha|title=Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now 'undeniable'|work=Yahoo!|agency=Business Insider|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/links-between-turkey-isis-now-195700510.html|date=28 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Zaman|first1=Amberin|title=Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/ru/originals/2014/06/zaman-syria-kurds-rojava-ypg-muslim-pyd-pkk-turkey-isis.html#|work=Al-Monitor|date=10 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilgenburg|first1=Wladimir van|title=Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/syria-kurd-pyd-asayish-isis-turkey-islamic-state.html#|work=Al-Monitor|date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Menurut wartawan [[Patrick Cockburn]], ada "bukti kuat bahwa terjadi kerja sama" antara [[Organisasi Intelijen Nasional (Turki)|dinas intelijen Turki]] dan NIIS walaupun "kepastian sifat hubungan tersebut ... masih belum jelas".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cockburn |first1=Patrick |authorlink1=Patrick Cockburn |title=Whose side is Turkey on? |journal=London Review of Books |date=6 November 2014 |volume=36 |issue=21 |pages=8–10 |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n21/patrick-cockburn/whose-side-is-turkey-on}}</ref> David L. Phillips dari [[Columbia University]] Institute for the Study of Human Rights, yang menyusun daftar tuduhan dan klaim bantuan Turki terhadap NIIS, menulis bahwa dugaan tersebut "berkisar antara kerja sama militer dan transfer senjata hingga bantuan logisitik, bantuan keuangan, dan penyediaan layanan kesehatan".<ref name="huffpost-turkeylist">{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=David L.|title=Research Paper: ISIS-Turkey List|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-l-phillips/research-paper-isis-turke_b_6128950.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=9 November 2014}}</ref> Beberapa pejuang dan komandan NIIS mengklaim bahwa Turki membantu NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Guiton|first1=Barney|title='ISIS Sees Turkey as Its Ally': Former Islamic State Member Reveals Turkish Army Cooperation|url=http://www.newsweek.com/isis-and-turkey-cooperate-destroy-kurds-former-isis-member-reveals-turkish-282920|work=Newsweek|date=7 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ben-Solomon|first1=Ariel|title=Islamic State fighter: 'Turkey paved the way for us'|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Islamic-State-fighter-Turkey-paved-the-way-for-us-369443|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=Faiola/> Di dalam Turki sendiri, NIIS diyakini mengakibatkan polarisasi politik antara kaum sekuler dan Islamis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aina.org/news/20150104175714.htm|title=ISIS Has Polarized Turkey Domestically|first=Lauren|last=Williams|work=Assyrian International News Agency|agency=Daily Star, Lebanon|date=4 January 2015|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102524/http://www.aina.org/news/20150104175714.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pada Juli 2015, serbuan pasukan khusus Amerika Serikat ke rumah "kepala pejabat keuangan" NI, [[Abu Sayyaf]], menemukan bukti bahwa pejabat Turki memiliki hubungan langsung dengan para petinggi NIIS. Menurut seorang pejabat senior Barat, dokumen dan stik USB yang disita dalam serbuan tersebut mengungkapkan hubungan yang "jelas" dan "tak terbantahkan" antara Turki dan NIIS "sehingga hubungan keduanya memiliki dampak kebijakan yang mendalam terhadap hubungan [Barat] dan Ankara".<ref name = "yahoonews"/>
Turki dihujani kritik karena membiarkan orang-orang luar masuk wilayahnya dan bergabung dengan NIIS di Suriah.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tattersall|first1=Nick|last2=Karouny|first2=Mariam|title=Turkey's 'Open Border' Policy With Syria Has Backfired As ISIS Recruitment Continues|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-turkey-struggles-as-lone-gatekeeper-against-islamic-state-recruitment-2014-8|work=Business Insider|date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Schanzer|first1=Jonathan|authorlink1=Jonathan Schanzer|title=Boosting Turkey as it backs terror|url=http://nypost.com/2014/09/25/boosting-turkey-as-it-backs-terror/|work=New York Post|date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Dengan banyaknya pejuang Islamis yang melintasi Turki menuju Suriah, Turki dituduh sebagai negara transit bagi para pejuang Islamis dan dijuluki "Gerbang Masuk Jihad".<ref name=dailymail>{{cite news|last1=Greenhill|first1=Sam|title=How seven radicalised young Britons a week are taking the Gateway to Jihad|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2734239/How-seven-radicalised-young-Britons-week-taking-Gateway-Jihad.html|work=Daily Mail|date=25 August 2014|location=London}}</ref> Polisi perbatasan Turki kabarnya membiarkan orang-orang yang masuk Suriah yang bersedia memberi suap.<ref name=dailymail/> Laporan [[Sky News]] mengungkapkan bahwa paspor pejuang Islamis asing yang hendak bergabung dengan NIIS lewat Suriah sudah dicap oleh pemerintah Turki.<ref>{{cite news|title=New report further exposes Turkey links to ISIL militants|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/10/21/383033/new-report-shows-turkeyisil-links/|publisher=Press TV|location=Tehran, Iran|date=21 October 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2014-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111061745/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/10/21/383033/new-report-shows-turkeyisil-links/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Seorang komandan NIIS menyatakan bahwa "sebagian besar pejuang yang bergabung dengan kami saat perang pertama kali pecah datang lewat Turki, demikian halnya pasokan peralatan dan persediaan kami".<ref name="huffpost-turkeylist"/><ref name=Faiola>{{cite news|last1=Faiola|first1=Anthony|last2=Mekhennet|first2=Souad|title=In Turkey, a late crackdown on Islamist fighters|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/how-turkey-became-the-shopping-mall-for-the-islamic-state/2014/08/12/5eff70bf-a38a-4334-9aa9-ae3fc1714c4b_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Ia juga menambahkan bahwa para pejuang NIIS dirawat di sejumlah rumah sakit Turki.<ref name=Faiola/>
Perdana Menteri Rusia [[Dmitry Medvedev]] mengatakan bahwa "tindakan Turki merupakan perlindungan ''de facto'' terhadap Negara Islam. ... Kabar ini tidak mengejutkan karena kami punya informasi mengenai kepentingan finansial langsung sejumlah pejabat Turki terkait pasokan produk minyak dari pabrik penyulingan yang dikuasai NIIS.”<ref>{{cite news|title=Ankara defends ISIS, Turkish officials have financial interest in oil trade with group - PM Medvedev|publisher=RT|url=https://www.rt.com/news/323373-ankara-defends-isis-medvedev/|date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Mantan [[Wakil Menteri Bidang Terorisme dan Intelijen Keuangan]] Amerika Serikat, [[David S. Cohen (politikus)|David Cohen]] (sekarang [[Wakil Direktur Central Intelligence Agency]]), mengatakan bahwa Negara Islam mendapatkan $1 juta per hari dari penjualan minyak saja. Menurut informasi yang didapatnya, "NIIS menjual minyak dengan harga yang didiskon besar-besaran kepada sejumlah distributor, termasuk distributor dari Turki, yang kemudian menyelundupkannya untuk dijual kembali. Tampaknya sebagian minyak dari wilayah operasi NIIS dijual kepada warga Kurdi di Irak dan dijual lagi ke Turki”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/business/323391-isis-oil-business-turkey-russia/ |title=Ankara's oil business with ISIS |publisher=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |date=2015-11-25 |accessdate=2015-12-02}}</ref>
Tanggal 10 Desember 2015, anggota DPR dari [[Partai Rakyat Republik (Turki)|Partai Rakyat Republik]], [[Eren Erdem]], mengklaim bahwa teroris Negara Islam di Suriah menerima semua material yang diperlukan untuk membuat gas [[sarin]] lewat Turki. Pernyataannya didasarkan pada bukti dari kasus pidana yang mendadak ditutup. Penyelidikan selanjutnya mengungkapkan bahwa beberapa warga Turki terlibat dalam perundingan dengan perwakilan NIIS terkait pasokan gas sarin.<ref>[https://www.rt.com/news/325825-sarin-gas-syria-turkey/ EXCLUSIVE: Sarin materials brought via Turkey & mixed in Syrian ISIS camps – Turkish MP to RT]</ref>
=== Dugaan bantuan Qatar ===
[[Negara Qatar]] sudah lama diduga menjadi perantara arus pendanaan NIIS. Meski tidak ada bukti bahwa pemerintah Qatar terlibat dalam pergerakan uang dari Qatar ke NIIS, negara ini dikritik karena tidak berusaha keras untuk menghambat arus pendanaan. Donatur pribadi di Qatar yang bersimpati terhadap misi kelompok-kelompok radikal, misalnya [[Front al-Nusra]] dan NIIS, diyakini mengirimkan dana untuk membantu mereka.<ref>{{cite web| title =Qatar and ISIS Funding: The U.S. Approach| url =http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/qatar-and-isis-funding-the-u.s.-approach| website = The Washington Institute| date = August 2014| accessdate = 8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Islamic State: Where does jihadist group get its support?| url =http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29004253| publisher =BBC| date = 1 September 2014| accessdate = 8 May 2015}}</ref> Menurut [[Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat]], sejumlah penyalur dana teroris beroperasi di Qatar. Warga negara Qatar, Abd al Rahman al Nuaymi, berperan sebagai perantara bagi donatur Qatar dan para pemimpin [[al-Qaeda di Irak]] (AQI). Nuaymi kabarnya menangani transfer dana senilai US$2 juta per bulan ke AQI dalam satu kurun waktu tertentu. Nuaymi juga merupakan satu dari beberapa penyalur dana al-Qaeda di Qatar yang dijatuhi sanksi oleh Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat. Beberapa pejabat Amerika Serikat percaya bahwa pangsa terbesar sumbangan pribadi untuk NIIS dan al-Qaeda justru berasal dari Qatar, bukan Arab Saudi.<ref>{{cite web| title =Qatar Is a U.S. Ally. They Also Knowingly Abet Terrorism. What's Going On?| url =http://www.newrepublic.com/article/119705/why-does-qatar-support-known-terrorists| website =New Republic| date = 6 October 2014| accessdate = 8 May 2015}}</ref>
Pada bulan Agustus 2014, Menteri Kerja Sama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Jerman [[Gerd Müller (politikus)|Gerd Müller]] menuduh Qatar memiliki hubungan dengan NIIS. Ia mengatakan, "Anda perlu bertanya siapa yang mempersenjatai dan mendanai pasukan NIIS. Jawaban yang tersedia hanya Qatar". Menteri Luar Negeri Qatar, [[Khalid bin Mohammad Al Attiyah]], membantah pernyataan tersebut: "Qatar tidak mendukung kelompok ekstremis, termasuk [NIIS], dengan cara apapun. Kami dikejutkan oleh pandangan mereka, metode mereka yang kejam, dan ambisi mereka."<ref>{{cite news|title =German minister accuses Qatar of funding Islamic State fighters|url =http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/20/us-iraq-security-germany-qatar-idUSKBN0GK1I720140820|agency =Reuters|date =20 August 2014|accessdate =8 May 2015|archive-date =2015-07-13|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102527/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/20/us-iraq-security-germany-qatar-idUSKBN0GK1I720140820|dead-url =yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Qatar allows money to flow to Islamic State, other terrorists: report| url =http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/10/qatar-allows-money-flow-isis-other-terrorists-repo/?page=all| website = Washington Times| date = 10 December 2014| accessdate = 8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Who funds ISIS? Qatar and state-sponsoring allegations| url = http://securityobserver.org/who-funds-isis-qatar-and-state-sponsoring-allegations/| website = Security Observer| date = 23 December 2014| accessdate = 8 May 2015| archive-date = 2021-06-03| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210603174306/http://securityobserver.org/who-funds-isis-qatar-and-state-sponsoring-allegations/| dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Qatar denies backing Islamic State group| url =http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/qatar-denies-backing-islamic-state-group-201482323351451942.html| publisher=Al Jazeera |date=24 August 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref>
=== Dugaan bantuan Arab Saudi ===
Meski pemerintah Arab Saudi menolak klaim yang beredar,<ref name="saudi-reject-accusation"/> mantan Perdana Menteri Irak [[Nouri al-Maliki]] menuduh Arab Saudi mendanai NIIS.<ref name="maliki-saudi-openly"/> Sejumlah media seperti [[NBC News|NBC]], [[BBC News|BBC]], dan ''[[The New York Times]]'', dan wadah pemikir [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] menerbitkan laporan terkait sumbangan pribadi dari Arab Saudi ke NIIS dan dukungan Saudi terhadap gerakan [[Wahhabisme]] di seluruh dunia, tetapi tidak menemukan bukti bantuan langsung dari pemerintah Saudi terhadap NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/23/opinion/isis-atrocities-started-with-saudi-support-for-salafi-hate.html|title=ISIS Atrocities Started With Saudi Support For Salafi Hate|work=The New York Times|first=Ed|last=Husain|date=22 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/saudi-funding-of-isis|title=Saudi Funding of ISIS|publisher=washingtoninstitute.org}}</ref>
=== Dugaan bantuan Suriah ===
{{Further|Bashar al-Assad#Al-Qaeda dan NIIS}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=Serangan NIIS di Suriah: 1 Januari – 21 November 2014<ref name="Assad_ISIL_Stats">{{cite web | url= http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/syria-isis-have-been-ignoring-each-other-battlefield-data-suggests-n264551 |last1= Vinograd |first1= Cassandra | last2= Omar |first2= Ammar Cheikh|title= Syria, ISIS Have Been 'Ignoring' Each Other on Battlefield, Data Suggests
|publisher= NBC | date=11 December 2014 | accessdate= 9 March 2015}}</ref>{{undue-inline|date=October 2015}}
| other =
| label1 = Serangan terhadap pasukan pemerintah Suriah
| value1 = 13 | color1 = Red
| label2 = Serangan terhadap kelompok lainnya ([[Pasukan Suriah Bebas|FSA]], dll.)
| value2 = 64 | color2 = Green
| label3 = Lainnya
| value3 = 23| color3 = Grey
}}
Semasa [[Perang Saudara Suriah]], walaupun NIIS telah berkali-kali membantai warga sipil [[Alawiyah]] dan mengeksekusi tentara [[Angkatan Darat Suriah]] Alawiyah,<ref name="The National"/><ref name="The Latakia"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/syrias-assad-thinks-he-is-winning-he-could-be-wrong/2014/09/08/09c5044e-a6ca-45d0-91a8-c9eacd4c92f8_story.html|title= Syria’s Assad thinks he is winning. He could be wrong.|work=The Washington Post|date=9 September 2014|first=Liz|last=Sly}}</ref> dan banyak warga Alawiyah mendukung Presiden Bashar al-Assad yang juga Alawiyah,<ref name="village">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-kills-40-mabuja-village-central-syria-including-women-children/|title=ISIS reportedly massacres dozens in Syrian village|publisher=CBS News|date=31 March 2015}}</ref> berbagai pihak [[oposisi Suriah|oposisi]] dan partai anti-Assad yang menuduh pemerintahan Bashar Assad terlibat kolusi dengan NIIS.<ref name=cfr>{{cite web|title=CFR Backgrounders – The Islamic State|url=http://www.cfr.org/iraq/islamic-state/p14811|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=6 July 2015|quote=Some analysts have even described a tacit nonaggression pact between Islamic State militants and Bashar al-Assad regime, with each focused on fighting the main antigovernment opposition forces for territorial control.|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701014856/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/islamic-state/p14811|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=TIMEAssad>{{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Aryn|title=Is the Assad Regime in League with al-Qaeda?|journal=Time|date=27 January 2014|url=http://world.time.com/2014/01/27/syria-assad-geneva-al-qaeda/|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> Kuatnya penolakan NIIS terhadap pemerintah [[Bashar al-Assad]] akan menguatkan klaim bahwa pemerintah Suriah sedang diserang oleh "teroris" dan menjadi "rezim sekuler yang melawan al-Qaida dan kelompok jihad fanatik".<ref name=Black-14-7-14>{{cite news|last1=Black|first1=Ian|title=Bashar al-Assad is west's ally against Isis extremists, says Syria|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/14/bashar-al-assad-fighting-isis-western-ally-minister-claims|accessdate=6 April 2015|work=The Guardian|date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
Beberapa sumber mengaku bahwa tahanan NIIS secara strategis dibebaskan dari penjara-penjara Suriah pada awal Perang Saudara Suriah tahun 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.newsweek.com/how-syrias-assad-helped-forge-isis-255631 |last= Cordall |first=Simon Speakwell | title= How Syria's Assad Helped Forge ISIS |work= Newsweek | date= 21 June 2014 | accessdate= 9 March 2015}}</ref> Pemerintah Suriah membeli minyak secara langsung dari NIIS.<ref name="ISIS_Nusra_oil">{{cite web | url= http://www.businessinsider.com/assad-helped-build-al-qaeda-in-syria-2014-1 |last1= Kelley |first1= Michael, B | title= It's Becoming Clear That Assad Fueled The Al-Qaeda Surge That Has Kept Him in Power |publisher= Business Insider | date= 21 January 2014 | accessdate= 9 March 2015}}</ref> Pada Maret 2015, laporan [[Uni Eropa]] mengungkapkan bahwa pemerintah Suriah dan NIIS bersama-sama mengoperasikan pabrik gas HESCO di Tabqa, Suriah tengah; pabrik ini masih memasok gas ke wilayah yang dikuasai pemerintah, dan pembangkit listrik pemerintah masih memasok listrik ke wilayah NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11455602/Oil-middleman-between-Syria-and-Isil-is-new-target-for-EU-sanctions.html|title= Oil middleman between Syria and Isil is new target for EU sanctions|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=7 March 2015|accessdate=9 March 2015|last =Blair|first =David|location=London}}</ref> Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat [[John Kerry]] menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Suriah sengaja menghindari pasukan NIIS untuk melemahkan oposisi moderat seperti [[Pasukan Suriah Bebas]] (FSA),<ref name=TIMEAssad/> sekaligus "sengaja menyerahkan sebagian wilayahnya ke [NIIS] agar NIIS tampak seperti sumber masalah utama sehingga [Assad] bisa beralasan bahwa ia adalah pelindung Suriah dari [NIIS]".<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2014/09/18/kerry_there_is_evidence_that_assad_has_played_footsie_with_isil.html | title= Kerry: There Is Evidence That Assad Has Played "Footsie" With ISIL |publisher= Real Clear Politics | date= 18 September 2014| accessdate= 9 March 2015|quote=JOHN KERRY: Regrettably Congressman, no we're not going to be undercut, because. If Assad's forces indeed do decide to focus on ISIL significantly, which they haven't been doing throughout this period, one of our judgements is there is evidence that Assad has played footsie with them, and he has used them as a tool of weakening the opposition. He never took on their headquarters, which were there and obvious, and other assets that they have. So we have no confidence that Assad is either capable of or willing to take on ISIL."}}</ref> Analisis pangkalan data [[Jane's Defence Weekly|IHS Jane's Terrorism and Insurgency Center]] mengonfirmasi bahwa sejak 1 Januari hingga 21 November 2014 hanya 6% serangan pasukan pemerintah Suriah yang diarahkan ke NIIS dan hanya 13% serangan NIIS yang diarahkan ke pasukan pemerintah.<ref name=Assad_ISIL_Stats/> [[Koalisi Nasional Pasukan Revolusi dan Oposisi Suriah]] menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Suriah memiliki agen di dalam NIIS,<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.channel4.com/news/is-assad-isis-rebel-forces-iraq-syria | title= Has Assad infiltrated rebel forces inside Syria? |publisher= Channel Four News | date=24 April 2014| accessdate= 9 March 2015}}</ref> demikian halnya dengan [[Ahrar ash-Sham]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/resources/interviews/14279-exclusive-shaikh-hassan-abbouds-final-interview | last= Ridley | first= Yyonne | title= EXCLUSIVE: Shaikh Hassan Abboud's final interview | publisher= Middle East Monitor | date= 22 September 2014 | accessdate= 9 March 2015 | archive-date= 2015-03-19 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150319212355/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/resources/interviews/14279-exclusive-shaikh-hassan-abbouds-final-interview | dead-url= yes }}</ref> Anggota ISIL yang ditangkap FSA mengklaim bahwa mereka diperintahkan untuk melancarkan serangan oleh agen pemerintah Suriah.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/01/21/Al-Qaeda-detainees-reveal-ties-with-Assad.html | title= AlQaeda detainees reveal ties with Assad |publisher= Al Arabiya News | date= 20 January 2014| accessdate= 9 March 2015}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 1 Juni 2015, Amerika Serikat menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Suriah "melakukan serangan udara mendukung" laju NIIS terhadap oposisi Suriah di utara Aleppo.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author= U.S. Embassy Syria |user= USEmbassySyria|number= 605471087422488579 |date= 1 June 2015 |title= Reports indicate that the regime is making air-strikes in support of #ISIL's advance on #Aleppo, aiding extremists against Syrian population |access-date= 2 June 2015 }}</ref> Presiden [[Koalisi Nasional untuk Pasukan Revolusi dan Oposisi Suriah|Koalisi Nasional Suriah]] Khaled Koja menuduh Assad berperan "sebagai angkatan udara [NIIS]".<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/03/world/middleeast/new-battles-aleppo-syria-insurgents-isis.html|title=Assad's Forces May Be Aiding New ISIS Surge|work=The New York Times|last1=Barnard|first1=Anne|date=2 June 2015|accessdate=5 June 2015}}</ref> Menteri Pertahanan Koalisi Nasional Suriah [[Salim Idris]] menyatakan bahwa kurang lebih 180 pejabat pemerintahan Suriah juga bekerja untuk NIIS dan memimpin serangan kelompok tersebut bersama [[Angkatan Darat Arab Suriah]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/1.659340 |title= Assad's cooperation with ISIS could push U.S. into Syria conflict |work= Haaretz |last= Bar'el |first= Zvi |date= 3 June 2015 |accessdate= 4 June 2015 |quote= Salim Idris, defense minister in the rebels’ provisional government, said approximately 180 Syrian Army officers are currently serving with ISIS and coordinating the group’s military operations with the army.}}</ref>
Laporan tanggal 25 Juni 2015 menyatakan bahwa NIIS menyalurkan gas ke pembangkit listrik yang dikuasai pemerintahan Assad. Selain itu, NIIS memasok gandum dari wilayah timur laut yang dikuasai Kurdi ke wilayah yang dikuasai pemerintah dengan pajak 25%.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/rebels-are-close-to-raqqa--but-what-happens-next |title= Rebels are close to Raqqa – but what happens next? |work= The National|last1= Philps|first1=Alan|date= 25 June 2015 |accessdate= 20 August 2015 }}</ref>
Pada tanggal 28 Juni 2015, sebuah sumber yang dekat dengan [[Organisasi Intelijen Nasional (Turki)|Organisasi Intelijen Nasional]] mengklaim bahwa pemerintahan Assad dan NIIS sepakat untuk menghancurkan FSA di Suriah utara, melanjutkan perdagangan minyak, membunuh [[Zahran Alloush]], dan menyerahkan [[Tadmur]] dan [[Sukhna]]. Sumber tersebut mengatakan bahwa beberapa komandan dari kedua belah pihak bertemu di pabrik gas alam di al-Shaddadi, [[Hasaka]], pada tanggal 28 Mei 2015. Bukannya menyepakati gencatan senjata, mereka justru berfokus menghancurkan musuh bersama, yaitu pasukan pemberontak Suriah, khususnya FSA.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.dailysabah.com/mideast/2015/06/28/isis-and-assad-cooperate-locally-on-mutual-interests-to-destroy-fsa |title= ISIS and Assad cooperate locally on mutual interests to destroy FSA |work= Daily Sabah |last= Selman İnanc |first= Yusuf |date= 28 June 2015 |accessdate= 29 June 2015 |quote= speaking on the condition of anonymity, told Daily Sabah that President Bashar Assad's Syrian regime and ISIS made an agreement on that day at the gas production plant.}}</ref> Perdana Menteri Turki Ahmet Davutoğlu menuduh NIIS bangkit karena komunitas internasional tidak mampu membendung rezim Assad sehingga menciptakan kekosongan kekuasaan yang kemudian direbut oleh NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/27/world/amanpour-turkey-davutoglu/|title= ISIS exists because world ignored al-Assad in Syria, Turkish leader says|publisher= CNN|last1= Krever|first1=Mick|date= 27 July 2015|accessdate= 28 July 2015 }}</ref>
== Pelanggaran HAM dan kejahatan perang ==
{{anchor|kejahatan perang}}
Pada Juli 2014, [[BBC]] melaporkan bahwa kepala penyelidik PBB menyatakan, "Para pejuang Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS) akan dimasukkan ke daftar terduga pelaku kejahatan perang di Suriah."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28498661|title=UN 'may include' Isis on Syrian war crimes list|work=BBC News|date=26 July 2014}}</ref> Per Juni 2014, menurut laporan PBB, NIIS telah membunuh ratusan tahanan perang<ref name=reuters-scores>"[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/28/us-syria-crisis-idUSKBN0GS10O20140828 Video shows Islamic State executes scores of Syrian soldiers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203900/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/28/us-syria-crisis-idUSKBN0GS10O20140828 |date=2015-09-24 }}". Reuters. 28 August 2014.</ref> dan lebih dari 1.000 warga sipil.
Bulan November 2014, Komisi Penyelidikan Suriah PBB menyatakan bahwa NIIS melakukan kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.<ref>{{cite news|last=<!-- Staff writer -->|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/2014/11/14/ISIS-commits-crimes-against-humanity-in-Syria.html|title=ISIS accused of crimes against humanity|work=[[Al Arabiya]]|location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates|date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nina|last=Larson|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Nov-14/277641-un-probe-isis-committing-crimes-against-humanity-in-syria.ashx|title=UN probe: ISIS committing 'crimes against humanity' in Syria|work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]|location=Beirut, Lebanon|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Laporan [[Human Rights Watch]] bulan November 2014 menuduh NIIS [[pendudukan Derna oleh NIIS 2014|di Derna]], Libya, melakukan [[kejahatan perang]] dan [[pelanggaran HAM]] karena meneror penduduk setempat. Human Rights Watch mendokumentasikan tiga eksekusi di tempat dan sepuluh pelaksanaan hukuman cambuk secara terbuka oleh Dewan Syura Pemuda Islam yang bergabung dengan NIIS bulan November. HRW juga mendokumentasikan pemenggalan tiga penduduk Derna dan pembunuhan puluhan hakim, pejabat publik, anggota pasukan keamanan, dan unsur masyarakat lainnya dengan alasan politik. Sarah Leah Watson, Direktur HRW Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara, mengatakan, "Para komandan [NIIS] harus tahu bahwa mereka akan menghadapi penolakan dalam negeri atau luar negeri atas pelanggaran hak asasi yang dilakukan oleh bawahan mereka."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/11/27/libya-extremists-terrorizing-derna-residents |title=Libya: Extremists Terrorizing Derna Residents |publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=28 November 2014}}</ref>
Mengenai metode NIIS, [[Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangs]] menyatakan bahwa kelompok tersebut "berusaha menundukkan warga sipil di bawah kekuasaannya dan mengambil alih segala aspek kehidupan mereka lewat teror, indoktrinasi, dan penyediaan layanan masyarakat bagi penduduk yang mau mematuhi mereka".<ref name=UNRuleOfTerror>{{cite web |title=Rule of Terror: Living under ISIS in Syria |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/HRC_CRP_ISIS_14Nov2014.pdf |publisher=United Nations Commission on Human Rights |accessdate=29 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204115327/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/HRC_CRP_ISIS_14Nov2014.pdf |archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
=== Penindasan agama dan kelompok minoritas ===
{{anchor|penindasan}}
{{see also|Penindasan etnis Asiria oleh NIIS|Penindasan etnis Yazidi oleh NIIS|Arabisasi}}
[[Berkas:Yazidi refugees.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pengungsi [[Yazidi]] di [[Gunung Sinjar]], Agustus 2014]]
NIIS memaksa orang-orang di wilayahnya untuk menjalani hidup sesuai hukum syariah versi NIIS.<ref name="McCoyTop">{{cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=13 June 2013|title=ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/13/isis-beheadings-and-the-success-of-horrifying-violence/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bulos">{{cite news|last=Bulos|first=Nabih|date=20 June 2014|title=Islamic State of Iraq and Syria aims to recruit Westerners with video|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-isis-video-20140620-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref> Ada banyak laporan mengenai penggunaan ancaman hukuman mati, penyiksaan, dan mutilasi untuk memaksa perpindahan agama ke Islam,<ref name="McCoyTop"/><ref name="Bulos"/> dan pembunuhan sejumlah ulama karena menolak berbaiat kepada Negara Islam.<ref name=Zarocostas-clerics/> NIIS menargetkan tindakan kekerasannya terhadap Muslim [[Islam Syiah|Syiah]], [[Alawi]], [[etnis Asiria|Asiria]], [[Kristen Kaldea|Kaldea]], [[Kristen Suriah|Suriah]], dan [[Kristen di Timur Tengah|Kristen]] [[bangsa Armenia|Armenia]], [[Yazidi]], [[Druze]], [[Shabak]], dan [[Mandea]].<ref name="Christian">{{cite news|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|title=Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqs-christian-minority-feels-militant-threat-1403826576|accessdate=6 July 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 June 2014|subscription=yes|via=Google}}</ref>
Para pejuang NIIS menargetkan sekte minoritas Alawi di Suriah.<ref name="The National">{{cite news|title=Turkey’s Arab Alawites stand at a crossroads|url=http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/comment/turkeys-arab-alawites-stand-at-a-crossroads|work=The National|date=6 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="village"/> Negara Islam dan kelompok-kelompok jihadis lainnya kabarnya memimpin [[serangan Latakia 2013|serangan]] terhadap desa-desa Alawi di [[Kegubernuran Latakia]], Suriah, bulan Agustus 2013.<ref name="The Latakia">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10236362/Syrian-rebels-accused-of-sectarian-murders.html|title=Syrian rebels accused of sectarian murders|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 August 2013|quote=Hundreds of Alawite civilians have been killed, kidnapped or have disappeared during a rebel offensive on President Bashar al-Assad’s heartland province of Latakia, local residents have reported.|location=London|first=Ruth|last=Sherlock}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/10/syria-executions-hostage-taking-rebels |title=Syria: Executions, Hostage Taking by Rebels |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=10 October 2013}}</ref>
[[Amnesty International]] menyatakan bahwa NIIS bertanggung jawab atas [[pembersihan etnis]] terhadap etnis dan kelompok minoritas agama tertentu di Irak utara dalam "skala yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya". Aksi mereka membuat kaum minoritas "terancam terhapus dari peta Irak". Dalam laporan khusus yang dirilis tanggal 2 September 2014, NIIS "secara sistematis menargetkan permukiman Muslim non-Arab dan non-Sunni, membunuh atau menculik ratusan, mungkin ribuan, orang dan memaksa lebih dari 830.000 orang mengungsi dari wilayah yang didudukinya sejak 10 Juni 2014". Di antara orang-orang tersebut terdapat kaum [[Kristen Asiria]], Syiah [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]], Syiah [[etnis Shabak|Shabak]], Yazidi, [[Kaka'i]], dan [[Mandea Sabea]] yang sudah hidup bersama selama berabad-abad di [[Provinsi Nineveh]], sebagian besar wilayahnya diduduki oleh NIIS.<ref name=amnestyethnic /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29026491 |date=2 September 2014 |title=Iraq crisis: Islamic State accused of ethnic cleansing |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>
Beberapa kasus pembunuhan warga sipil dari kalangan agama dan etnis minoritas oleh NIIS terjadi di desa dan kota Quiniyeh (70–90 orang Yazidi tewas), Hardan (60 orang Yazidi tewas), [[pembantaian Sinjar|Sinjar]] (500–2.000 orang Yazidi tewas), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 orang Yazidi tewas), Dhola (50 orang Yazidi tewas), Khana Sor (100 orang Yazidi tewas), [[Hardan]] (250–300 orang Yazidi tewas), al-Shimal (puluhan orang Yazidi tewas), Khocho (400 orang Yazidi tewas dan 1.000 diculik), [[Jadala]] (14 orang Yazidi tewas),<ref name="OHRCHR/UNAMI">{{cite report |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_OHCHR_POC_Report_FINAL_6July_10September2014.pdf |website=ohchr.org |publisher=Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq |title=Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014}}</ref> dan Beshir (700 orang Turkmen Syiah tewas).<ref name="cnsnews.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/lauretta-brown/un-isis-massacred-700-turkmen-including-women-children-elderly |title=UN: ISIS Massacred 700 Turkmen—Including Women, Children, Elderly |publisher=CNS News |accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref> Kasus pembunuhan lainnya terjadi di dekat Mosul (670 tahanan Syiah di penjara Badush tewas)<ref name="cnsnews.com"/> dan penjara [[Tal Afar]], Irak (200 orang Yazidi tewas karena menolak pindah agama).<ref name="OHRCHR/UNAMI"/> PBB memperkirakan bahwa 5.000 etnis Yazidi dibunuh oleh NIIS saat sebagian wilayah Irak utara dicaplok kelompok tersebut bulan Agustus 2014.<ref name="dailymail-yazidi-slavery">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2792552/full-horror-yazidis-didn-t-escape-mount-sinjar-confirms-5-000-men-executed-7-000-women-kept-sex-slaves.html|title=UN confirms 5,000 Yazidis men were executed and 7,000 women are now sex slaves|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=20 October 2014|location=London|date=14 October 2014}}</ref> Pada akhir Mei 2014, 150 anak laki-laki Kurdi dari [[Kobani]] berusia 14–16 tahun diculik dan disiksa, menurut laporan Human Rights Watch.<ref name=AP-Kurds>{{cite news|last1=LUCAS|first1=RYAN|title=ISIS Tortured Kurdish Children Captured in Kobani: Group|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/04/isis-kobani-children-torture_n_6099500.html|accessdate=4 November 2014|agency=Associated Press|work=The Huffington Post|date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Di kota Ghraneij, Abu Haman, dan Kashkiyeh, 700 anggota suku [[Al-Shaitat]] yang beraliran Sunni dibunuh karena merencanakan pemberontakan terhadap NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/islamic-state-group-executes-700-syria-2014816123945662121.html|title=Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syria-tribal-revolt-against-islamic-state-ignored-fueling-resentment/2014/10/20/25401beb-8de8-49f2-8e64-c1cfbee45232_story.html|date=20 October 2014|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=7 November 2014|first=Liz|last=Sly}}</ref> PBB melaporkan bahwa pada bulan Juni 2014, NIIS telah membunuh puluhan ulama Islam Sunni yang menolak berbaiat kepada kelompok tersebut.<ref name=Zarocostas-clerics>{{cite web |last1=Zarocostas |first1=John |title=U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |website=McClatchyDC |accessdate=10 October 2014 |date=8 July 2014 |archive-date=2015-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530010534/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Umat Kristen yang ingin tetap tinggal di wilayah pendudukan NIIS diberi tiga pilihan: pindah agama ke Islam, membayar [[jizyah]], atau dibunuh.<ref>{{cite news|last=Van|first=FERNANDE|title=Isis takes Iraq's largest Christian town as residents told – 'leave, convert or die'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-takes-iraqs-largest-christian-town-of-qaraqosh-9653789.html|agency=Beirut|work=The Independent|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=5 January 2015|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jadallah|first=Ahmed|title=Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/18/uk-iraq-security-christians-idUKKBN0FN29N20140718|agency=Reuters|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=5 January 2015|archive-date=2015-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105223540/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/18/uk-iraq-security-christians-idUKKBN0FN29N20140718|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sesuai pernyataan NIIS, "Kami menawarkan mereka tiga pilihan: Islam; kontrak [[dzimmi]] yang mencakup pembayaran pajak jizyah; bila menolak, jalan keluarnya hanyalah pedang."<ref name="christian">{{cite news|title=Convert, pay tax, or die, Islamic State warns Christians|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/isis-islamic-state-issue-ultimatum-to-iraq-christians|date=18 July 2014|website=The Guardian|agency=Reuters|accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref> NIIS telah menerapkan aturan serupa bagi umat Kristen di Raqqa, kota yang dulunya sangat liberal di Suriah.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|last1=Abedine|first1=Saad|last2=Mullen|first2=Jethro|title=Islamists in Syrian city offer Christians safety – at a heavy price|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/28/world/meast/syria-raqqa-isis-christians/|date=28 February 2014|publisher=CNN|accessdate=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|title=Life in a Jihadist Capital: Order With a Darker Side|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/middleeast/islamic-state-controls-raqqa-syria.html?_r=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Middle%20East&action=keypress®ion=FixedLeft&pgtype=article|website=The New York Times|accessdate=27 July 2014|date=23 July 2014}}</ref>
Pada tanggal 23 Februari 2015, menanggapi serangan besar-besaran Kurdi di [[Kegubernuran Al-Hasakah]], NIIS menculik 150 orang Kristen [[suku Asiria|Asiria]] dari pedesaan dekat Tal Tamr ([[Tell Tamer]]) di Suriah timur laut setelah melancarkan serangan di kawasan tersebut.<ref name="Reuters-abducts">{{cite news|url=http://www.reutecom/article/2015rs./02/24/us-mideast-crisis-christians-idUSKBN0LS0MH20150224|title=Islamic State in Syria abducts at least 150 Christians|author1=Suleiman Al-Khalidi|author2=Oliver Holmes|editor=Tom Heneghan|date=23 February 2015|accessdate=23 February 2015|agency=Reuters}}{{Pranala mati|date=Juni 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="BBC-abducts">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31601451 |title=Islamic State 'abducts dozens of Christians in Syria' |date=23 February 2015 |accessdate=23 February 2015 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
Kampanye NIIS di permukiman Kurdi Dan Yazidi di Irak dan Suriah diduga merupakan bagian dari rencana Arabisasi yang terorganisasi. Misalnya, seorang pejabat Kurdi di Kurdistan Irak mengklaim bahwa [[Serangan Irak Utara (Agustus 2014)|kampanye NIIS]] di Sinjar merupakan bagian dari program Arabisasi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rudaw.net/mobile/english/interview/29122014 |title=Rudaw Mobile |work=Rudaw |accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref>
=== Perlakuan warga sipil ===
{{see also|Pembunuhan tahanan oleh NIIS}}
Semasa konflik Irak tahun 2014, NIIS merilis puluhan video yang menampilkan perlakuan buruk terhadap warga sipil. Banyak di antaranya yang menjadi target atas dasar agama atau etnis. Navi Pillay, Komisaris Tinggi Hak Asasi Manusia PBB, memperingatkan soal kejahatan perang di zona perang Irak. Ia juga merilis laporan PBB mengenai pembunuhan tentara Irak dan 17 warga sipil di satu jalan raya Mosul oleh militan NIIS. PBB melaporkan bahwa dalam kurun 17 hari sejak 5 Juni sampai 22 Juni, NIIS telah membunuh lebih dari 1.000 warga sipil Irak dan menceerai lebih dari 1.000 orang.<ref name=UN-1000>{{cite news|title=ISIL Militants Killed More Than 1000 Civilians in Recent Onslaught in recent Onslaught in Iraq: UN|url=http://www.rttnews.com/2340932/isil-militants-killed-more-than-1000-civilians-in-recent-onslaught-in-iraq-un.aspx|publisher=RT News|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=un-2000>{{cite news|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=48117|title=Iraq violence: UN confirms more than 2000 killed, injured since early June|date=24 June 2014|publisher=UN News Centre|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="UN-executes">{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-350389-un-warns-of-war-crimes-as-isil-allegedly-executes-1700.html|title=UN warns of war crimes as ISIL allegedly executes 1,700|date=15 June 2014|website=Today's Zaman|accessdate=4 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704015301/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-350389-un-warns-of-war-crimes-as-isil-allegedly-executes-1700.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Setelah NIIS merilis foto para pejuangnya menembaki beberapa pemuda, PBB menyatakan bahwa "eksekusi" berdarah dingin oleh militan di Irak utara sudah bisa digolongkan sebagai kejahatan perang.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|title=Iraq crisis: UN condemns 'war crimes' as another town falls to Isis|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10904414/Iraq-crisis-UN-condemns-war-crimes-as-another-town-falls-to-Isis.html|website=The Telegraph|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=6 July 2014|location=London}}</ref>
Laju NIIS di Irak pada pertengahan 2014 diiringi oleh berlanjutnya kekerasan di Suriah. Tanggal 29 Mei, NIIS menyerbu sebauh desa di Suriah dan 15 warga sipil di sana dibunuh, termasuk sedikitnya enam anak, menurut Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/06/14/syria-isis-summarily-killed-civilians|title=Syria: ISIS Summarily Killed Civilians|date=14 June 2014|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> Sebuah rumah sakit di kawasan tersebut menerima 15 jenazah pada hari yang sama.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27726035?print=true|title=Syria conflict: Amnesty says ISIS killed seven children in north|date=6 June 2014|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref> [[Syrian Observatory for Human Rights]] melaporkan bahwa pada tanggal 1 Juni, seorang pria berusia 102 tahun dibunuh bersama keluarganya di sebuah desa di [[Kegubernuran Hama]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/06/01/NGO-ISIS-kills-102-year-old-man-family-in-Syria-.html|title=NGO: ISIS kills 102-year-old man, family in Syria|publisher=Al Arabiya|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref> Menurut [[Reuters]], 1.878 orang dibunuh oleh NIIS di Suriah sepanjang paruh akhir 2014, kebanyakan di antaranya merupakan warga sipil.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/28/us-mideast-crisis-casualties-idUSKBN0K60EK20141228|title=Islamic State executed nearly 2,000 people in six months: monitor|agency=Reuters|first=Oliver|last=Holmes|date=28 December 2014|access-date=2015-12-26|archive-date=2015-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128033609/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/28/us-mideast-crisis-casualties-idUSKBN0K60EK20141228|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Di Mosul, NIIS memperkenalkan kurikulum [[syariah]] yang melarang pelajaran kesenian, musik, sejarah nasional, sastra, dan [[Kristen]]. Meski [[teori evolusi Charles Darwin]] tidak pernah diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah Irak, pelajaran tersebut dihapus dari kurikulum sekolah. Lagu-lagu patriotik dinyatakan sebagai bentuk pengkhianatan, dan foto-foto tertentu dihapus dari buku teks sekolah.<ref name=MedievalCurriculum>{{cite news|last1=Bacchi|first1=Umberto|title=ISIS Medieval School Curriculum: No Music, Art and Literature for Mosul Kids|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-medieval-school-curriculum-no-music-art-literature-mosul-kids-1465590|work=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11099882/Islamic-State-issues-new-school-curriculum-in-Iraq.html|title=Islamic State issues new school curriculum in Iraq|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=16 September 2014|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-eradicates-art-history-and-music-from-curriculum-in-iraq/|title=ISIS eradicates art, history and music from curriculum in Iraq|date=15 September 2014|publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-16/mosul-schools-go-back-in-time-as-militants-impose-new-curriculum.html|title=Mosul Schools Go Back in Time With Islamic State Curriculum|date=17 September 2014|first=Zaid|last=Sabah|first2=Khalid|last2=Al-Ansary|newspaper=Bloomberg News}}</ref> Banyak orang tua di Irak yang memboikot sekolah-sekolah yang menggunakan kurikulum baru.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/article4208724.ece|title=Parents boycott militants' curriculum|date=17 September 2014|first=Catherine|last=Philp|newspaper=The Times|location=London}}</ref>
Setelah merebut kota di Irak, NIIS mengeluarkan panduan memakai pakaian dan cadar. NIIS memerintahkan agar perempuan di Mosul mengenakan cadar yang menutup muka atau menghadapi hukuman berat.<ref name="Irish">{{cite web |title=Islamic State says women in Mosul must wear full veil or be punished |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/islamic-state-says-women-in-mosul-must-wear-full-veil-or-be-punished-1.1878642 |date=26 July 2014 |work=The Irish Times |deadurl=no |accessdate=23 August 2014}}</ref> Seorang ulama memberitahu Reuters di Mosul bahwa NIIS menyuruhnya untuk membacakan peraturan tersebut di hadapan jamaah masjidnya. NIIS memerintahkan agar wajah manekin pria dan wanita ditutup dan melarang penggunaan manekin telanjang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State tells Mosul shopkeepers to cover up naked mannequins|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10985288/Islamic-State-tells-Mosul-shopkeepers-to-cover-up-naked-mannequins.html|work=The Telegraph|location=London|first=Damien|last=McElroy|date=23 July 2014}}</ref> Di [[Al-Raqqah]], NIIS memanfaatkan dua batalyon pejuang perempuan di kota tersebut untuk menegakkan peraturan terkait tindak perilaku perempuan.<ref name=recruitingfemailfighters>{{cite news|title=ISIS Is Actively Recruiting Female Fighters To Brutalize Other Women|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-has-female-battalions-too-2014-10|work=Business Insider}}</ref>
NIIS merilis 16 catatan berjudul "Kontrak Kota", serangkaian peraturan untuk warga sipil di [[Nineveh]]. Salah satu aturan tersebut menyatakan bahwa perempuan harus diam di dalam rumah dan tidak keluar rumah kecuali mendesak. Peraturan lainnya menyatakan bahwa segala bentuk pencurian akan diganjar hukuman potong tangan.<ref name="Atlantic consumer"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|title=The rules in ISIS' new state: Amputations for stealing and women to stay indoors.|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/06/12/the-rules-in-isis-new-state-amputations-for-stealing-and-women-to-stay-indoors/|date=12 June 2014|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> Selain melarang menjual dan mengonsumsi alkohol, NIIS juga melarang penjualan dan konsumsi rokok dan [[shisha]]. NIIS juga melarang "musik dan lagu di mobil, pesta, toko, dan ruang terbuka, serta pajangan bergambar manusia di jendela toko".<ref name=al-monitor-banned>{{cite news|title=ISIS bans music, imposes veil in Raqqa|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/01/isis-raqq-ban-music-smoking-impose-veil.html##ixzz3DAwTxPf5|accessdate=13 September 2014|work=Al-Monitor|date=20 January 2014}}</ref>
Menurut ''[[The Economist]]'', praktik yang diterapkan pemerintah Arab Saudi juga ditiru oleh NIIS. Contohnya, NIIS membentuk [[kepolisian agama Islam|kepolisian agama]] untuk mencegah "tindak kejahatan" dan mewajibkan [[salat]] berjamaah, penerapan [[hukuman mati]] secara luas, dan penghancuran gereja Kristen dan masjid non-Sunni atau pengalihgunaan bangunan tersebut.<ref name="economist-behead"/>
NIIS melakukan eksekusi terhadap pria dan wanita yang diduga melanggar hukum dan terbukti melakukan kejahatan terhadap Islam seperti [[homoseksualitas]], [[perselingkuhan]], menonton [[pornografi]], memakai dan memiliki [[barang selundupan]], [[pemerkosaan]], [[Islam dan penistaan|penistaan agama]], [[sihir]],<ref>"[http://news.yahoo.com/first-beheads-two-women-syria-monitor-073538672.html IS beheads two civilian women in Syria: monitor]". Yahoo News. 30 June 2015.</ref> [[Murtad|murtad dari Islam]], dan [[pembunuhan]]. Sebelum tersangka dieksekusi, tuduhan dibacakan di hadapan tersangka dan penonton eksekusi. Eksekusi dilakukan dalam berbagai cara, termasuk dilempari batu sampai mati, [[penyaliban|disalib]], dipenggal, dibakar hidup-hidup, dan dilempar dari bangunan tinggi.<ref>{{cite news|last=Saul|first=Heather|date=22 January 2015|title=Isis publishes penal code listing amputation, crucifixion and stoning as punishments – and vows to vigilantly enforce it|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-publishes-penal-code-listing-amputation-crucifixion-and-stoning-as-punishments--and-vows-to-vigilantly-enforce-it-9994878.html|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=3 February 2015|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Withnall|first=Adam|date=18 January 2015|title=Isis throws 'gay' men off tower, stones woman accused of adultery and crucifies 17 young men in 'retaliatory' wave of executions|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-throws-gay-men-off-tower-stones-woman-accused-of-adultery-and-crucifies-17-young-men-in-retaliatory-wave-of-executions-9986410.html|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=3 February 2015|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rush|first=James|date=3 February 2015|title=Images emerge of 'gay' man 'thrown from building by Isis militants before he is stoned to death after surviving fall'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/images-emerge-of-gay-man-thrown-from-building-by-isis-militants-before-he-is-stoned-to-death-after-surviving-fall-10019743.html|website=independent.co.uk|accessdate=3 February 2015|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |date=25 February 2015 |title=Isis brutality in Iraq reawakens Sunni resistance |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/43594cf2-bce5-11e4-9902-00144feab7de.html |website=ft.com |accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref>
=== Tentara anak ===
{{see also|Eksploitasi anak-anak oleh militer}}
Menurut laporan majalah [[Foreign Policy]], anak-anak berusia enam tahun direkrut atau diculik dan dikirim ke kamp pelatihan militer dan agama. Di sana mereka berlatih memenggal kepala boneka dan didoktrin tentang pandangan agama NIIS. Anak-anak dijadikan tameng manusia di garis depan dan sumber transfusi darah bagi tentara Negara Islam, menurut Shelly Whitman dari Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. Episode kedua dokumenter [[Vice News]] tentang NIIS berfokus pada bagaimana kelompok ini mempersiapkan anak-anak untuk pertempuran masa depan. Seorang juru bicara memberitahu Vice News bahwa anak-anak di bawah usia 15 tahun dikirim ke kamp [[syariah]] untuk mempelajari agama Islam, sedangkan anak-anak di atas 16 tahun dikirim ke kamp pelatihan militer. Anak-anak juga digunakan sebagai bahan propaganda. Menurut laporan PBB, "Pada pertengahan Agustus, NIIS memasuki rumah sakit kanker di Mosul, memaksa sedikitnya dua pasien anak memegang bendera NIIS dan mengepos fotonya di Internet." Misty Buswell, perwakilan [[Save the Children]] yang menangani pengungsi di Yordania, mengatakan, "Perkiraan bahwa kita akan kehilangan satu generasi anak-anak akibat trauma itu tidak dilebih-lebihkan."<ref name="Foreign Policy child">{{cite web |last1=Brannan |first1=Kate |title=Children of the Caliphate |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/10/24/children_of_the_caliphate_iraq_syria_child_soldiers |website=foreignpolicy.com/ |publisher=Foreign Policy Magazine |accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref>
=== Kekerasan dan perbudakan seksual ===
{{main|Kekerasan seksual dalam pemberontakan Irak|Perbudakan dalam Islamisme abad ke-21}}
{{see also|Perbudakan dalam Islam|Ma malakat aymanukum|Raptio|Kekerasan seksual dalam perang}}
Kekerasan seksual yang dilakukan oleh NIIS mencakup: pemerkosaan sebagai senjata perang;<ref name = "FP rape weapon">{{cite web |last1=Peritz |first1=Aki |last2=Maller |first2=Tara |date=16 September 2014 |title=The Islamic State of Sexual Violence |url=http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/16/the-islamic-state-of-sexual-violence/ |website=foreignpolicy.com |accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> nikah paksa bagi para pejuangnya;<ref name = "Indie Feb 2015">{{Cite news|last=Saul|first=Heather|date=18 February 2015|title=Isis Raqqa wives subjected to 'brutal' sexual assaults after marrying militants|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-in-raqqa-women-subjected-to-brutal-sexual-assaults-after-marrying-militants-10053020.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=14 August 2015|location=London}}</ref> dan perdagangan perempuan sebagai budak seks.<ref name = "NYT rape theology">{{Cite news|last=Callimachi|first=Rukmini|date=13 August 2015|title=ISIS Enshrines a Theology of Rape|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/middleeast/isis-enshrines-a-theology-of-rape.html|website=nytimes.com|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref>
Ada banyak laporan pelecehan dan perbudakan seks terhadap perempuan di wilayah kekuasaan NIIS, khususnya dari kalangan minoritas Kristen dan Yazidi.<ref name="BBC,womentell">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-30573385|title=Islamic State: Yazidi women tell of sex-slavery trauma|work=BBC News|date=22 December 2014|accessdate=4 January 2015|first1=Paul|last1=Wood}}</ref><ref name=Nebehay-10-2/> Para pejuang diberitahu bahwa mereka bebas berhubungan seks atau memerkosa tahanan perempuan non-Muslim.<ref name="dn_20140923">{{cite news|first=Katarina|last=Lagerwall|language=Swedish|title=Det jag har bevittnat i al-Raqqa kommer alltid förfölja mig|trans-title=What I have witnessed in al-Raqqa will always haunt me|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/varlden/det-jag-har-bevittnat-i-al-raqqa-kommer-alltid-forfolja-mig/|accessdate=25 September 2014|work=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|location=Stockholm, Sweden|date=23 September 2014}}</ref> Haleh Esfandiari dari [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] menyoroti pelecehan perempuan lokal oleh militan NIIS setelah mereka merebut suatu wilayah. Katanya, "Mereka biasanya membawa perempuan yang agak tua ke pasar budak dan menjualnya. Perempuan yang lebih muda ... diperkosa atau dinikahi dengan para pejuang". Ia menambahkan, "Sistem ini didasarkan pada pernikahan sementara. Setelah para pejuang ini berhubungan seks dengan gadis-gadis tersebut, mereka digilir ke pejuang lainnya."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brekke|first1=Kira|title=ISIS Is Attacking Women, And Nobody Is Talking About It|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/08/isis-attacks-on-women_n_5775106.html?cps=gravity|accessdate=11 September 2014|work=The Huffington Post|date=8 September 2014}}</ref>
Penaklukan kota-kota di Irak oleh NIIS bulan Juni 2014 diiringi oleh naiknya jumlah [[kekerasan terhadap wanita|kejahatan terhadap wanita]], termasuk penculikan dan pemerkosaan.<ref name="IPS women">{{cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/06/op-ed-surging-violence-against-women-in-iraq/|title=Surging Violence Against Women in Iraq|work=Inter Press Service|date=27 June 2014|accessdate=5 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/clare-winterton/why-we-must-act_b_5528162.html|title=Why We Must Act When Women in Iraq Document Rape|work=The Huffington Post|date=25 June 2014|accessdate=10 July 2014|first1=Clare|last1=Winterton}}</ref><ref name="giglio">{{cite news|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/mikegiglio/fear-of-sexual-violence-simmers-in-iraq-as-isis-advances|title=Fear of Sexual Violence Simmers in Iraq As ISIL Advances|work=BuzzFeed|date=27 June 2014|accessdate=9 July 2014|last=Giglio|first=Mike}}</ref> Menurut Martin Williams di ''[[The Citizen (Afrika Selatan)|The Citizen]]'', sejumlah penganut [[Salafi]] garis keras tampaknya menganggap seks luar nikah dengan beberapa orang sebagai bentuk [[perang suci]] yang sah dan "sulit sekali mengaitkan hal ini dengan agama yang mewajibkan wanita untuk menutup tubuhnya dari rambut sampai kaki dengan sedikit celah di bagian mata".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://citizen.co.za/52696/sexual-jihad-is-a-bit-much/|title=Sexual jihad is a bit much|work=The Citizen|date=25 September 2013|accessdate=7 July 2014|last=Williams|first=Martin|location=Gauteng, South Africa|archive-date=2014-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716131626/http://citizen.co.za/52696/sexual-jihad-is-a-bit-much/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Per Agustus 2015, perdagangan budak seks tampaknya masih melibatkan perempuan Yazidi saja.<ref name = "NYT rape theology"/> Perbudakan seks kabarnya dijadikan teknik perekrutan untuk menarik para lelaki dari komunitas Muslim konservatif yang melarang pacaran dan seks luar nikah.<ref name = "NYT rape theology"/> [[Nazand Begikhani]] mengatakan, "Para wanita [Yazidi] diperlakukan layaknya ternak ... Mereka mengalami kekerasan fisik dan seksual, termasuk pemerkosaan sistematis dan perbudakan seks. Mereka pernah diperjualbelikan di pasar [budak] di Mosul dan Raqqa, Suriah, dengan label harga masing-masing."<ref name = "CNN Watson cattle">{{Cite news|last=Watson|first=Ivan|date=30 October 2014|title='Treated like cattle': Yazidi women sold, raped, enslaved by ISIS|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/30/world/meast/isis-female-slaves/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=14 August 2015}}</ref> Menurut laporan PBB< daftar harga budak seks NI berkisar antara 40 sampai 160 dolar Amerika Serikat. Semakin muda budaknya, semakin mahal harganya. Anak perempuan dan laki-laki berusia 1–9 tahun dianggap yang paling mahal. Harga termurah diberikan kepada perempuan berusia antara 40 sampai 50 tahun.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yoon|first1=Sangwoon|title=Islamic State Circulates Sex Slave Price List|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better|work=BloombergBusines|date=4 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807011203/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better|archivedate=7 August 2015}}</ref> Menurut sumber lainnya, harga seorang budak setara dengan harga satu senapan AK-47.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jürgen|last=Todenhöfer|date=2015|title=Inside IS- 10 Tage im <Islamischen Staat>|url=https://archive.org/details/insideis10tageim0000tode|trans-title=Inside IS: 10 days in 'Islamic State'|language=German|location=Munich, Germany|publisher=C. Bertelsmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-570-10276-3}}</ref>
Laporan PBB yang dirilis tanggal 2 Oktober 2014 berdasarkan wawancara dengan 500 saksi mata menyatakan bahwa NIIS menculik 450–500 perempuan ke kawasan [[Kegubernuran Ninawa|Nineveh]], Irak, pada bulan Agustus. Dari situ, "150 perempuan yang belum menikah, kebanyakan dari kalangan Yazidi dan Kristen, kabarnya dipindahkan ke Suriah, lalu dihadiahkan kepada pejuang NIIS atau dijual sebagai budak seks".<ref name=Nebehay-10-2>{{cite news|last=Nebehay|first=Stephanie|title=Islamic State committing 'staggering' crimes in Iraq: U.N. report|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/02/us-mideast-crisis-un-idUSKCN0HR0R120141002|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=2 October 2014|agency=Reuters|archive-date=2015-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010235026/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/02/us-mideast-crisis-un-idUSKCN0HR0R120141002|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada pertengahan Oktober, PBB membenarkan bahwa 5.000–7.000 perempuan Yazidi diculik oleh NIIS dan dijual sebagai budak.<ref name="dailymail-yazidi-slavery"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html|title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms|date=14 October 2014|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=3 November 2014|location=London}}</ref> Bulan November 2014, ''[[The New York Times]]'' menerbitkan laporan penangkapan dan penyiksaan berdasarkan kesaksian lima orang yang kabur dari NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kirk|last=Semple|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/world/middleeast/yazidi-girls-seized-by-isis-speak-out-after-escape.html|title=Yazidi Girls Seized by ISIS Speak Out After Escape|work=The New York Times|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Bulan Desember 2014, [[Kementerian Hak Asasi Manusia (Irak)|Kementerian Hak Asasi Manusia]] Irak mengumumkan bahwa NIIS telah membunuh lebih dari 150 perempuan di [[Fallujah]] yang menolak terlibat dalam [[jihad seks]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ISIS Just Executed More Than 150 Women in Fallujah|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/isis-just-executed-more-than-150-women-in-fallujah-2014-12|agency=NOW News|publisher=Business Insider|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chastain|first1=Mary|title=ISIS Slaughters 150 Females in Iraq for Refusing to Marry, Have Sex with Them|url=http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2014/12/17/ISIS-Slaughters-150-Females-in-Iraq-For-Refusing-to-Marry-Have-Sex-With-Militants|publisher=Breitbart News|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> Perempuan non-Muslim kabarnya dinikahkan dengan para pejuang tanpa seizin mereka. NIIS mengklaim bahwa perempuan menyediakan mualaf baru dan anak-anak yang diperlukan untuk memperluas wilayah kendali NIIS.<ref name="Siddiqui - Contrived Ideology"/>
Tidak lama setelah kematian sandera asal Amerika Serikat, [[Kayla Mueller]], dikonfirmasi tanggal 10 Februari 2015,<ref>{{cite news|first=Rukmini|last=Callimachi|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/11/world/middleeast/parents-of-kayla-mueller-isis-hostage-confirm-she-is-dead.html|title=Death of Kayla Mueller, ISIS Hostage, Confirmed by Family and White House|work=The New York Times|date=10 February 2015}}</ref> sejumlah media melaporkan bahwa komunitas intelijen Amerika Serikat yakin bahwa ia diperistri oleh seorang pejuang NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/kayla-mueller-was-given-to-isis-fighter-as-a-bride-u-s-believes/|title=U.S. believes hostage was given to ISIS fighter as bride|work=[[CBS News]]|date=11 February 2015|access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=James Gordon|last=Meek|first2=Rhonda|last2=Schwartz|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/officials-kayla-mueller-isis-commander/story?id=28870880|title=Officials: Kayla Mueller May Have Been Given to ISIS Commander|publisher=[[ABC News]]|date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Meg|last1=Wagner|first2=Corky|last2=Siemaszko|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/isis-hostage-kayla-mueller-confirmed-dead-article-1.2109508|title=Kayla Jean Mueller, American aid worker held hostage, may have been forced to marry ISIS leader: report|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|date=10 February 2015}}</ref> Pada Agustus 2015, muncul pernyataan resmi bahwa Mueller dipaksa menikah<ref>{{cite news|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|url=http://news.yahoo.com/family-islamic-state-leader-raped-american-hostage-190501666--politics.html|title=Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds|work=Yahoo!|agency=Associated Press|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> dengan [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] yang memerkosanya berkali-kali.<ref name = "Indie Mueller rape">{{Cite news|last=Neurink|first=Judit|date=14 August 2015|title=Isis leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi repeatedly raped US hostage Kayla Mueller and turned Yazidi girls into personal sex slaves|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-leader-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-exposed-as-serial-rapist-of-hostages-who-made-women-his-personal-sex-slaves-10456237.html|work=The Independent|location=London|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/08/14/islamic-state-leader-reportedly-raped-american-hostage/?intcmp=hpbt2|title=Islamic State leader reportedly raped American hostage|publisher=Fox News Channel|agency=Associated Press|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-leader-raped-american-hostage-kayla-mueller-us-intelligence|title=ISIS leader repeatedly raped American hostage, U.S. finds|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33941913|publisher=BBC News|title=Islamic State leader Baghdadi 'raped' Kayla Mueller|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ken|last=Dilanian|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/family-islamic-state-leader-raped-american-hostage-33090310|title=Islamic State Leader Raped American Hostage, US Finds|publisher=ABC News|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Goldman and Miller 2015-08-14">{{cite news|last1=Goldman|first1=Adam|last2=Miller|first2=Greg|title=Leader of Islamic State took American hostage as sexual slave|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/leader-of-islamic-state-raped-american-hostage/2015/08/14/266b6bf4-42c1-11e5-846d-02792f854297_story.html|work=The Washington Post|date=14 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/ISIS-Threat/ISIS-leader-al-Baghdadi-repeatedly-raped-US-hostage-Mueller-before-her-death-412155|title='ISIS leader al-Baghdadi repeatedly raped US hostage Mueller before her death'|quote=We were told Kayla was tortured, that she was the property of al-Baghdadi. Mueller's parents, Carl and Marsha Mueller, told ABC News|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Keluarga Mueller diberitahu oleh [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) bahwa Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi telah melakukan [[pelecehan seks]] terhadap Mueller dan menyiksanya.<ref name="Goldman and Miller 2015-08-14"/> Istri [[Abu Sayyaf (NIIS)|Abu Sayyaf]], [[Umm Sayyaf]], membenarkan bahwa suaminya merupakan pelaku utama penyiksaan Mueller.<ref name=AbcNews2015-08-14>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sexually-abused/story?id=33085923|title=ISIS Leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi Sexually Abused American Hostage Kayla Mueller, Officials Say|publisher=[[ABC News]]|first=James Gordon|last=Meek|date=14 August 2015|location=[[Washington DC]]|accessdate=14 August 2015|deadurl=No|quote=The information about al-Baghdadi's extraordinary direct role in the captivity and physical abuse of Kayla Mueller was drawn from, among many sources, the U.S. debriefings of at least least two Yezedi teenage girls, ages 16 and 18, held as sex slaves in the Sayyaf compound as well as from the interrogation of Abu Sayyaf's wife Umm Sayyaf, who was captured in the U.S. raid, the officials told ABC News.}}</ref>
Dalam majalah digital ''[[Dabiq (majalah)|Dabiq]]'', NIIS secara eksplisit mengesahkan perbudakan perempuan Yazidi dengan dasar agama.<ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Spencer|first=Richard|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html|title=Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil|date=13 October 2014|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=3 November 2014|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold|title=Slavery in Islam: To have and to hold|work=The Economist|date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Menurut ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', NIIS mengacu pada [[eskatologi Islam|kepercayaan kiamat]] dan mencari "pembenaran [dari] sebuah hadits tafsiran mereka yang menyebut kebangkitan perbudakan sebagai awal dari akhir dunia".<ref>{{cite news|first=Nour|last=Malas|url=http://online.wsj.com/articles/ancient-prophecies-motivate-islamic-state-militants-1416357441|title=Ancient Prophecies Motivate Islamic State Militants: Battlefield Strategies Driven by 1,400-year-old Apocalyptic Ideas|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=18 November 2014|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> NIIS merujuk pada [[hadits]] dan [[Quran]] saat mengklaim hak memperbudak dan memerkosa tahanan wanita non-Muslim.<ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification">{{cite news|last=Abdelaziz|first=Salma|title=ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery|publisher=CNN|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sypher - Rape">{{cite news|last=Sypher|first=Ford|title=Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/08/28/rape-and-sexual-slavery-inside-an-isis-prison.html|agency=Horror|work=The Daily Beast|date=28 August 2014|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kumar">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anugrah|title=ISIS Claims Islam Justifies Making 'Infidel' Women Sex Slaves|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/isis-claims-islam-justifies-making-infidel-women-sex-slaves-128004|work=The Christian Post|date=13 October 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref> Menurut ''Dabiq'', "memperbudak keluarga [[kuffar]] dan menjadikan perempuan di dalamnya sebagai selir adalah bagian resmi dari syariah; bila seseorang membantah atau memperoloknya, ia dianggap membantah atau memperolok ayat-ayat Quran dan perkataan Nabi ... dan lantas murtad dari Islam." Perempuan Yazidi yang diculik dibagi-bagikan ke para pejuang yang menculiknya; seperlima dari jumlah yang didapat diambil sebagai pajak.<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="TZ - 10-14-2014">{{cite news|title=ISIL seeks to justify enslaving Yazidi women and girls in Iraq|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_isil-seeks-to-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-in-iraq_361547.html|agency=abril|work=Today's Zaman|date=14 October 2014|accessdate=2 January 2014|archive-date=2014-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115054011/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_isil-seeks-to-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-in-iraq_361547.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> NIIS dihujani kritik dari para cendekiawan Muslim dan tokoh lainnya di negara-negara Islam karena memanfaatkan ayat Quran untuk mengambil keputusan sendiri alih-alih mempertimbangkan seisi Quran dan hadits.<ref name="Abdelaziz - ISIS States Justification"/><ref name="Sypher - Rape"/><ref name="Kumar"/> Menurut [[Mona Siddiqui]], "tafsir [NIIS] mungkin saja beralasan jihad dan 'berjuang di jalan Allah', tetapi tafsir tersebut setara dengan menghancurkan semua dan siapapun yang tidak sepakat dengan mereka"; ia menyebut NIIS mencerminkan "campuran mematikan antara kekerasan dan kekuasaan seks" dan "pandangan keperkasaan yang sangat melenceng".<ref name="Siddiqui - Contrived Ideology">{{cite news|last=Siddiqui|first=Mona|title=Isis: a contrived ideology justifying barbarism and sexual control|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/24/isis-ideology-islamic-militants-british-appeal-iraq-syria|work=The Observer|date=24 August 2014|accessdate=1 January 2015}}</ref> ''Dabiq'' menyebut "perbudakan besar-besaran" non-Muslim ini terjadi "mungkin untuk pertama kalinya sejak hukum syariah ditinggalkan".<ref name="Kumar"/><ref name="TZ - 10-14-2014"/>
Pada akhir 2014, NIIS merilis selebaran yang berfokus pada perlakuan budak perempuan.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet">{{cite news|first=Amelia|last=Smith|url=http://www.newsweek.com/isis-release-questions-and-answers-pamphlet-how-treat-female-slaves-290511|title=ISIS Publish Pamphlet On How to Treat Female Slaves|work=[[Newsweek]]|date=12 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Our faith condones"/> Selebaran tersebut mengklaim bahwa Quran mengizinkan para pejuang NIIS berhubungan seks dengan tahanan, termasuk anak kecil, dan memukul budak sebagai bentuk hukuman disiplin. Selebaran tersebut juga mengizinkan pejuang NIIS memperdagangkan budak, termasuk untuk keperluan seks, asalkan mereka tidak dihamili oleh pemiliknya.<ref name="Smith - ISIS Publish Pamphlet"/><ref name="Our faith condones">{{cite news|title=Our faith condones raping underage slaves: ISIS publishes shocking guidebook telling fighters how to buy, sell and abuse captured women|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2872884/Our-faith-condones-raping-underage-slaves-ISIS-publishes-shocking-guidebook-telling-fighters-buy-sell-abuse-captured-women.html|first=Abul|last=Taher|work=Daily Mail|date=13 December 2014|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Withnall - Abhorrent"/> Charlie Winter, peneliti [[wadah pemikir]] kontra-ekstremis [[Quilliam (wadah pemikir)|Quilliam]], menyebut selebaran tersebut "menjijikkan".<ref name="Withnall - Abhorrent">{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Withnall|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-releases-abhorrent-sex-slaves-pamphlet-with-27-tips-for-militants-on-taking-punishing-and-raping-female-captives-9915913.html|title=Isis releases 'abhorrent' sex slaves pamphlet with 27 tips for militants on taking, punishing and raping female captives|work=The Independent|date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lodge - IS Issues Abhorrent">{{cite news|first=Carey|last=Lodge|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/islamic.state.issues.abhorrent.sex.slavery.guidelines.about.how.to.treat.women/44435.htm|title=Islamic State issues abhorrent sex slavery guidelines about how to treat women|work=[[Christianity Today]]|date=15 December 2014}}</ref> Menanggapi dokumen tersebut, Abbas Barzegar, dosen agama [[Georgia State University]], mengatakan bahwa Muslim di seluruh dunia menganggap "penafsiran Islam [versi NIIS] mengerikan dan menjijikkan".<ref name="Botelho - 12/12/2014">{{cite news|first=Greg|last=Botelho|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/12/world/meast/isis-justification-female-slaves/|title=ISIS: Enslaving, having sex with 'unbelieving' women, girls is OK|work=[[CNN]]|date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Para pemimpin dan cendekiawan Muslim di seluruh dunia menolak keabsahan klaim NIIS. Mereka mengaku bahwa perbudakan bukan tindakan yang Islami dan mereka diwajibkan melindungi "ahli kitab", termasuk umat Kristen, Yahudi, Muslim, dan Yazidi. Mereka juga mencap fatwa NIIS tidak sah karena tidak ada kewenangan agama dan tidak konsisten dengan ajaran Islam.<ref name=OpenLetToAlBagh/><ref name="huffpost-bagh-openlet"/>
''[[The Independent]]'' melaporkan pada tahun 2015 bahwa penggunaan budak seks Yazidi menciptakan perpecahan di kalangan pejuang NIIS. Sajad Jiyad, peneliti dan anggota [[Iraqi Institute for Economic Reform]], memberitahu surat kabar tersebut bahwa banyak pendukung dan pejuang NIIS yang membantah perdagangan perempuan Yazidi sebelum ''[[Dabiq (majalah)|Dabiq]]'' menerbitkan artikel yang membenarkan praktik tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yazidi-sex-slaves-gangraped-in-public-by-isis-fighters-harrowing-accounts-reveal-10166875.html|title=Yazidi sex slaves 'gang-raped in public' by Isis fighters, harrowing accounts reveal|work=The Independent|date=10 April 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|last=Saul|first=Heather|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-infighting-tensions-rise-over-use-of-yazidi-sex-slaves-loss-of-kobani-and-poor-services-in-areas-controlled-by-group-10061457.html|title=Isis infighting: Tensions rise over use of Yazidi sex slaves, loss of Kobani and poor services in areas controlled by group|work=The Independent|date=21 February 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|last=Saul|first=Heather|location=London}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' menulis pada Agustus 2015 bahwa "pemberontakan sistematis perempuan dari kalangan minoritas Yazidi sangat tertanam dalam organisasi ini dan teologi radikal Negara Islam satu tahun setelah kelompok tersebut mengumumkan akan meresmikan kembali perbudakan."<ref name = "NYT rape theology"/> Artikel tersebut mengklaim bahwa NIIS tidak hanya membangkitkan perbudakan, melainkan juga menyucikannya. Artikel ini memaparkan kesaksian para korban yang berhasil kabur. Seorang korban berusia 15 tahun mengatakan bahwa ketika ia dilecehkan, pemerkosanya "terus mengatakan kepada[nya] bahwa ini merupakan [[ibadah]]"; seorang korban berusia 12 tahun mengatakan bahwa pemerkosanya mengaku, "dengan memerkosa[nya], ia merasa lebih dekat dengan Tuhan";<ref name = "NYT rape theology"/> dan seorang tahanan dewasa mengatakan bahwa ia sempat menanyakan penculiknya tentang memerkosa anak berusia 12 tahun berkali-kali dan dijawab, "Bukan. Ia bukan anak kecil. Ia adalah budak dan ia tahu cara berhubungan seks dan berhubungan seks dengannya adalah tindakan yang dipuji Tuhan."<ref name = "NYT rape theology"/>
=== Serangan terhadap wartawan ===
[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] menyatakan: "Tanpa pers bebas, hak asasi manusia lainnya tak dapat diperjuangkan."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpj.org/zinfo/aboutcpj2.html#how%7ctitle=aboutcpj%7cpublisher= |title=About CPJ |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |access-date=2015-12-26 |archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711170743/https://cpj.org/zinfo/aboutcpj2.html#how%7ctitle=aboutcpj%7cpublisher= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> NIIS telah menyiksa dan membunuh wartawan lokal.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Al Fares|first=Zaid|date=5 September 2014|title=The Forgotten Isis Beheadings: The World Mourns Steven Sotloff, but who Remembers Bassam al-Rayes?|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/forgotten-isis-beheadings-world-mourns-steven-sotloff-who-remembers-bassam-al-raies-1464138|newspaper=[[International Business Times UK]]|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kestler-D'Amours|first=Jillian|date=6 October 2014|title=Syria journalists 'on the margins of history'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/syria-journalists-margins-history-2014105111030664142.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=17 December 2014}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] menyebut aksi tersebut menciptakan "lubang hitam berita" di daerah-daerah yang diduduki NIIS. Para pejuang NIIS kabarnya diberi perintah tertulis untuk membunuh atau menangkap wartawan.<ref name="en.rsf.org">{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/iraq-areas-controlled-by-islamic-state-23-10-2014,47147.html |title=Areas controlled by Islamic State are news 'black holes' |website=Reporters Without Borders |access-date=2015-12-26 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070404/http://en.rsf.org/iraq-areas-controlled-by-islamic-state-23-10-2014,47147.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Bulan Desember 2013, dua pengebom bunuh diri menyerbu markas TV Salaheddin dan membunuh lima wartawan karena stasiun tersebut dianggap "memberi citra buruk bagi masyarakat Sunni Irak". Reporters Without Borders melaporkan bahwa pada tanggal 7 September 2014, NIIS menculik Raad al-Azzawi, kamerawan TV Salaheddin, dari desa Samra, sebelah timur Tikrit; al-Azzawi dipenggal secara terbuka tanggal 11 Oktober.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/reports-isil-executes-iraqi-journalist-20141010194149556427.html|title=ISIL 'publicly executes Iraqi journalist'|date=11 October 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Per Oktober 2014, menurut Journalistic Freedoms Observatory, NIIS menahan sembilan wartawan dan mengintai sembilan lainnya di Mosul dan provinsi Salahuddin.<ref name="en.rsf.org"/>
Sepanjang tahun 2013 dan 2014, sebuah satuan NIIS bernama [[The Beatles (sel teroris)|the Beatles]] menculik dan menyandera 12 wartawan Barat beserta pekerja sosial dan sandera asing lainnya. Jumlah sandera diketahui mencapai 23 atau 24 orang. Wartawan Polandia Marcin Suder diculik bulan Juli 2013, namun kabur empat bulan kemudian.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/world/middleeast/horror-before-the-beheadings-what-isis-hostages-endured-in-syria.html|title=ISIS Hostages Endured Torture and Dashed Hopes, Freed Cellmates Say|work=The New York Times|first=Rukmini|last=Callimachi|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> Satuan tersebut [[pemenggalan NIIS|mengeksekusi wartawan Amerika Serikat]], James Foley dan Steven Sotloff, dan merilis video pemenggalannya. Delapan wartawan lain dibebaskan setelah tebusannya dibayar: wartawan Denmark Daniel Rye Ottosen; wartawan Prancis Didier François, Edouard Elias, Nicolas Hénin, dan Pierre Torres; dan wartawan Spanyol Marc Marginedas, Javier Espinosa, dan Ricardo García Vilanova. Satuan ini masih menyandera wartawan Britania [[John Cantlie]] dan seorang pekerja sosial wanita.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/24/world/middleeast/the-fate-of-23-hostages-in-syria.html|title=The Fates of 23 ISIS Hostages in Syria|first=Karen|last=Yourish|work=The New York Times|date=25 October 2014}}</ref>
Grup keamanan siber [[Citizen Lab]] merilis laporan bahwa mereka menemukan potensi hubungan antara NIIS dan serangan digital terhadap grup media warga Suriah [[Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently]] (RSS). Para pendukung grup media tersebut menerima surel tautan yang mengarah ke foto serangan udara. Tautan tersebut justru menanamkan malware ke komputer pengguna yang mengirimkan rincian alamat IP dan sistem komputer pengguna setiap kali komputer dinyalakan ulang. Informasi tersebut cukup bagi NIIS untuk melacak pendukung RSS. Menurut laporan tersebut, "[RSS] menjadi target penculikan, serbuan rumah, dan sedikitnya satu dugaan pembunuhan terencana. ... Saat laporan ini ditulis, NIIS diduga sedang menyandera beberapa wartawan warga di Raqqa".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Johnston|first1=Chris|title=Islamic State suspected of cyber-attack on Raqqa opponents|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/19/islamic-state-cyber-attack-raqqa-opponents-isis-syria-malware|work=The Guardian|date=9 December 2014|accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref>
Tanggal 8 Januari 2015, anggota NIIS di Libya mengklaim telah mengeksekusi wartawan Tunisia, Sofiene Chourabi dan Nadhir Ktari, yang menghilang bulan September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/libyas-isis-branch-claims-execution-two-tunisian-journalists |title=Libya's ISIS branch claims execution of two Tunisian journalists |work=Al Akhbar English}}</ref> Pada bulan itu juga, wartawan Jepang [[Kenji Goto]] diculik dan dipenggal setelah tebusan senilai $200 juta tidak dibayarkan.<ref name="guardian20150131">{{cite web |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/31/isis-video-beheading-japanese-hostage-kenji-goto |title=Isis video purports to show beheading of Japanese hostage Kenji Goto |first=Justin |last=McCurry |date=31 January 2015 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>
=== Pemenggalan dan eksekusi massal ===
{{main|Insiden pemenggalan oleh NIIS}}
{{see also|Video pemenggalan|Pemenggalan dalam Islamisme}}
Banyak warga Suriah dan Irak, beberapa tentara Lebanon, sedikitnya sepuluh warga [[Kurdi]], dua wartawan Amerika Serikat, satu pekerja bantuan Amerika Serikat dan dua dari Britania Raya, dan tiga warga Libya [[pemenggalan|dipenggal]] oleh Negara Islam Irak dan Syam.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} NIIS menggunakan pemenggalan untuk mengintimidasi penduduk setempat dan merilis sejumlah video propaganda yang ditujukan kepada negara-negara Barat.<ref name=PropagandaVideos /> Mereka juga melakukan eksekusi terbuka tentara dan warga sipil Suriah dan Irak secara massal,<ref name="village"/> kadang memaksa tahanan untuk menggali kuburannya sendiri sebelum menembaki barisan tahanan dan mendorong para tahanan ke dalam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2014/october/help-identify-individuals-traveling-overseas-for-combat |title=Seeking Information: Help Identify Individuals Traveling Overseas for Combat |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |date=7 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw_UIRkAyH0 |title=Syrian Soldiers Digging Their Own Graves Before Being Executed by ISIS |publisher=YouTube |access-date=2015-12-26 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128074838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw_UIRkAyH0 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> NIIS kabarnya memenggal sekitar 100 pejuang asing yang berusaha desersi dan kabur dari [[Raqqa]].<ref name=ft12>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f1705f00-85e6-11e4-a105-00144feabdc0.html|first=Erika|last=Solomon|title=Isis morale falls as momentum slows and casualties mount|work=Financial Times|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref>
=== Penggunaan senjata kimia ===
Warga Kurdi di Irak utara kabarnya diserang oleh NIIS dengan senjata kimia pada Agustus 2015.<ref name = "Graun Ks gas">{{cite news|title=Kurdish forces fighting Isis report being attacked with chemical weapons|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/13/kurdish-forces-fighting-isis-attacked-chemical-weapons-reports|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=13 August 2015|accessdate=14 August 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> NIIS diduga kuat melepaskan gas klorin di Kobani. Senjata kimia tersebut mungkin berasal dari tempat penyimpanan snejata kimia di Al-Muthanna yang berisi 2.500 roket kimia. Meski kandungan kimia roketnya sudah kurang ampuh, NIIS mungkin menggunakannya secara terpusat.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS’s Financial and Military Capabilities |url=http://www.crethiplethi.com/isis-s-financial-and-military-capabilities/islamic-countries/syria-islamic-countries/2015/ |website=Crethiplethi |date=Winter 2014 |accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>
=== Penghancuran warisan budaya dan agama ===
{{main|Penghancuran warisan budaya oleh NIIS}}
Direktur Jenderal [[UNESCO]] [[Irina Bokova]] memperingatkan bahwa NIIS sedang menghancurkan warisan budaya Irak lewat operasi [[pembersihan budaya]]. "Kita tidak punya banyak waktu karena para ekstremis hendak melenyapkan identitas, karena mereka tahu bahwa apabila identitas tidak ada, hilang pula ingatan, hilang pula sejarah", katanya. Mengacu pada kebudayaan kuno umat Kristen, Yazidi, dan kaum minoritas lain, ia mengatakan, "Ada cara untuk menghancurkan identitas. Hilangkan saja budaya mereka, hilangkan sejarah mereka, warisan mereka, dan itu sebabnya tindakan ini setara dengan genosida. Selain penindasan fisik, mereka hendak melenyapkan – menghapus – ingatan akan keragaman budaya ini. ... Menurut kami, tindakan ini mengejutkan dan tidak dapat diterima."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/video/2014/11/02/iraqs-heritage-needs-protection-from-isl?videoId=346781460|title=Iraq's heritage needs protection from Islamic State – UNESCO|date=2 November 2014|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Saad Eskander]], kepala Arsip Nasional Irak, mengatakan, "Untuk pertama kalinya umat manusia mengalami pembersihan budaya. ... Bagi kaum Yazidi, agama itu dari mulut ke mulut, tidak ada yang ditulis. Dengan menghancurkan tempat ibadah mereka ... Anda membunuh ingatan budaya. Sama halnya dengan umat Kristen - ini memang suatu ancaman yang tak dapat dibayangkan."<ref name=CSM>{{cite news|first=Jane|last=Arraf|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2014/1108/Islamic-State-seeking-to-delete-entire-cultures-UNESCO-chief-warns-in-Iraq|title=Islamic State seeking to 'delete' entire cultures, UNESCO chief warns in Iraq|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
[[Berkas:NiniveNabiYunisMinaret.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pada Juli 2014, NIIS menghancurkan masjid yang dipersembahkan kepada [[Yunus]] di Mosul]]
Untuk mendanai aktivitasnya, NIIS mencuri artefak dari Suriah<ref>{{cite web |first=Franklin |last=Lamb |title=SYRIA: "Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently" |website=Intifada Palestine |url=http://www.intifada-palestine.com/2014/05/syria-raqqa-slaughtered-silently/ |date=8 May 2014 |accessdate=28 December 2014 |quote=transcript of an interview conducted by the author at the National Museum of Syria with an employee of the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM). The gentleman had been working in the governorate of Raqqa, in eastern Syria, when armed groups were looting museums and conducting illegal excavations of heritage sites.}}</ref> dan Irak dan menjualnya ke Eropa. NIIS diperkirakan meraup US$200 juta per tahun lewat penjarahan budaya saja. UNESCO meminta [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] untuk mengendalikan penjualan barang antik sama seperti yang pernah dilakukan DK PBB setelah [[Perang Irak]] 2003. UNESCO bekerja sama dengan [[Interpol]], otoritas bea cukai nasional, museum, dan rumah lelang besar untuk mencegah penjualan barang jarahan.<ref name=CSM/> ISIL menduduki [[Museum Mosul]], museum terpenting kedua di Irak, menjelang pembukaannya kembali setelah direnovasi bertahun-tahun pasca-Perang Irak. NIIS menyatakan bahwa patung-patung di dalamnya berlawanan dengan ajaran Islam dan mengancam menghancurkan isi museum tersebut.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Melissa|last1=Block|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/07/09/330183802/the-plight-of-mosuls-museum-iraqi-antiquities-at-risk-of-ruin|title=The Plight of Mosul's Museum: Iraqi Antiquities At Risk Of Ruin|date=9 July 2014|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name="Dickey-7.7.14">{{cite news|first=Christopher|last=Dickey|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/07/isis-is-about-to-destroy-biblical-history-in-iraq.html|title=ISIS Is About to Destroy Biblical History in Iraq|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=7 July 2014|access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref>
NIIS menganggap berdoa di kuburan sebagai tindakan [[syirik]] dan berupaya menyucikan kaum kafir. NIIS menggunakan alat berat untuk menghancurkan berbagai bangunan dan situs arkeologi.<ref name="Dickey-7.7.14"/> [[Bernard Haykel]] menyebut tindakan al-Baghdadi sebagai "[[Wahhabisme]] yang belum jinak". Ia mengatakan, "Bagi Al Qaeda, kekerasan adalah cara mencapai tujuan; bagi NIIS, [kekerasan] adalah tujuan itu sendiri".<ref name=ISIS-NYT/> Penghancuran [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|makam dan tempat suci nabi Yunus]], masjid [[Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din|Imam Yahya Abu al-Qassimin]] abad ke-13, tempat suci nabi [[Jerjis]] abad ke-14, dan upaya penghancuran menara [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|Hadba]] di [[masjid dan tempat suci di Mosul|Masjid Agung Al-Nuri]] abad ke-12 pada bulan Juli 2014 dijuluki sebagai "tindakan Wahhabisme ekstrem yang tidak dicegah".<ref name=Al-Alawi>{{cite web |last1=Al-Alawi |first1=Irfan |title=Extreme Wahhabism on Display in Shrine Destruction in Mosul |url=http://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/4574/jonah-shrine-destruction |website=Gatestone Institute |accessdate=4 October 2014}}</ref> "Ada serangakain ledakan yang menghancurkan bangunan [[Asiria|zaman Asiria]]", kata direktur [[Museum Nasional Irak]], Qais Rasyid, mengacu pada penghancuran tempat suci Yunus. Ia menyebut kasus lain ketika "Daesh (NIIS) mengumpulkan lebih dari 1.500 manuskrip dari kuil dan tempat suci lainnya dan membakarnya di alun-alun kota".<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-30/islamic-state-pillaging-iraqi-artefacts2c-unesco-warns/5777990|title=Islamic State: Jihadists destroying and looting Iraqi heritage sites for artefacts, UNESCO warns|publisher=ABC News|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Pada Maret 2015, NIIS kabarnya menghancurkan kota [[Nimrud]] yang dibangun pada zaman Asiria abad ke-13 SM dengan alasan syirik. Direktur Jenderal UNESCO menganggap tindakan tersebut sebagai kejahatan perang.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nimrud: Outcry as IS bulldozers attack ancient Iraq site|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31760656|accessdate=6 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=6 March 2015}}</ref>
===Eksploitasi kejadian bencana alam===
NIIS dilaporkan mengeksploitasi kejadian [[Gempa bumi Turki–Suriah 2023|gempa bumi di Turki dan Suriah 6 Februari 2023]] untuk konten propaganda mereka yang dianggap merampas hak korban gempa bumi, tidak sesuai sains kontemporer, aksi "main hakim sendiri" secara verbal, "kesempatan dalam kesempitan" — menarasikannya sebagai "amukan Ilahi kepada bangsa Turki karena meninggalkan hukum Syariah, menegakkan hukum bangsa kafir, menjalani gaya hidup bangsa kafir, menyatakan perang melawan NIIS dan bersekutu dengan bala tentara bangsa kafir (NATO)".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hstoday.us/featured/how-isis-and-al-qaeda-exploit-the-earthquake-in-turkey-to-mobilize-support/ |title=How ISIS and al-Qaeda Exploit the Earthquake in Turkey to Mobilize Support |language=en |last=Botobekov |first=Uran |publisher=Homeland Security Today |access-date=5 Januari 2024 |date=27 Februari 2023 }}</ref>
== Klasifikasi ==
=== Status organisasi teroris ===
{{main|Daftar organisasi teroris resmi|Terorisme}}
<center>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Organisasi !! Tanggal !! Lembaga !! Referensi
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: silver; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Organisasi multinasional
|-
|{{flagu|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa}}||18 Oktober 2004 <small>(dengan nama [[al-Qaeda di Irak]])</small><br>30 Mei 2013 <small>(setelah berpisah dari [[Al-Qaeda|al‑Qaeda]])</small>|||[[Dewan Keamanan PBB]]||<ref name=UN>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/AQList.htm#alqaedaent |title=Al-Qaida Sanctions List |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925062013/http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/AQList.htm |archivedate=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/resolutions.shtml |title=The Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee – 1267 |website=United Nations Web Services Section |publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2013/sc11019.doc.htm |title=Security Council Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee Amends Entry |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref><!--first listed under section b organisations as al-Qaida in Iraq, with ISIL added as an "also known as" and now known in SC Resolutions as ISIL-->
|-
|{{flagu|Uni Eropa}}||2004||[[Dewan Uni Eropa|Dewan UE]] <small>(melalui penerapan Daftar Sanksi al-Qaeda PBB)</small>||<ref name="berghof-foundation.org">{{cite news|last1=Wahlisch|first1=Martin|title=EU Terrorist Listing – An Overview about Listing and Delisting Procedures|url=http://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Other_Resources/RLM_EU_Terrorist_Listing.pdf|accessdate=3 November 2014|publisher=Berghof Foundation|year=2010}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: silver; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Negara{{anchor|negara}}
|-
|{{flagu|Britania Raya}}||Maret 2001 <small>(bagian dari al-Qaeda)</small><br />20 Juni 2014 <small>(setelah berpisah dari al‑Qaeda)</small> ||[[Home Office|Kementerian Dalam Negeri Britania]]||<ref name="UK proscribed">{{cite web |title=Proscribed Terrorist Organisations, pp.13–15 |url=http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324603/20140627-List_of_Proscribed_organisations_WEBSITE_final.pdf |date=20 June 2014 |publisher=Home Office |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Amerika Serikat}}||17 Desember 2004 <small>(dengan nama al-Qaeda di Irak)</small>|||[[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]]||<ref name="US proscribed">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations |publisher=Bureau of Counterterrorism. United States Department of State |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}}||2 Maret 2005 <small>(dengan nama al-Qaeda di Irak)</small><br />14 December 2013 <small>(setelah berpisah dari al‑Qaeda)</small> ||[[Jaksa Umum Australia]]||<ref name="Australia proscribed">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |title=Listed terrorist organisations |publisher=Australian National Security |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211729/https://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/Listedterroristorganisations/Pages/default.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Kanada}}||20 Agustus 2012||[[Parlemen Kanada]]||<ref name="Canada proscribed">{{cite web |url=http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx |title=Currently listed entities |publisher=Public Safety Canada |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Turki}}||30 Oktober 2013||[[Majelis Nasional Besar Turki]]||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaplan|first1=Hilal|title=Charging Turkey for ISIS|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/hilal_kaplan/2014/09/03/charging-turkey-for-isis|accessdate=28 September 2014|work=Daily Sabah|location=Istanbul, Turkey|date=3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahcupyan|first1=Etyen|title=ISIS, Turkey and the US|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/etyen-mahcupyan/2014/09/20/isis-turkey-and-the-us|accessdate=28 September 2014|work=Daily Sabah|location=Istanbul, Turkey|date=20 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Arab Saudi}}||7 Maret 2014||Dekret [[Raja Arab Saudi]]||<ref name="Saudi Arabia proscribed">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-saudi-security-idUSBREA260SM20140307|title=Saudi Arabia designates Muslim Brotherhood terrorist group|agency=Reuters|date=7 March 2014|accessdate=31 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703054053/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/07/us-saudi-security-idUSBREA260SM20140307|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Indonesia}}||1 Agustus 2014||Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme||<ref name="Indonesia">{{Cite news|title=BNPT Declares ISIS a Terrorist Organization|url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/08/02/055596766/BNPT-Declares-ISIS-a-Terrorist-Organization|accessdate=4 August 2014|work=[[Tempo.co]]|date=2 August 2014|language=id}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Uni Emirat Arab}}||20 Agustus 2014||Kabinet Uni Emirat Arab||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219|title=List of terror groups published by United Arab Emirates|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128055511/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/list-of-terror-groups-published-by-uae-1.1413219|archivedate=28 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Malaysia}}||24 September 2014||[[Kementerian Luar Negeri (Malaysia)|Kementerian Luar Negeri]]||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/asia/south-east-asia/story/malaysia-designates-isis-terrorist-group-vows-tough-action-report-20|title=Malaysia designates ISIS as terrorist group, vows tough action: Report|work=The Straits Times|date=25 September 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Mesir}}||30 November 2014||Pengadilan Urusan Mendesak Kairo<!--searching this court shows that it is the authoritative body in the country that designates all terrorist groups and bans organisations--> ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/11/30/court-affirms-isis-terrorist-group-designation/|title=Court affirms ISIS' 'terrorist group' designation|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt brands jihadist ISIL a 'terrorist group'|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/egypt-brands-jihadist-isil-a-terrorist-group.aspx?pageID=238&nID=75033&NewsCatID=352|work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|location=Istanbul, Turkey|date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|India}}||16 Desember 2014||[[Kementerian Dalam Negeri (India)|Kementerian Dalam Negeri]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/BO |title=Banned Organisations |accessdate=16 December 2014 |archive-date=2016-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123062519/http://mha.nic.in/bo |dead-url=yes }}</ref><!--ISIL will be listed here as a banned terrorist group when page updated--><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-government-bans-islamic-state-terror-organisation/article6698369.ece|title=India bans IS|agency=Press Trust of India|work=The Hindu|accessdate=16 December 2014|location=Chennai, India|date=16 December 2014}}</ref><!--public announcement says "we have banned"-->
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}}||29 Desember 2014||[[Mahkamah Agung Rusia]]||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tass.ru/en/world/769912|title=Russia calls on all states to put Islamic State, Jabhat al-Nusra on terrorist lists|publisher=[[Russian News Agency TASS]]|date=29 December 2015|accessdate=29 December 2014|archive-date=2016-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529034500/http://tass.ru/en/world/769912|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Kirgizstan}}||25 Maret 2015||Komite Keamanan Nasional Kirgizstan||<ref name="Kyrgyzstan Designation">{{cite news|last1=Paraszczuk|first1=Joanna|title=Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-bans-islamic-state/26920328.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Suriah}}||||||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sana.sy/en/?p=2988|title=Syria condemns terrorist acts in Iraq, expresses solidarity with Iraqi government, army and people|author=Manal|agency=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Yordania}}||||||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/jordan-continues-their-revenge-on-isis-carrying-out-airstrikes-against-the-terror-group/story-fnh81ifq-1227209129504|title=Jordan launches airstrikes against ISIS|publisher=News Corp Australia|accessdate=7 August 2015|date=6 February 2015|archive-date=2015-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019064818/http://www.news.com.au/world/middle-east/jordan-continues-their-revenge-on-isis-carrying-out-airstrikes-against-the-terror-group/story-fnh81ifq-1227209129504|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Pakistan}}||29 Agustus 2015||[[Kementerian Dalam Negeri Pakistan|Kementerian Dalam Negeri]]||<ref name="ET">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/946859/banned-organisations-is-listed-among-proscribed-outfits/|title=Islamic State listed among proscribed outfits|first=Zahid|last=Gishkori|work=The Express Tribune|location=Pakistan}}</ref>
|}
</center>
[[Resolusi Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 1267|Resolusi 1267]] [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (1999) mencantumkan [[Osama bin Laden]] dan rekan sejawatnya di al-Qaeda sebagai operator jaringan [[kamp pelatihan teroris]].<ref name=UNbinLaden>{{cite web |title=Resolution 1267 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4051st meeting on 15 October 1999 |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3b00f2298 |publisher=UNHCR}}</ref> [[Komite Sanksi Al-Qaida dan Taliban|Komite Sanksi Al-Qaida]] PBB pertama kali memasukkan NIIS ke daftar sanksinya dengan nama "Al-Qaida in Iraq" tanggal 18 Oktober 2004 sebagai badan/kelompok yang berkaitan dengan al-Qaeda. Pada tanggal 2 Juni 2014, kelompok ini terdaftar dengan nama "Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant". [[Uni Eropa]] mengadopsi daftar sanksi PBB pada tahun 2002.<ref name="berghof-foundation.org"/>
[[Berkas:Memorial to November 2015 Paris attacks at French embassy in Moscow 13.jpg|jmpl|250px|Masyarakat meletakkan bunga di luar [[daftar misi diplomatik Prancis|kedutaan besar Prancis]] di [[Moskwa]] setelah [[serangan Paris November 2015]].]]
Banyak pemimpin dunia dan juru bicara pemerintahan yang mencap NIIS sebagai kelompok teroris atau melarang pendiriannya tanpa menetapkannya sebagai organisasi teroris resmi.
Pemerintah Jerman melarang NIIS pada bulan September 2014. Aktivitas yang dilarang meliputi sumbangan dana, perekrutan anggota, pertemuan NIIS dan penyebaran propaganda, pengibaran bendera dan simbol NIIS, dan segala aktivitas NIIS. Menurut politikus Jerman [[Thomas de Maizière]], "organisasi teror Negara Islam adalah ancaman terhadap keamanan masyarakat di Jerman. ... Larangan tersebut ditujukan kepada teroris yang memanfaatkan agama untuk meraih tujuan kejahatannya." Larangan tersebut tidak berarti NIIS telah ditetapkan sebagai organisasi teroris asing di Jerman karena penetapan semacam itu memerlukan keputusan pengadilan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sixth-sense-newspaper.de/german-news/1943-isil-banned-in-germany|title=ISIL banned in Germany|first=Janette|last=Roberts|work=Sixth Sense|date=17 September 2014|access-date=2015-12-01|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205324/http://www.sixth-sense-newspaper.de/german-news/1943-isil-banned-in-germany|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Pada bulan Oktober 2014, Swiss melarang aktivitas NIIS di negara tersebut, termasuk propaganda dan bantuan keuangan untuk para pejuang, dengan ancaman kurungan penjara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/news/401536--switzerland-bans-isil|title=Switzerland bans ISIL|publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
Pada pertengahan Desember 2014, India melarang NIIS setelah menangkap operator akun Twitter pro-NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|first=Avaneesh|last=Pandey|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/india-bans-isis-after-government-raises-concerns-over-groups-online-presence-1759516|title=India Bans ISIS After Government Raises Concerns Over Group's Online Presence|date=16 December 2014|work=International Business Times}}</ref>
Pakistan menetapkan NIIS sebagai organisasi terlarang pada akhir Agustus 2015. Semua elemen yang menyatakan simpatinya terhadap keloompok tersebut akan masuk daftar hitam dan dijatuhi sanksi.<ref name="ET"/>
Sumber media di seluruh dunia telah menetapkan NIIS sebagai organisasi teroris.<ref name="ISIS or ISIL? The debate"/><ref name="nytimes27Aug14"/><ref name="ft-20140617"/><ref name="ListerTop"/><ref name="McCoyTop"/><ref name="Indonesia"/>
=== Kelompok teroris, milisi, atau penguasa wilayah ===
Pada tahun 2014, NIIS cenderung dipandang sebagai [[milisi]] alih-alih kelompok teroris.<ref name="Time"/> Ketika kota-kota besar di Irak jatuh ke tangan NIIS bulan Juni 2014, Jessica Lewis, mantan pejabat intelijen Angkatan Darat A.S. di [[Institute for the Study of War]], menjelaskan bahwa NIIS
{{quote|text=bukan persoalan teroris lagi, [melainkan] pasukan militer yang bergerak di Irak dan Suriah, dan mereka menguasai sebuah wilayah. Mereka memiliki pemerintahan bayangan di dan sekitar [[Baghdad]], dan mereka punya tujuan untuk berkuasa. Saya kurang tahu apakah mereka ingin menguasai Baghdad atau menghancurkan fungsi negara Irak. Namun demikian, semua ini akan sangat merugikan bagi Irak.<ref name="Time">{{cite news|last1=Vick|first1=Karl|last2=Baker|first2=Aryn|url=http://time.com/2859454/iraq-tikrit-isis-baghdad-mosul/|title=Extremists in Iraq Continue March Toward Baghdad|work=Time|date=11 June 2014|accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref>}}
Lewis menyebut NIIS
{{quote|text=sebuah kepemimpinan militer yang maju. Mereka memiliki komando dan kendali yang luar biasa serta mekanisme pelaporan canggih dari lapangan yang dapat menyampaikan taktik dan perintah ke atas dan bawah struktur organisasi. Mereka memiliki arus dana yang baik,
dan mereka punya tenaga manusia yang besar, tidak hanya pejuang asing, tetapi juga tahanan yang kabur.<ref name="Time"/>}}
Meski sejumlah pejabat khawatir NIIS akan memicu serangan di Amerika Serikat lewat simpatisan atau veteran NIIS, badan intelijen A.S. tidak menemukan rencana atau ancaman tertentu. Mantan Menteri Pertahanan A.S. [[Chuck Hagel]] melihat "ancaman mendesak terhadap segala kepentingan kita," tetapi mantan penasihat kontra-terorisme [[Daniel Benjamin]] menyebut pernyataan penuh peringatan semacam itu "omong kosong" yang membuat masyarakat panik.<ref name="threat">{{cite news|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|first2=Eric|last2=Schmitt|first3=Mark|last3=Landler|date=10 September 2014|title=Struggling to Gauge ISIS Threat, Even as U.S. Prepares to Act|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/world/middleeast/struggling-to-gauge-isis-threat-even-as-us-prepares-to-act.html|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref>
Mantan Menteri Luar Negeri Britania Raya [[David Miliband]] mengakui bahwa [[invasi Irak 2003]] memicu terbentuknya NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Porter|first1=Tom|date=10 August 2015|title=Iraq War Created Isis, Concedes David Miliband|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-war-created-isis-concedes-david-miliband-1460557|work=International Business Times|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
Sejumlah komentator berita seperti kolumnis harian internasional [[Gwynne Dyer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straight.com/news/743321/gwynne-dyer-terrorism-101-offers-lessons-how-respond-isis |title=Gwynne Dyer: Terrorism 101 offers lessons in how to respond to ISIS |website=Straight.com |first=Gwynne |last=Dyer |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> dan sampel opini publik Amerika Serikat seperti survei [[NPR]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/2014/09/12/348004101/do-americans-support-president-obamas-isis-plan |title=Do Americans Support President Obama's ISIS Plan? |publisher=NPR |first=Scott |last=Horsley |date=12 September 2014}}</ref> mendukung tanggapan kuat namun teratur terhadap tindakan provokasi NIIS. Di ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Pankaj Mishra]] menolak pandangan bahwa kelompok ini merupakan kebangkitan Islam abad pertengahan dan menyatakan bahwa
{{quote|text=Sebenarnya, NIIS adalah pelaku yang paling cerdik dalam tatanan ketidakpuasan internasional: pelaku yang paling pintar memanfaatkan situasi di antara semua pelaku yang menawarkan keamanan identitas bersama kepada orang-orang yang terisolasi dan penuh ketakutan. Bersama para pelaku yang menjual keunggulan ras, bangsa, dan agama, NIIS merupakan jalan untuk menumpahkan kegelisahan dan frustrasi kehidupan pribadi dalam bentuk tindakan kekerasan global.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/24/how-to-think-about-islamic-state|title=How to think about Islamic State|first=Pankaj|last=Mishra|work=The Guardian|date=24 July 2015}}</ref>}}
== Kritik dan kontroversi ==
{{anchor|Kritik Islam}}
=== Kritik dari kalangan Muslim ===
{{main|Khawarij}}
Ekstremisme Islam sudah ada sejak abad ke-7 di kalangan kaum [[Khawarij]]. Dari posisi politiknya, mereka mengembangkan doktrin ekstrem yang membedakan golongannya dengan golongan Muslim Sunni dan Syi'ah. Kaum Khariji dikenal karena mengadopsi pendekatan radikal terhadap konsep [[takfiri]]; mereka menyatakan bahwa Muslim selain mereka adalah kafir dan layak dibunuh.<ref name=SheemaKhan>{{cite news|first=Sheema|last=Khan|date=29 September 2014|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/|title=Another battle with Islam’s ‘true believers’|work=The Globe and Mail|location=Toronto, Canada}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |first=Usama |last=Hasan |title=The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |publisher=Quilliam Foundation |date=July 2012 |access-date=2016-01-03 |archive-date=2014-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism|title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism|first=Mohamad|last=Jebara|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
NIIS dihujani banyak [[#NYTquotestheorists|kritik dari sesama Muslim]], khususnya alim ulama dan teolog. Pada akhir Agustus 2014, [[Mufti Agung]] Arab Saudi, [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh]], mengutuk Negara Islam dan al-Qaeda dengan menyatakan, "Ide dan terorisme ekstremis dan militan yang menyebarkan kerusakan di muka Bumi [dan] menghancurkan peradaban manusia bukan bagian dari Islam, melainkan musuh Islam nomor satu, dan Muslim adalah korban pertama mereka".<ref name=SaudiGrandMuftiCondemn>{{cite news|title=Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti denounces Islamic State group as un-Islamic|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2014/08/25/saudi-arabias-grand-mufti-denounces-islamic-state-group-as-un-islamic/|agency=Reuters|accessdate=18 November 2014|date=25 August 2014|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129083655/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2014/08/25/saudi-arabias-grand-mufti-denounces-islamic-state-group-as-un-islamic/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada akhir September 2014, 126 [[imam]] Sunni dan ulama Islam—terutama [[Sufisme|Sufi]]<ref name=MM141001>{{cite web |url=http://muslimmatters.org/2014/10/01/muslim-scholars-letter-to-al-baghdadi-of-isis-or-isil-a-missed-opportunity/ |title=Muslim Scholars Letter to al-Baghdadi of ISIS or ISIL – A Missed Opportunity |date=1 October 2014 |first=Amad |last=Shaikh |work=Muslim Matters |accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref>—dari seluruh dunia menandatangani [[surat terbuka]] kepada pemimpin Negara Islam, al-Baghdadi, yang isinya menolak dan membantah penafsiran teks-teks Islam, [[Quran]] dan [[hadits]], versi NIIS yang dimanfaatkan untuk membenarkan segala tindakannya.<ref name="huffpost-bagh-openlet">{{cite news|title=Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html|work=The Huffington Post|date=24 September 2013|first=Lauren|last=Markoe|agency=Religious News Service|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=christianpost-2014-09-25>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Samuel|title=International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/|accessdate=18 October 2014|work=The Christian Post|date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Menurut surat tersebut, "[NIIS] memelintirkan Islam menjadi agama kekerasan, kebrutalan, penyiksaan, dan pembunuhan ... ini melenceng sekali dan merupakan pelanggaran terhadap Islam, Muslim, dan seluruh dunia."<ref name=OpenLetToAlBagh/> Surat tersebut menegur Negara Islam karena membunuh tahanan, dan menyatakan pembunuhan tersebut adalah "[[kejahatan perang]] yang hina" dan penindasan kaum [[Yazidi]] di Irak "sangat terkutuk". Terkait "klaim 'Negara Islam'", surat tersebut menolak eksistensi kelompok tersebut karena melaksanakan pembunuhan dan aksi brutal dengan alasan [[jihad]]—perjuangan suci—dan menyatakan bahwa "pengorbanan" tanpa sebab, tujuan, dan niat yang jelas "bukanlah jihad, melainkan seruan perang dan tindak kejahatan".<ref name=OpenLetToAlBagh/><ref name=Offence2Islam>{{cite news|title=Isis is 'an offence to Islam', says international coalition of major Islamic scholars|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-is-an-offence-to-islam-says-international-coalition-of-major-islamic-scholars-9756255.html|accessdate=8 October 2014|work=independent|quote=More than 120 Sunni imams and academics, including some of the Muslim world's most respected scholars, signed the 18-page document which outlines 24 separate grounds on which the terror group violates the tenets of Islam.|location=London|first=Cahal|last=Milmo|date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Surat tersebut juga menuduh NIIS melakukan [[fitnah]] dengan melakukan perbudakan yang berlawanan dengan [[pandangan Islam terhadap perbudakan#Penafsiran modern|kesepakatan anti-perbudakan]] yang dikemukakan berbagai [[ulama]].<ref name=OpenLetToAlBagh>{{cite web |title=Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi |url=http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |date=September 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014 |archive-date=2014-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925193528/http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sejumlah ulama juga mencap NIIS bukan golongan Sunni, melainkan [[Khawarij]].<ref name=SheemaKhan/>
[[Berkas:Wien - Kobane-Demo 2014-10-10 - V.jpg|jmpl|250px|Unjuk rasa Kurdi terhadap NIIS di [[Wina]], Austria, 10 Oktober 2014]]
{{anchor|NYTquotestheorists}}
Menurut ''The New York Times'', "semua teoriwan jihadis paling berpengaruh mengkritik Negara Islam karena melenceng [dari ajaran asli] dan menyatakan [Negara Islam] tidak sah". Mereka juga menolak NIIS karena memenggal wartawan dan pekerja sosial.<ref name=ISIS-NYT/> Eksistensi NIIS ditolak olah berbagai pemuka agama Islam, termasuk ulama Saudi dan al-Qaeda.<ref name="huffpost-wahhabi"/><ref name=ISIS-NYT/>
{{anchor|Khawarij}}
Kritikus Sunni, termasuk [[mufti]] Salafi dan jihadis seperti [[Adnan al-Aroor]] dan [[Abu Basir al-Tartusi]], mengatakan bahwa NIIS dan kelompok teroris lainnya bukan Sunni, melainkan [[Khawarij]] modern—Muslim yang keluar dari arus utama Islam—yang berusaha mengusung agenda anti-Islam imperialis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paraszczuk |first=Joanna |title=Syria: Umar Shishani's Second-in-Command in ISIS Slams Scholars Who "Sow Discord" & Don't Fight |url=http://eaworldview.com/2014/02/syria-umar-shishanis-second-command-isis-slams-scholars-sow-discard-dont-fight/ |date=7 February 2014 |website=EA WorldView |accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="econ140906">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615634-sunni-religious-authorities-turn-against-islamic-state-slow-backlash|title=The slow backlash – Sunni religious authorities turn against Islamic State|date=6 September 2014|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Kritikus NIIS lainnya meliputi kaum Salafis yang sebelumnya mendukung kelompok-kelompok jihadis seperti al-Qaeda, misalnya pejabat pemerintahan Saudi [[Saleh Al-Fawzan]] yang dikenal karena pandangan-pandangan ekstremnya. Al-Fawzan mengklaim bahwa NIIS adalah ciptaan "kaum Zionis, Salibis, dan Safavid". Penulis Yordania-Palestina, [[Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi]], mantan pengajar spiritual [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], dibebaskan dari penjara di Yordania bulan Juni 2014 dan menuduh NIIS berusaha memecah-belah persatuan Muslim.<ref name="econ140906"/>
Deklarasi kekhalifahan NIIS dikritik dan legitimasinya dipertanyakan oleh sejumlah negara di Timur Tengah, kelompok jihadis,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/theyre-delusional-rivals-ridicule-isis-declaration-of-islamic-state|title="They're delusional": Rivals ridicule ISIS declaration of Islamic state|publisher=CBS News|date=30 June 2014|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> dan ulama dan sejarawan [[Muslim Sunni]]. Penyiar TV dan ulama Qatar [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] menyatakan, "Deklarasi yang dikeluarkan Negara Islam tidak sah menurut [[syariah]] dan memiliki dampak berbahaya bagi umat Sunni di Irak dan pemberontakan di Suriah". Ia juga menambahkan bahwa gelar khalifah "hanya dapat dianugerahkan oleh seluruh umat Islam", bukan satu kelompok saja.<ref name="Caliph address">{{cite news|last=Strange|first=Hannah|title=Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948480/Islamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html|accessdate=6 July 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=5 July 2014|location=London}}</ref> Kritik juga dilontarkan karena NIIS memberlakukan hukuman mati bagi Muslim yang melanggar hukum [[syariah]] tradisional, namun pada saat yang bersamaan melanggarnya (contohnya meminta perempuan pindah ke wilayahnya tanpa [[wali]]—pendamping laki-laki—dan tanpa keinginannya).<ref name=haykel-6-8-15>{{cite journal |last1=Creswell |first1=Robyn |last2=Haykel |first2=Bernard |title=Battle Lines |journal=The New Yorker |date=8 June 2015 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/08/battle-lines-jihad-creswell-and-haykel |accessdate=6 June 2015 |quote=In the most recent issue of Dabiq, ISIS’s English-language magazine, a female writer encourages women to emigrate to "the lands of the Islamic State" even if it means travelling without a male companion, a shocking breach of traditional Islamic law. This may be a cynical ploy—a lure for runaways. But it is in keeping with the jihadists’ attack on parental authority and its emphasis on individual empowerment, including the power of female believers to renounce families they do not view as authentically Muslim.}}</ref> NIIS juga dikritik karena menggembar-gemborkan pencitraan lama (penunggang kuda dan pedang), namun melakukan [[bidah]] (pemutakhiran agama) dengan membentuk kepolisian agama perempuan ([[Brigade Al-Khansaa]]).<ref name=haykel2-6-8-15>{{cite journal |last1=Creswell |first1=Robyn |last2=Haykel |first2=Bernard |title=Battle Lines |journal=The New Yorker |date=8 June 2015 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/08/battle-lines-jihad-creswell-and-haykel |accessdate=6 June 2015 |quote=It has also created a female morality police, a shadowy group called the al-Khansa’ Brigades, who insure proper deportment in ISIS-held towns. ... Al-Khansa’ was a female poet of the pre-Islamic era who converted to Islam and became a companion of the Prophet, and her elegies for her male relations are keystones of the genre [of Islamic poetry]. The name therefore suggests an institution with deep roots in the past, and yet there has never been anything like the Brigades in Islamic history, nor do they have an equivalent anywhere else in the Arab world.}}</ref>
Dua hari setelah pemenggalan [[Hervé Gourdel]], ratusan Muslim berkumpul di [[Masjid Agung Paris]] untuk menunjukkan solidaritas terhadap korban pemenggalan tersebut. Unjuk rasa ini dipimpin oleh ketua [[Dewan Umat Islam Prancis]], [[Dalil Boubakeur]], dan diikuti oleh ribuan Muslim di seluruh Prancis dengan slogan "''Not in my name''" ("jangan bawa-bawa agama saya").<ref name=ibt-09-28>{{cite news|last1=Halleck|first1=Thomas|title=Thousands of French Muslims Protest Herve Gourdel Beheading|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/thousands-french-muslims-protest-herve-gourdel-beheading-1695741|accessdate=28 September 2014|work=International Business Times|date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/191060-paris-muslims-protest-gourdel/|title='Not in my name': French Muslims rally to denounce ISIS beheadings|publisher=RT|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref> Presiden Prancis [[François Hollande]] menyatakan bahwa pemenggalan Gourdel merupakan "tindakan pengecut" dan "keji". Ia juga membenarkan bahwa serangan udara terhadap target-target NIIS di Irak akan terus berlanjut. Hollande juga mengumumkan tiga hari berkabung nasional. Bendera di seluruh Prancis dikibarkan setengah tiang dan keamanan di seluruh Paris diperketat.<ref name=ibt-09-28/>
Seorang hakim pengadilan syariah [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]] di Aleppo, Mohamed Najeeb Bannan, menyatakan bahwa, "Hukum mengacu pada syariah Islam, Kasusnya beragam, mulai dari perampokan, penggunaan obat-obatan terlarang, hingga kejahatan moral. Tugas kami adalah mempertimbangkan semua tindak kejahatan yang dilaporkan kepada kami. ... Setelah rezim [Assad] runtuh, kami yakin mayoritas Muslim di Suriah akan mendukung pembentukan negara Islam. Tentu saja, penting sekali untuk mengatakan bahwa syariah Islam akan memotong tangan dan kepala orang-orang, tetapi ini hanya berlaku untuk penjahat. Membunuh, menyalib orang-orang tanpa alasan yang jelas tidak benar sama sekali." Terkait perbedaan antara syariah versi Front Islam dan NIIS, ia mengatakan, "Salah satu kesalahan mereka adalah mereka mulai menerapkan syariah sebelum rezim [Assad] jatuh dan sebelum memiliki tamkin [negara yang stabil]. Mereka mengira Tuhan mengizinkan mereka menguasai wilayah dan langsung mendirikan kekhalifahan. Ini jelas-jelas bertentangan dengan ajaran para alim ulama di seluruh dunia. Di sinilah kesalahan [NIIS]. Mereka justru akan membawa banyak masalah. Semua orang yang menolak [NIIS] akan dianggap menolak syariah dan dihukum berat."<ref>{{cite av media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiyyWiO-IKY |title=Ghosts of Aleppo (Full Length) |date=30 September 2014 |publisher=VICE News |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.vice.com/video/ghosts-of-aleppo-full-length |title=Ghosts of Aleppo (Full Length) |work=VICE News}}</ref>
Al-Qaeda & Al-Nusra sudah lama mencoba memanfaatkan kebangkitan NIIS dengan mengklaim ideologinya "lebih moderat" dibandingkan NIIS yang "lebih ekstrem" meski tujuannya sama-sama menerapkan syariah dan mendirikan kekhalifahan. Kedua kelompok tersebut mengaku melakukannya secara bertahap, tidak seperti NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=Al Qaeda appears ‘moderate’ compared to Islamic State, veteran jihadist says|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/10/al-qaeda-appears-moderate-compared-to-islamic-state-veteran-jihadist-says.php|work=Long War Journal|date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|date=26 October 2015|title=A rare interview with an experienced Al Qaeda commander shows how the group is using ISIS to make itself look 'moderate'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/a-rare-interview-with-an-experienced-al-qaeda-commander-shows-how-the-group-is-using-isis-to-make-itself-look-moderate-2015-10|newspaper=Business Insider|location=|accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=The Al Nusrah Front’s ‘inherited jihad’|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/inheritedjihad.php|work=Long War Journal|date=5 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=Officials from Al Nusrah Front, Ahrar al Sham vow to continue fight against Islamic State|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/officials-from-al-nusrah-front-ahrar-al-sham-vow-to-continue-fight-against-islamic-state.php|work=Long War Journal|date=20 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|date=<!-- 7:36 AM --> 9 Feb 2015|title=Al Qaeda Uses ISIS to Try to Present Itself as Respectable, Even Moderate|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/blogs/al-qaeda-uses-isis-try-present-itself-respectable-even-moderate_845194.html|newspaper=The Weekly Standard}}</ref> Al-Nusra mengkritik penerapan syariah yang terlalu cepat oleh NIIS karena malah mengusir banyak orang. Al-Nusra justru memilih pendekatan bertahap a la al-Qaeda dengan mempersiapkan masyarakat untuk menerimanya lewat pendidikan sebelum melaksanakan aspek-aspek hudud dalam syariah seperti melempar kaum homoseksual dari atas bangunan, memotong tangan, dan rajam.<ref name="Joscelyn"/> Nusra dan ISIL sama-sama menolak aliran [[Druze]]. Perbedaannya adalah Nusra tampaknya lebih puas menghancurkan tempat-tempat ibadah Druze dan memperkenalkan aliran Sunni ke umat Druze, sedangkan NIIS ingin melenyapkan umat Druze seperti yang mereka lakukan terhadap kaum Yazidi.<ref>{{cite web |first=Waleed |last=Rikab |url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-plight-of-syrias-druze-minority-and-u-s-options/ |title=The Plight of Syria's Druze Minority and U.S. Options |work=Syria Comment |date=9 September 2015}}</ref>
Ayman al-Zawahiri meminta konsultasi (syura) dengan "cara-cara nabawi" saat hendak mendirikan kekhalifahan. Ia mengkritik Baghdadi karena tidak mengikuti cara resmi. Ia juga meminta anggota NIIS bergabung dengan al-Qaeda untuk berjuang melawan Assad, Syi'ah, Rusia, Eropa, dan Amerika Serikat dan menghentikan perselisihan antara sesama kelompok jihadis. Ia meminta para jihadis untuk mendirikan negara Islam di Mesir dan Syam, pelan-pelan menerapkan hukum syariah sebelum mendirikan kekhalifahan, dan melakukan serangan besar terhadap Amerika Serikat dan BArat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joscelyn|first=Thomas|title=Al Qaeda chief calls for jihadist unity to ‘liberate Jerusalem’|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/11/al-qaedas-chief-calls-for-unity-to-liberate-jerusalem.php|work=Long War Journal|date=2 November 2015}}</ref>
Kelompok [[Jaysh al-Islam]] di [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]] mengkritik NIIS dengan alasan, "Mereka membunuh umat Islam dan membiarkan para pemuja berhala" dan "mereka memanfaatkan ayat-ayat tentang orang kafir dan menggunakannya terhadap sesama Muslim".<ref>{{cite av media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6akQmuYyAT0 |title=Uncover the Mask with Evidence and Confidence كشف القناع بالحجة ولإقناع داعش |date=8 March 2015 |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=4 August 2015}}</ref> Kritik utama yang dilontarkan para desertir NIIS adalah NIIS memerangi dan membunuhi sesama Muslim Sunni,<ref>{{cite news|title=Number of ISIS defectors growing, disillusioned with killing fellow Muslims: Study|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/number-of-isis-defectors-growing-disillusioned-with-killing-fellow-muslims-study|work=The Straits Times|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=21 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084826/http://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/number-of-isis-defectors-growing-disillusioned-with-killing-fellow-muslims-study|archivedate=25 September 2015|location=London}}</ref> jadi bukan non-Sunni saja yang menjadi korban kekerasan NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Neumann|first=Peter R.|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/21/opinions/isis-defectors-neumann-amanpour/index.html?sr=fb092115isisdefectors0942aaStoryGalLink|title=Defectors: ISIS is killing Muslims, not protecting them|work=CNN|date=22 September 2015|accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robins-Early |first=Nick |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/isis-defectors-report_560006a4e4b08820d919404d?ncid=tweetlnkushpmg00000017 |title=New Report Reveals Why Fighters Are Quitting ISIS |work=The Huffington Post |date=21 September 2015 |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> Akan tetapi, sejumlah desertir NIIS merupakan mata-mata dan agen yang masih bekerja untuk NIIS dan memalsukan desersi mereka.<!-- <ref>{{cite web |title=A ‘disgraceful reality’: Islamic State spies posing as defectors |date=5 November 2015 |website=Syria Direct |url=http://syriadirect.org/news/a-%E2%80%98disgraceful-reality%E2%80%99-islamic-state-spies-posing-as-defectors/}}</ref> -->
[[Imam Besar al-Azhar]] dan mantan presiden [[Universitas al-Azhar]], [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]], mengutuk keras Negara Islam Irak dan Syam karena bertindak "dengan alasan agama suci dan menggunakan nama 'Negara Islam' untuk menyebarkan ajaran Islam mereka yang keliru".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/|work=Al Arabiya|title=Head of Egypt’s al-Azhar condemns ISIS ‘barbarity’|date=3 December 2014|access-date=2016-01-03|archive-date=2015-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006222834/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2014/12/article55339431/egypts-al-azhar-stops-short-of-declaring-isis-apostates|first=Asharq|last=Al-Awsat|title=Egypt’s Al-Azhar stops short of declaring ISIS apostates - Azhar statement rejects practice of takfirism|work=Asharq Al Awsat|date=13 December 2014|access-date=2016-01-03|archive-date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706183507/http://www.aawsat.net/2014/12/article55339431/egypts-al-azhar-stops-short-of-declaring-isis-apostates|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ia mengutip [[Quran]]: "Hukuman bagi mereka yang berperang melawan Tuhan dan Nabinya dan mereka yang berusaha menyebarkan kerusakana di muka Bumi adalah kematian, penggantungan, pemotongan tangan dan kaki di bagian tubuh berbeda, atau pengusiran dari tempat tinggalnya. Ini merupakan hukuman bagi mereka di dunia, dan mereka akan mendapatkan hukuman berat di akhirat." Meski El-Tayeb dikritik karena tidak menganggap Negara Islam melakukan bidah,<ref name=AhramRenewal>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10157/17/In-search-of-%E2%80%98renewal%E2%80%99.aspx|work=Al Ahram Weekly|title=In search of ‘renewal’ - Al-Azhar is at the centre of an escalating controversy|first=Amany|last=Maged|date=15 January 2015|access-date=2016-01-03|archive-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915041756/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/10157/17/In-search-of-%E2%80%98renewal%E2%80%99.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/azhar-egypt-radicals-islamic-state-apostates.html|work=Al-Monitor|title=Al-Azhar refuses to consider the Islamic State an apostate|first=Ahmed|last=Fouad|quote=The sheikh of Al-Azhar, Ahmed al-Tayeb, repeated his rejection of declaring IS apostates on 1 Jan, during a meeting with editors-in-chief of Egyptian newspapers. This sparked criticism from a number of religious, political and media parties, especially since Al-Azhar could have renounced the Nigerian mufti’s statement on IS without addressing the issue of whether or not Al-Azhar considers the group apostates}}</ref> [[teologi Islam|mazhab]] [[Ash'ari]] yang diikuti El-Tayeb tidak membolehkan mencap [[murtad]] seseorang yang mengucapkan kalimat [[syahadat]].<ref name=AhramRenewal/> El-Tayeb sangat menolak praktik [[takfirisme]] (mencap murtad seorang Muslim) yang dilakukan Negara Islam untuk "menghakimi dan menuduh siapapun yang tidak mengikuti aliran mereka sebagai orang murtad dan melenceng dari ajaran mereka". Ia juga mengkritik NIIS karena mendeklarasikan "[[Jihad]] terhadap Muslim damai" berlandaskan "penafsiran ayat-ayat Quran yang melenceng, Sunnah nabi, dan pandangan sejumlah Imam yang salah meyakini bahwa mereka adalah pemimpin pasukan Muslim melawan bangsa kafir di tanah kafir."<ref name=MWL>{{cite web |url=http://en.themwl.org/sheikh-al-azhar-speech-opening-conference |website=Muslim World League |title=Sheikh Al-Azhar Speech in opening of conference |date=22 February 2015 |access-date=2016-01-03 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055307/http://en.themwl.org/sheikh-al-azhar-speech-opening-conference |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
[[Mehdi Hasan]], seorang wartawan politik Britania Raya, menyatakan di ''New Statesman'',
{{quote|Baik Sunni atau Syi'ah, Salafi atau Sufi, konservatif atau liberal, Muslim – dan pemuka agama Islam – hampir seluruhnya mengutuk dan menolak NIIS karena tidak Islami dan sangat anti-Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/03/mehdi-hasan-how-islamic-islamic-state|title=How Islamic is Islamic State?|last=Hasan|first=Mehdi|work=New Statesman|date=10 March 2015|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref>}}
Hassan Hassan, seorang analis di Delma Institute, menulis di ''[[The Guardian]]'' bahwa karena Negara Islam "mendasarkan ajaran-ajarannya pada teks agama yang tidak ingin ditangani oleh pemuka agama Islam arus utama, para anggota baru yang meninggalkan kamp pelatihan [NIIS] merasa telah menemukan ajaran Islam yang sejati".<ref name="guardian-traincamp"/> Pada pertengahan Februari 2015, [[Graeme C.A. Wood|Graeme Wood]], seorang pengajar ilmu politik di Universitas Yale, mengatakan di ''The Atlantic'' bahwa, "Agama yang di diajarkan oleh para pengikutnya yang setia berasal dari penafsiran Islam yang sangat utuh dan cermat."<ref name="what-isis-really-wants">{{cite news|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/|title=What ISIS Really Wants|date=15 February 2015|accessdate=19 February 2015|work=The Atlantic|last=Wood|first=Graeme}}</ref>
=== Kritik dari dunia internasional ===
NIIS mendapat kritik dari dunia internasional karena pandangan ekstremnya, termasuk pemerintahan dan organisasi internasional seperti [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] dan [[Amnesty International]]. Pada tanggal 24 September 2014, [[Sekretaris Jenderal Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Ban Ki-Moon]] menyatakan: "Seperti yang telah dikatakan oleh para pemuka agama Islam di seluruh dunia, kelompok-kelompok seperti NIIS, atau Da'isy, tidak ada hubungannya dengan [[Islam]], dan mereka jelas-jelas bukan negara. Mereka lebih pantas disebut '[[Non-Negara Non-Islam]]'."<ref name=BanKiMoonUnIslamic>{{cite web |author=Ban Ki-Moon |title=Secretary-General's remarks to Security Council High-Level Summit on Foreign Terrorist Fighters |url=http://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=8040 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=18 November 2014 |date=24 September 2014}}</ref> Kelompok ini dicap sebagai [[kultus]] oleh [[Steven Hassan]] dalam kolomnya di [[Huffington Post]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hassan|first1=Steven|title=ISIS Is a Cult That Uses Terrorism: A Fresh New Strategy|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steven-hassan/isis-is-a-cult-that-uses-_b_6023890.html|work=The World Post|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=10 November 2014|date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
=== Kritik terhadap nama dan deklarasi ===
Deklarasi kekhalifahan NIIS pada Juni 2014 dan penggunaan nama "Negara Islam" telah dikritik dan diabaikan oleh para pemuka agama Islam dan Islamis lainnya di dalam dan luar wilayah kekuasaannya.<ref name="Moore"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Goodenough"/><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news|title=Iraq's Baghdadi calls for 'holy war'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/iraqi-rebel-leader-calls-holy-war-201471202429388292.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=2 July 2014|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref> Dalam pidato bulan September 2014, Presiden Obama mengatakan bahwa NIIS tidak Islami karena tidak ada agama yang membenarkan pembunuhan orang tak bersalah dan tak satu negara pun yang [[pengakuan diplomatik|mengakui]] eksistensi kelompok ini sebagai sebuah negara,<ref name="potus-statement"/> sedangkan banyak pihak yang keberatan dengan nama "Negara Islam" karena klaim kekuasaan agama dan politiknya dalam nama tersebut terlalu besar. [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]], Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Turki, Australia, Rusia, Britania Raya,<ref name="un.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2178%20(2014) |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="ottawacitizen.com">{{cite news|first=David|last=Pugliese|url=http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/details-about-the-canadian-governments-motion-about-going-to-war-against-isil|title=Details about the Canadian government's motion about going to war against ISIL|work=Ottawa Citizen|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/australia-says-ready-strike-isil-iraq-201410344429911502.html|title=Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="potus-statement">{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/10/statement-president-isil-1 |title=Statement by the President on ISIL |publisher=White House |accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="aa.com.tr">{{cite web |url=http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/397771--turkish-govt-files-motion-to-parliament-to-fight-isil |title=Turkish government files motion to Parliament to fight ISIL |publisher=Andalou Agency |accessdate=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="presstv.ir">{{cite news|title=Russia urges Iran's participation in anti-ISIL battle|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/28/380328/russia-urges-iran-role-against-isil/|publisher=Press TV|accessdate=21 November 2014|date=28 September 2014|archive-date=2014-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012093942/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/09/28/380328/russia-urges-iran-role-against-isil/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="gov.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/isil-uk-government-response |title=ISIL: UK government response |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |date=13 October 2014}}</ref> dan sejumlah negara lain menyebut kelompok ini "NIIS" atau "ISIL", sedangkan sebagian besar negara Arab menggunakan akronim "Dāʻisy" dalam bahasa Arab. Menteri Luar Negeri Prancis Laurent Fabius mengatakan, "Ini adalah kelompok teroris, bukan negara. Saya tidak menyarankan nama Negara Islam karena nama tersebut mengaburkan batas antara Islam, Muslim, dan Islamis. Orang Arab memakai nama 'Daesh' dan saya akan menyebut mereka 'Daesh si pemotong leher.'"<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/09/17/france-is-ditching-the-islamic-state-name-and-replacing-it-with-a-label-the-group-hates/|title=France is ditching the 'Islamic State' name—and replacing it with a label the group hates|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=6 October 2014|work=The Washington Post|first=Adam|last=Taylor}}</ref> Jenderal Purnawirawan John Allen, utusan Amerika Serikat untuk koalisi melawan NIIS, Letnan Jenderal James Terry, kepala operasi melawan NIIS, dan Menteri Luar Negeri John Kerry mulai beralih menggunakan nama Daesh pada Desember 2014.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=Yuhasin|title=US general rebrands Isis 'Daesh' after requests from regional partners Leader of operations against group uses alternative name – a pejorative in Arabic that rejects fighters' claims on Islam|work=The Guardian|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/19/us-general-rebrands-isis|accessdate=22 December 2014|date=19 December 2014}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Kobanê, Syria - Oct 2014.jpg|jmpl|250px|Pertempuran Kobani]]
Pada akhir Agustus 2014, badan pendidikan Islam ternama Mesir, [[Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah]], meminta agar Muslim tidak lagi menyebut kelompok ini "Negara Islam" dan beralih ke istilah "Separatis Al-Qaeda di Irak dan Suriah" atau SQIS karena memiliki "ciri-ciri yang tidak Islami".<ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Adam|title=Meet 'QSIS': A new twist in what to call the extremist group rampaging in Iraq and Syria|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/08/26/meet-qsis-a-new-twist-in-what-to-call-the-extremist-group-rampaging-in-iraq-and-syria/|date=27 August 2014|work=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Meky|first1=Shounaz|title=Egypt's Dar al-Ifta: ISIS extremists not 'Islamic State'|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/08/24/Islamic-authority-Extremists-no-Islamic-State-.html|accessdate=27 August 2014|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=24 August 2014}}</ref> Dalam pidatonya di Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa bulan September 2014, perdana Menteri Australia [[Tony Abbott]] merangkum semua keberatan terhadap penggunaan nama "Negara Islam": "Penggunaan istilah [Negara Islam] merupakan tindakan yang malah mengagung-agungkan sebuah kultus kematian; kultus kematian yang telah menyatakan perang melawan seluruh dunia dengan klaim kekhalifahannya".<ref>{{cite web |last=Vincent |first=Michael |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-25/tony-abbott-speaks-at-un-general-assembly/5767576 |title=Islamic State: PM Tony Abbott tells UN Australia's response to terrorist group will be 'utterly unflinching' |date=25 September 2014 |publisher=ABC News (Australia) |accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> Kelompok ini sangat sensitif dengan namanya. Menurut seorang saksi mata di [[Mosul]], "[NIIS] akan memotong lidah Anda apabila Anda menyebut mereka NIIS. Anda harus menyebut mereka Negara Islam."<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic State crisis: Mother fears for son at Mosul school|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29415302|accessdate=4 October 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=29 September 2014}}</ref>
Pada pertengahan Oktober 2014, perwakilan [[Islamic Society of Britain]], [[Association of British Muslims]], dan [[Association of Muslim Lawyers]] mengusulkan bahwa "Negara Tak Islami (NTI) [atau ''Un-Islamic State'' (UIS)] dapat dijadikan nama alternatif yang akurat dan adil untuk menyebut kelompok ini dan agenda-agendanya." Mereka menyatakan, "Kita perli bekerja sama dan memastikan agar kaum fanatik ini tidak termakan propaganda yang dijejalkan oleh mereka."<ref name="Un-Islamic State">{{cite news|title=Isis should be called the 'Un-Islamic State': British Muslims call on David Cameron to stop spread of extremist propaganda|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/isis-call-it-the-unislamic-state-say-muslim-groups-as-another-hostage-is-murdered-9731823.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|date=14 September 2014|location=London|work=The Independent|first=Andrew|last=Griffin}}</ref><ref name=CallThemUnislamic>{{cite news|title=Islamic State: Call Them 'Unislamic State,' Leading Muslims Plead, As Terror Group Murders David Haines|work=Huntington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/14/islamic-state-unislamic-david-haines_n_5817526.html|accessdate=13 November 2014|date=14 September 2014}}</ref> "Negara Islam" menjadi bahan olok-olok di sejumlah situs web media sosial seperti Twitter dan YouTube lewat [[tagar]], iklan perekrutan palsu, artikel berita palsu, dan video YouTube palsu.<ref name=mock>{{cite web |title=Muslims Around The World Are Making Parody Videos To Mock ISIS |url=http://countercurrentnews.com/2014/09/muslims-around-the-world-are-making-parody-videos-to-mock-isis/ |publisher=Countercurrent News |accessdate=6 October 2014 |date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
=== Teori konspirasi ===
[[Teori konspirasi di dunia Arab|Teori konspirasi]] di dunia Arab menyatakan bahwa Amerika Serikat diam-diam merupakan dalang pembentukan dan penguatan NIIS sebagai bagian dari upaya destabilisasi Timur Tengah. Setelah rumor tersebut menyebar, kedutaan besar Amerika Serikat di Lebanon mengeluarkan pernyataan resmi yang membantah tuduhan tersebut dan menyatakan klaim tersebut mengada-ada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28745990|title=The US, IS and the conspiracy theory sweeping Lebanon|work=BBC News|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Rumor tersebut mengklaim bahwa pemimpin NIIS al-Baghdadi adalah agen [[Mossad]] dan aktor Israel bernama Elliot dan dokumen [[NSA]] yang dibocorkan [[Edward Snowden]] mengungkapkan hubungan tersebut. Pengacara Snowden menyebut cerita tersebut "kabar burung semata".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hassan|first1=Mehdi|title=Inside jobs and Israeli stooges: why is the Muslim world in thrall to conspiracy theories?|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/09/inside-jobs-and-israeli-stooges-why-muslim-world-thrall-conspiracy-theories|accessdate=29 September 2014|work=New Statesman|date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
Menurut ''The New York Times'', banyak orang di Timur Tengah yang percaya bahwa persekongkolan antara Amerika Serikat, Israel, dan Arab Saudi bertanggung jawab atas terbentuknya NIIS. Berbagai badan berita di Mesir, Tunisia, Palestina, Yordania, dan Lebanon menerbitkan laporan teori konspirasi ini.<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Mackey|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/27/world/middleeast/isis-conspiracy-theories-include-a-purported-american-plot.html|title=Borne by Facebook, Conspiracy Theory That U.S. Created ISIS Spreads Across Middle East|work=The New York Times|date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=ordinaryiranians>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/world/middleeast/isis-many-in-iran-believe-is-an-american-invention.html|title=For Many Iranians, the ‘Evidence’ Is Clear: ISIS Is an American Invention|work=The New York Times|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=27 May 2015|first=Thomas|last=Erdbrink}}</ref>
== Negara dan kelompok penentang NIIS ==
[[File:CountriesAgainstIS.svg|600px|jmpl|pus|Peta negara penentang NIIS
<br>Biru - [[:en:Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve|Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve]]
<br>Hijau - Negara penentang lainnya
<br>Merah - Wilayah kekuasaan NIIS]]
Klaim wilayah NIIS membuat kelompok ini terseret ke dalam konflik bersenjata dengan pemerintah, milisi, dan kelompok bersenjata lainnya. Penolakan internasional terhadap NIIS beserta klaim pendiriannya menyeret kelompok ini ke dalam konflik melawan berbagai negara di seluruh dunia.
=== Penolakan di Asia dan Afrika ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 | Irak dan Syam !! Afrika !! Asia lainnya
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: silver; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" |
|-
{{col-4}}
Penentang di Irak
{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Irak]]
* {{flagicon image|Iraqi Ground Forces Flag.svg}} [[Angkatan Darat Irak]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Iraqi Air Force.svg}} [[Angkatan Udara Irak]]
* {{flagicon image|Special Operations Iraq Flag.svg}} [[Pasukan Operasi Khusus Irak|Pasukan Operasi Khusus]]
* {{flagicon image|Iraqi Federal Police Flag.svg|border}} [[Kepolisian Irak]]
{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdistan Irak]]
* {{flagicon image|Roj.png|border=no}} [[Peshmerga]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of HPŞ.svg}} [[Pasukan Pelindung Sinjar]] (HPŞ)<ref name="yazidi"/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Komalên Kurdistan.svg}} [[Koma Civakên Kurdistan]]
* {{flagicon image|HPG Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Pasukan Pertahanan Rakyat]] ([[Partai Pekerja Kurdistan|PKK]])<ref>{{cite news|first=Alia|last=Malek|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=17 October 2014|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/17/pkk-s-rise-in-iraqikurdistan.html|title=After repelling ISIL, PKK fighters are the new heroes of Kurdistan|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Beck|work=VICE News|date=22 August 2014|url=https://news.vice.com/article/meet-the-pkk-terrorists-battling-the-islamic-state-on-the-frontlines-of-iraq|title=Meet the PKK 'Terrorists' Battling the Islamic State on the Frontlines of Iraq|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of YJA-Star.svg|border=no}} [[Satuan Wanita Bebas]] (PKK)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of YBŞ.svg|border=no}}[[Satuan Pemberontak Sinjar]] (YBŞ)<ref name="yazidi">{{cite news|url=http://ezidipress.com/blog/is-terror-in-shingal-wer-kaempft-gegen-wen-ein-ueberblick/|work=Ezidi Press|title=IS-Terror in Shingal: Wer kämpft gegen wen? Ein Überblick|trans-title=Who is fighting against whom? An overview|language=German|date=13 October 2014}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Popular Mobilization Forces (Iraq) logo.jpg}} [[Pasukan Mobilisasi Rakyat (Irak)|Pasukan Mobilisasi Rakyat]]
* {{flagicon image|Badr Organisation Military flag.svg}} [[Organisasi Badr]]
* [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]]
* [[Pejuang Perdamaian]]
* {{flagicon image|Kata'ib Hezbollah flag.svg}} [[Kata'ib Hizbullah]]
* [[Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada]]
* [[Kata'ib al-Imam Ali]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces.svg}} [[Pasukan Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg}} [[Front Turkmen Irak]]<ref>{{cite news|title=In Pictures: Tension in Kirkuk|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/06/pictures-tension-kirkuk-201461812214954256.html|accessdate=18 July 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
{{flagicon image|Shabak Flag.jpg}} [[Milisi Shabak]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Shabak Community forms military force of 1500 fighters to fight ISIS in Nineveh|url=http://www.iraqinews.com/baghdad-politics/shabak-community-forms-military-force-of-1-00-fighters-to-fight-isil-in-nineveh/|accessdate=2 January 2015|work=IraqiNews|date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
Penentang lain di Syam<br>
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hizbullah]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Mortada |first=Radwan |title=Hezbollah fighters and the "jihadis": Mad, drugged, homicidal, and hungry |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry |work=Al Akhbar |date=19 May 2014 |accessdate=9 June 2014 |archive-date=2014-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707040428/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/hezbollah-fighters-and-jihadis-mad-drugged-homicidal-and-hungry |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
{{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/11011833/Islamic-State-seizes-territory-inside-Lebanon.html|title=Islamic State seizes territory inside Lebanon|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=4 August 2014|location=London|first1=Carol|last1=Malouf|first2=Richard|last2=Spencer}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Lebanesearmyofficialflag.png -->}} [[Angkatan Darat Lebanon]]
* {{flagicon image|Lebanese ISF Logo.jpg}} [[Pasukan Keamanan Dalam Negeri]]
{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Yordania]]<ref name="auto3">{{cite news|title=Jordan confirms its planes joined strikes on IS in Syria|url=http://jordantimes.com/jordan-confirms-its-planes-joined-strikes-on-is-in-syria|accessdate=23 September 2014|work=The Jordan Times}}</ref>
{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Turki]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/turkish-army-hits-isil-syria-shooting-150723140621321.html|title=Turkish army trades fire with ISIL fighters in Syria|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
{{col-4}}
Penentang di Suriah<br>
{{flagicon|Syria}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Karam|first=Zeina|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-conflict-president-assad-finally-turns-on-isis-as-government-steps-up-campaign-against-militant-strongholds-9679480.html|title=Syria conflict: President Assad finally turns on Isis as government steps up campaign against militant strongholds|date=19 August 2014|website=The Independent|location=London}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Syrian Arab Army Flag.svg}} [[Angkatan Darat Suriah]]
* {{flagicon image|Syrian Air Force Flag.svg}} [[Angkatan Udara Arab Suriah|Angkatan Udara Suriah]]
{{flagicon image|Flag of the National Defense Force.svg}} [[Pasukan Pertahanan Nasional (Suriah)|Pasukan Pertahanan Nasional]]
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ba'ath_Party.svg}} [[Brigade Ba'ath]]
{{flagicon image|Syrian_Resistance_Flag.svg}} [[Pemberontak Suriah]]
{{flagicon image|PFLP-GC_Flag.svg}} [[Front Rakyat untuk Pembebasan Palestina – Komando Umum]]
[[Pasukan Pembebasan Palestina]]
[[Fatah al-Intifada]]
[[Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas]]
{{flagicon|Syria|1932}} [[Oposisi Suriah]]<ref name="ni22april">{{cite web |last1=Mulcaire |first1=Jack |title=Aleppo: Syria's Stalingrad? |url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/aleppo-syrias-stalingrad-10320 |date=22 April 2014 |accessdate=29 April 2014 |work=The National Interest}}</ref><ref name=underattack/><ref name="ara13may">{{cite news|last=Muslim|first=Hana|url=http://aranews.net/2014/05/syria-rebels-struggle-for-control-over-isil-held-raqqa-2/|title=Syria rebels struggle for control over ISIL-held Raqqa|date=13 May 2014|publisher=ARA News|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Free_syrian_army_coat_of_arms.svg -->}} [[Tentara Suriah Bebas]]<ref name=underattack>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25606370|title=Al-Qaeda-linked Isis under attack in northern Syria|publisher=BBC|date=4 January 2014|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Logo of the Islamic Front (Syria).svg}} [[Front Islam (Suriah)|Front Islam]]
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Army of Mujahedeen logo.png -->}} [[Pasukan Mujahidin]]
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union Logo.jpg -->}} [[Persatuan Islami Ajnad al-Sham|Persatuan Islami Tentara-Tentara Syam]]
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Sham Legion Logo.jpeg -->}} [[Legiun Syam]]
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Alwiya al-Furqan Logo.png -->}} [[Alwiya al-Furqan|Brigade Furqan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/May-19/256938-islamist-militias-unite-under-code-of-honor.ashx |title=Islamist militias unite under ‘code of honor’ |work=The Daily Star |date=19 May 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Turkmens.svg}} [[Brigade Turkmen Suriah]]
{{flagicon|Kurdistan Suriah}} [[Kurdistan Suriah]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed|first=Raman|url=http://aranews.net/2014/07/isil-struggles-control-syrian-kurdish-areas/|title=ISIL struggles for control over Syrian Kurdish areas|agency=ARA News|date=8 July 2014|accessdate=9 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130051/http://aranews.net/2014/07/isil-struggles-control-syrian-kurdish-areas/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|People's Protection Units Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Satuan Perlindungan Rakyat]] (YPG)
* {{flagicon image|YPJ Flag.svg|border=no}} [[Satuan Perlindungan Wanita]] (YPJ)
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Logo of the Syriac Military Council.jpg -->}} [[Dewan Militer Suriah]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.syriacsnews.com/presence-mfs-border-iraq/|title=Presence of the MFS at the border of Iraq|publisher=Syriac International News Agency|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Logo of the Sutoro Syriac Police.jpg -->}} [[Sutoro]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Steinbach |first1=Peter |title=Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht |url=http://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article121122500/Die-Christen-in-Syrien-ziehen-in-die-S.htmchlachtl |website=Die Welt |accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>
* Gerilya lokal<ref>{{cite news|last1=Duell|first1=Mark|title=Now ISIS is under attack from guerrillas itself: Ultra-secret White Shroud group strike fear into terrorists by picking off fighters one by one|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2791307/now-isis-attack-guerrillas-ultra-secret-white-shroud-group-strike-fear-terrorists-picking-fighters-one-one.html|accessdate=14 October 2014|work=Daily Mail|date=14 October 2014|location=London}}</ref>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda.svg}} [[al-Qaeda]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg|size=23px}} [[Front al-Nusra]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|title=ISIL, Nusra Clash Fiercely on Qalmoun Barrens: 25 Killed, Injured|url=http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?fromval=1&cid=23&frid=23&eid=186129|accessdate=18 December 2014|agency=[[Al-Manar|Al-Manar News]]|date=17 December 2014}}</ref> <small>with localised truces and co-operation at times</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-newshub.com/politics/isis-and-al-nusra-cooperation-a-possible-sign-of-desperation|work=The News Hub|title=ISIS and Al-Nusra Cooperation: A Possible Sign of Desperation|date=22 November 2014|accessdate=22 September 2015|archive-date=2016-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055306/https://www.the-newshub.com/politics/isis-and-al-nusra-cooperation-a-possible-sign-of-desperation|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{col-4}}
Penentang di [[Afrika Utara]]
{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Mesir]]<ref name=beastEygpt>{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Joscelyn |title=Murder Vids Help ISIS Lure More Monsters |work=The Daily Beast |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/16/kassig-video-a-recruitment-tool-for-isis.html |date=15 November 2014 |accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Egypt|air force}} [[Angkatan Udara Mesir]]
* [[Pasukan Penerjunan Cepat (Mesir)|Pasukan Penerjunan Cepat Mesir]]
{{flagicon|Libya}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Libya]]
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Libyan Air Force.svg}} [[Angkatan Udara Libya]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/18/world/isis-libya/|title=ISIS comes to Libya|first1=Paul|last1=Cruickshank|first2=Nic|last2=Robertson|first3=Tim|last3=Lister|first4=Jomana|last4=Karadsheh|date=18 November 2014|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Seal of the Libyan Ground Forces.svg|border=no}} [[Angkatan Darat Libya]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/04/27/two-lna-soldiers-killed-as-is-attacks-checkpoint/|title=Two Libyan National Forces Killed as IS attacks checkpoint|date=27 April 2015|work=Libya Herald}}</ref>
[[Brigade Syahid Abu Salim]] (milisi Libya)<ref>{{cite web |first=Aaron Y. |last=Zelin |date=10 October 2014 |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-islamic-states-first-colony-in-libya |title=The Islamic State's First Colony in Libya |website=washingtoninstitute.org/ |publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy}}</ref>
[[Fajr Libya militia|Batalyon Fajr Libya]] (milisi Libya)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://article.wn.com/view/2015/04/25/Libya_ISIS_Crisis_Libyan_Militias_Fight_Islamic_State_With_A/ |title=Libya ISIS Crisis Libyan Militias Fight Islamic State With Airstrikes Official Says |work=World News |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref>
{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Aljazair]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/23/world/africa/algeria-militant-leader/index.html?hpt=wo_c2|title=Algeria: Leader of group that beheaded French hiker is killed|accessdate=1 January 2015|date=23 December 2014|publisher=CNN|last1=Deaton|first1=Jennifer Z.|last2=Hanna|first2=Jason}}</ref>
Penentang di [[Afrika Barat]]
{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Nigeria]]<ref name="sunnewsonline.com">{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=85939|title=Jonathan tasks Defence, Foreign Ministers of Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Niger, Benin on Boko Haram's defeat|publisher=sunnewsonline.com}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Niger}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Niger]]<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/17/west-african-countries-must-unite-fight-boko-haram-nigeria|title=African leaders pledge 'total war' on Boko Haram after Nigeria kidnap|first=Martin|last=Williams|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 May 2014}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Chad}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Chad]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/chad-sending-troops-to-help-cameroon-fight-boko-haram/2600762.html|title=Chadian Forces Deploy Against Boko Haram|publisher=VOA|date=16 January 2015|accessdate=16 January 2015}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Kamerun]]<ref name="theguardian.com"/><br>
{{flagicon|Benin}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Benin]]<ref name="theguardian.com"/>
{{col-4}}
Penentang di [[Jazirah Arab]]
{{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Yaman]]<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda"/><br>
{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[:en:Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia|Angkatan Bersenjata Arab Saudi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/23/us-syria-crisis-saudi-idUSKCN0HI1Y120140923|title=Saudi Arabia confirms role in strikes against Islamic State in Syria|agency=Reuters|date=September 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2015-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122233614/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/23/us-syria-crisis-saudi-idUSKCN0HI1Y120140923|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Pasukan Pertahanan Bahrain]]{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}<br>
{{flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Kuwait]]{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}<br>
{{flagicon|Oman}} [[:en:Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces|Angkatan Bersenjata Sultan Oman]]{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}<br>
{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[:en:Armed Forces of the UAE|Pasukan Pertahanan Uni Emirat Arab (UEA)]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/02/10/UAE-fighter-planes-bomb-ISIS-targets-and-return-to-their-bases-in-Jordan.html|title=UAE fighter planes bomb ISIS targest and return to their bases in Jordan|date=February 2015}}</ref><br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of al-Qaeda.svg}} [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]]<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda"/><br>
{{Flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Houthi]]<ref name="Houthis opposed to ISIL"/>
Penentang di [[Asia Selatan]]<br>
{{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Afganistan]]<ref name="ISIL confirmed to have presence in Afghanistan"/><br>
{{flagicon|India}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISIS-flag-in-Kashmir-valley-worries-Army/articleshow/44831687.cms|title=ISIS flag in Kashmir valley worries Army|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Taliban]]<ref name="cbsnews-southafghan"/><ref name="seattletimes-into-afghan">{{cite web |title=ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |date=12 January 2015 |accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="khaama.com">{{cite web |title=ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other |url=http://www.khaama.com/isis-taliban-announced-jihad-against-each-other-3206 |website=Khaama Press |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[:en:Pakistan Armed Forces|Angkatan Bersenjata Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jihadology.net/2015/04/28/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-targeting-the-apostate-pakistani-military-with-mortar-fire-in-the-area-of-khybir-wilayat-khurasan/ |title=New video message from The Islamic State: "Targeting the Apostate Pakistānī Military With Mortar Fire in the Area of Khybir – Wilāyat Khurāsān" |work=JIHADOLOGY |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jihadology.net/2015/04/20/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-firing-an-spg-9-cannon-upon-the-apostate-pakistani-army-in-the-area-of-khaybar-wilayat-khurasan/ |title=New video message from The Islamic State: "Firing an SPG-9 Cannon Upon the Apostate Pakistani Army in the Area of Khaybar – Wilāyat Khurāsān" |work=JIHADOLOGY |accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref>
Penentang di [[Asia Tenggara]]
<br>
{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Tentara Nasional Indonesia]]<ref name="SEAsia" >{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/more-singapore-stories/story/isis-social-media-post-cites-singapore-possible-target-2|title=ISIS social media post cites Singapore as possible target|first=Lim Yan|last=Liang|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=29 May 2015|accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Angkatan Tentara Malaysia]]<ref name="SEAsia"/><br>
{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[:en:Tatmadaw|Angkatan Bersenjata Myanmar]]<ref name="SEAsia"/><br>{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Filipina]]<ref name="sayyaf-swears-loyalty"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/international/26-Feb-2015/14-isis-militants-killed-in-philippines|title=14 ISIS militants killed in Philippines|date=26 February 2015|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|location=Lahore, Pakistan|agency=Reuters|accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 26, 2014|first1=Francisco|last1=Tuyay|first2=Sara Susanne|last2=Fabunan|first3=Florante|last3=Solmerin|first4=Macon R.|last4=Araneta|title=Govt allays ISIS threat|url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/mobile/2014/09/26/govt-allays-isis-threat|work=[[The Standard (Philippines)|The Standard]]|location=Manila, Philippines|accessdate=8 June 2015|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102334/http://manilastandardtoday.com/mobile/2014/09/26/govt-allays-isis-threat|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura]]<ref name="SEAsia"/><br>
{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Kerajaan Thailand]]<ref name="SEAsia"/>
|}
=== Koalisi Global Melawan Negara Islam Irak dan Syam ===
{{see also|Intervensi militer melawan NIIS#Koalisi internasional melawan NIIS|Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve}}
[[Berkas:Strikes in Syria and Iraq 2014-09-23.jpg|jmpl|250px|Serangan udara di Suriah tanggal 24 September 2014]]
Koalisi Global Melawan Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS), disebut juga Koalisi Kontra-NIIS atau Koalisi Kontra-DAESH,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/iraq/coalition-commanders-seek-plan-to-counter-daesh-advance-1.1398681|title=Coalition commanders seek plan to counter Daesh advance|date=14 October 2014|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Gulf News}}</ref> adalah kumpulan negara dan [[aktor non-negara]] pimpinan Amerika Serikat yang berkomitmen akan "bekerja dengan strategi bersama, multitahap, dan jangka panjang untuk menyerang dan mengalahkan NIIS/Daesh". Menurut pernyataan bersama yang dikeluarkan oleh 59 negara dan Uni Eropa tanggal 3 Desember 2014, para peserta Koalisi Kontra-NIIS berfokus pada upaya-upaya berikut ini:<ref name=Anti-ISIL>{{cite web |title=Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/12/234627.htm |date=3 December 2014 |website=State.gov |publisher=US State Department |accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>
# Membantu operasi militer, pembangunan kapasitas, dan pelatihan;
# Menghentikan arus pejuang teroris asing;
# Menghambat akses pendanaan NIIS/Daesh;
# Menangani bantuan dan krisis kemanusiaan; dan
# Mengungkap sifat sejati NIIS/Daesh (delegitimisasi ideologi).
[[Operation Inherent Resolve]] adalah nama yang diberikan oleh Amerika Serikat untuk serangkaian operasi militer terhadap NIIS dan organisasi afiliasi al-Qaeda Suriah. [[Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve]] (CJTF–OIR) adalah koordinasi militernya.
Organisasi multinasional berikut merupakan bagian dari Koalisi Kontra-NIIS:<ref name=Anti-ISIL/><br>
{{flag|Liga Arab}} — mengoordinasikan operasi negara-negara anggotanya<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/arab-league-agrees-to-take-urgent-measures-to-combat-isis/|title=Arab League issues proclamation on ISIS|date=8 September 2014|publisher=CBS/AP|accessdate=20 October 2014}}</ref><br>
{{flagu|Uni Eropa}} – menyatakan ikut serta, 27 anggota ikut serta, tidak termasuk [[Malta]];<ref name=Anti-ISIL/><br />
{{flagu|NATO}} – seluruh 28 anggotanya ikut serta;<!--verified by comparing State Dept press release with NATO member list--><br>
{{flagdeco|GCC}} [[Dewan Kerja Sama Negara-Negara Arab di Teluk]] atau GCC – seluruh enam anggota dan dua calon anggota, Yordania dan Maroko, ikut serta.<!--verified by comparing GCC list with State Dept list-->
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Operasi militer di Irak dan/atau Suriah;<br>serangan udara, bantuan udara, dan pelatihan pasukan darat !!Memasok [[peralatan militer]] untuk pasukan oposisi<br>di Irak dan/atau Suriah bekerja sama dengan UE/NATO/rekan !!Bantuan kemanusiaan dan lainnya<br>untuk target koalisi yang sudah ditandai
|-
| colspan="3" style="background: silver; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" |
|-
{{col-3}}
{{Flagdeco|NATO|}} Anggota [[NATO]]:
<!--The following list is agreed to be alphabetical after the US-->
* {{flagu|Amerika Serikat}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2">{{cite news|title=Obama Enlists 9 Allies|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/06/world/middleeast/us-and-allies-form-coalition-against-isis.html|last=Cooper|first=Helene|work=The New York Times|date=5 September 2014|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 1">{{cite news|last=Nicks|first=Denver|url=http://time.com/3273185/isis-us-nato/|title=U.S. Forms Anti-ISIS Coalition at NATO Summit|work=Time|date=5 September 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 3">{{cite news|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|title=US Forms 'core coalition' to fight ISIS militants in Iraq|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/05/us-core-coalition-fight-isis-militants-iraq-nato|work=The Guardian|date=5 September 2014|accessdate=6 September 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Belgia}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
* {{flagu|Kanada}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/> (bantuan kemanusiaan dan pelatihan Angkatan Darat Irak)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/21/trudeau-says-canada-will-withdraw-from-anti-isil-coalition.html|title=Trudeau says Canada will withdraw from anti-ISIL coalition}}</ref> <!--the review by Justin Trudeau only involves stopping airstrikes, he supports trainers on ground which leaves Canada in this section-->
* {{flagu|Denmark}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
* {{flagu|Prancis}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
* {{flagu|Jerman}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/><ref name=araminta>{{cite news|last1=Wordsworth|first1=Araminta|title=Anti-ISIS coalition has mobilized up to 62 nations and groups|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/09/26/mobilizing-the-world-up-to-62-nations-and-groups-have-joined-coalition-against-isis/|accessdate=28 September 2014|work=National Post|date=26 September 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Italia}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
* {{flagu|Belanda}}<ref name="uk.reuters.com">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/08/15/uk-iraq-security-britain-idUKKBN0GF0L120140815|title=Britain ready to supply Kurds with arms|agency=Reuters|accessdate=18 August 2014|first=Sarah|last=Young|date=15 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102844/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/08/15/uk-iraq-security-britain-idUKKBN0GF0L120140815|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Norway}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnp.no/norway/panorama/4613-norway-is-officially-part-of-the-military-coalition-against-isis |title=Norway is Officially Part of the Military Coalition against ISIS |first=Vedat |last=Sevincer |date=19 September 2014 |work=The Nordic Page}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Portugal}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publico.pt/politica/noticia/portugal-treina-militares-iraquianos-contra-o-estado-islamico-1679224?page=1 |title=Portugal treina militares iraquianos contra o Estado Islâmico |first=Nuno |last=Ribeiro |work=PÚBLICO}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Spanyol}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/10/09/actualidad/1412867011_131222.html|work=El País|title=España enviará unos 300 militares a Irak para instruir a su Ejército|date=9 October 2014|accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Turki}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/><ref name=WBTurkeyGround>{{cite web |title=Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against ISIL |url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/world/149002/turkey-trains-kurdish-peshmerga-forces-in-fight-against-isil |website=world bulletin.net |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=wt3001>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/30/turkey-launches-air-strike-on-al-qaida-convoy-in-n-syria/ |title=Turkey launches air strike on Al Qaida convoy in N. Syria |work=World Tribune |access-date=2015-12-25 |archive-date=2015-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308201059/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/30/turkey-launches-air-strike-on-al-qaida-convoy-in-n-syria/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagu|Britania Raya}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/23/us-mideast-crisis-usa-airbase-idUSKCN0PX2B520150723|title=Turkey lets U.S. strike Islamic State from Incirlik base: U.S.|agency=Reuters|first=Emily|last=Stephenson|date=23 July 2015|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2015-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011212310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/23/us-mideast-crisis-usa-airbase-idUSKCN0PX2B520150723|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{flagdeco|GCC}} Anggota dan calon anggota [[CCASG]]:
* {{flagu|Bahrain}}<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Yordania}} (calon anggota CCASG)<ref name="auto3"/><ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Maroko}} (calon anggota CCASG)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/27/us/us-adds-air-power-but-isis-presents-elusive-target.html|title=U.S. Adds Planes to Bolster Drive to Wipe Out ISIS|work=The New York Times|first=Eric|last=Schmitt|date=26 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2852247/A-10-Warthogs-Reaper-drones-called-blast-ISIS-skies-U-S-Air-Force-s-feared-ground-attack-planes-strike-militant-targets-days.html|title=US Air Force's A-10 Warthogs and Reaper drones to blast ISIS from the skies|work=Daily Mail|location=London|date=27 November 2014}}</ref><!--F16s flying combat--><ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Arab Saudi}}<ref name="DTel"/>
* {{flagu|Uni Emirat Arab}}<ref name=araminta/>
Lainnya:
* {{flagu|Australia}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
* {{flagu|Selandia Baru}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11353573|title=John Key: Kiwi forces will help train Iraqis fight ISIS|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=16 December 2014|date=5 November 2014}}</ref> (bantuan kemanusiaan dan pelatihan Angkatan Darat Irak)<ref name=araminta/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alsharqiya.com/?p=154529 |title=نيوزيلندا تنضم الى التحالف ضد جهاديي تنظيم الدولة الاسلامية في العراق |trans-title=New Zealand join the coalition against state regulation of Islamic jihadists in Iraq |language=Arabic |publisher=al Sharqiya |access-date=2015-12-25 |archive-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119055307/http://www.alsharqiya.com/?p=154529 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://arabic.rt.com/news/775048-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A/|title=نيوزيلاندا تشارك في تدريب الجيش العراقي|trans-title=New Zealand is involved in training the Iraqi Army|language=Arabic|date=24 February 2015|work=RT Arabic}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Singapura}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Xue|first1=Jianyue|title=Singapore to join fight against ISIS|url=http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-join-fight-against-isis|accessdate=3 November 2014|work=Today|publisher=MediaCorp Press Ltd.|date=3 November 2014}}</ref> (diumumkan)
Bagian dari koalisi anti-ISIL yang melakukan operasi militer di dalam negaranya sendiri<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Irak}}<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Lebanon}}<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Mesir}}<ref name=araminta/>
Catatan: Negara di dalam kotak ini mungkin juga memasok bantuan militer dan kemanusiaan serta berkontribusi dengan cara lain.
{{col-3}}
{{Flagdeco|NATO|}} Anggota [[NATO]] (juga anggota UE kecuali Albania):
* {{flagu|Albania}}<ref name="Besar Likmeta">{{cite news|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-starts-delivery-of-weapons-to-iraqi-kurds|title=Albania Starts Shifting Weapons to Iraqi Kurds|first=Besar|last=Likmeta|work=Balkan Insight|date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Bulgaria}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Elitsa |last=Petrova |url=http://dnes.dir.bg/news/armia-%D0%92elizar-%D0%A8alamanov-17428509?nt=4 |title=До 2020 година 1.8 млрд. лв. ще бъдат вложени в армията |trans-title=By 2020 1.8 billion Lev will be invested in the army |publisher=Dir.bg |language=Bulgarian |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Kroasia}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista: Na zahtjev SAD-a šaljemo oružje za iračku vojsku|trans-title=Croatia in the fight against the Islamists : At the request of the United States and sending weapons to the Iraqi army|language=Croatian|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatska-u-borbi-protiv-islamista-na-zahtjev-sad-a-saljemo-oruzje-za-iracku-vojsku/1214692/|newspaper=Jutarnji list|date=21 August 2014|accessdate=22 August 2014|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413041814/http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatska-u-borbi-protiv-islamista-na-zahtjev-sad-a-saljemo-oruzje-za-iracku-vojsku/1214692/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Republik Ceko}}<ref name=araminta/><ref name="uk.reuters.com"/>
* {{flagu|Estonia}}<ref name=araminta/><ref name="uk.reuters.com"/>
* {{flagu|Yunani}}<ref name="Greek Reporter">{{cite web |last=Kalmouki |first=Nikoleta |url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/09/25/greece-brings-war-against-the-islamic-state/ |title=Greece Participates in the War Against the Islamic State |date=25 September 2014 |publisher=Greek Reporter |accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Hungaria}}<ref name=araminta/><ref name="uk.reuters.com"/>
* {{flagu|Polandia}}<ref name="Anti-ISIS coalition 2"/>
{{flagu|Bosnia dan Herzegovina}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BH on Coalition List against IS Terrorists – Contributed by OSA and SIPA Efficiency|url=http://www.sipa.gov.ba/en/news/bh-on-coalition-list-against-is-terrorists-contributed-by-osa-and-sipa-efficiency/12220|accessdate=3 November 2014|publisher=SIPA|date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
Catatan: Negara di dalam kotak ini mungkin juga memasok bantuan militer dan kemanusiaan serta berkontribusi dengan cara lain.
{{col-3}}
{{Flagdeco|NATO|}} Anggota [[NATO]] (juga anggota UE kecuali Islandia):
* {{flagu|Republik Ceko}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Islandia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Latvia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Lituania}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Luksemburg}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Rumania}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Slowakia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Slovenia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
{{flagdeco|Uni Eropa}} Anggota Uni Eropa (tidak di NATO):
* {{flagu|Austria}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)
* {{flagu|Finlandia}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sadq|first1=Hoshmand|title=Seven Countries to sell weapons to Kurds|url=http://basnews.com/en/News/Details/Seven-Countries-to-sell-weapons-to-Kurds/30439|accessdate=28 September 2014|publisher=BasNews|date=14 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finlandia.org.pt/public/default.aspx?contentid=316955&nodeid=40738&contentlan=17&culture=pt-PT |title=Foreign Minister Tuomioja goes to the international Counter-ISIL Coalition meeting in Brussels |accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Irlandia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)
* {{flagu|Swedia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
{{flagdeco|GCC}} Anggota [[CCASG]]:
* {{flagu|Kuwait}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan,<ref name=araminta/> izin pemakaian pangkalan udara)
* {{flagu|Oman}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
Lainnya:
* {{flagu|Georgia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/><ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Jepang}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Korea Selatan}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/> (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Kosovo}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Makedonia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Moldova}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Montenegro}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Serbia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Somalia}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Swiss}} (bantuan kemanusiaan)<ref name=araminta/>
* {{flagu|Taiwan}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
* {{flagu|Ukraina}}<ref name=Anti-ISIL/>
|}
===Negara penentang non-Koalisi===<!--NOT part of the Global Coalition above-->
{{flagu|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Babak|last=Dehghanpisheh|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/08/03/iraq-security-iran-idINL6N0Q73ZU20140803|title=Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State|agency=Reuters|date=3 August 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2015-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102110/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/08/03/iraq-security-iran-idINL6N0Q73ZU20140803|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weaselzippers.us/189490-iran-rushes-elite-quds-force-unit-to-iraq-to-help-government-stop-isis-advance/ |title=Iran Rushes Elite Quds Force Unit To Iraq To Help Government Stop ISIS Advance |website=WeaselZippers.us |date=11 June 2014 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> – tentara darat, pelatihan, dan serangan udara (''lihat [[intervensi Iran di Irak (2014–sekarang)|intervensi Iran di Irak]]'')
{{flagu|Rusia}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexander|last=Smith|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/russia-tells-iraq-its-ready-support-fight-against-isis-n212136|title=Russia Tells Iraq It's 'Ready' to Support Fight Against ISIS|publisher=NBC News|date=26 September 2014|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nordland|first=Rod|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/world/middleeast/iraq.html|title=Russian Jets and Experts Sent to Iraq to Aid Army|date=29 June 2014|work=The New York Times|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> – pemasok senjata untuk pemerintah Irak dan Suriah. Pada Juni 2014, militer Irak menerima pesawat tempur [[Sukhoi Su-25]] dan [[Sukhoi Su-30]] untuk operasi melawan NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/news/169144-iraq-russian-jets-arrive/|title=Target ISIS: First batch of Russian fighter jets arrives in Iraq|publisher=[[RT (TV network)|RT]]|date=30 June 2014|accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref> Operasi keamanan di dalam negeri tahun 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Aug-02/309357-russia-kills-8-isis-militants-in-caucasus-raid.ashx|title=Russia 'kills 8 ISIS militants' in Caucasus raid|work=The Daily Star|agency=Agence France Presse|location=Beirut, Lebanon}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/30/l-todd-wood-russia-declares-counter-terror-ops-reg/|first=L. Todd|last=Wood|title=Russia declares counter-terror ops regime in North Caucasus|work=The Washington Times|date=30 June 2015}}</ref> Serangan udara di Suriah (lihat [[intervensi militer Rusia pada Perang Saudara Suriah]]).<ref>{{cite news|first=Christopher|last=Harress|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/russian-islamic-state-airstrikes-iraq-isis-ok-russia-target-baghdad-says-2155152|work=International Business Times|title=Russian Islamic State Airstrikes In Iraq: ISIS OK For Russia To Target, Baghdad Says|date=24 October 2015|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rt.com/news/317101-russia-isis-strikes-intelligence/|publisher=RT|title=8 ISIS targets hit during 20 combat flights in Syria – Russian military|date=30 September 2015|accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ed|last1=Payne|first2=Barbara|last2=Starr|first3=Susannah|last3=Cullinane|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/30/politics/russia-syria-airstrikes-isis/|publisher=CNN|title=Russia launches first airstrikes in Syria|date=30 September 2015|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>
{{flagu|Azerbaijan}}<ref>{{cite news|first=Giorgi|last=Lomsadze|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/70141|publisher=The Open Society Institute|work=EurasiaNet.org|title=Azerbaijan Arrests Alleged ISIS and Other Islamic Fighters|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.panorama.am/en/politics/2015/01/26/isis-azerbayjan/|work=Panorama|title=Azerbaijani media: Embassy increases security in Baku because of ISIS threatening|date=26 January 2015|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref> – operasi keamanan di dalam negeri
{{flagu|Pakistan}} – pengerahan militer di [[perbatasan Saudi–Irak|perbatasan Arab Saudi-Irak]]. Menangkap tokoh-tokoh NIIS di Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|first=C. Raja|last=Mohan|title=Nawaz Sharif in Saudi Arabia: Pakistan’s Leverage in the Gulf|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/nawaz-sharif-in-saudi-arabia-pakistans-leverage-in-the-gulf/|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Now Pakistan cares about ISIS|url=http://nypost.com/2014/10/31/now-pakistan-cares-about-isis/|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=New York Post|date=31 October 2014|first=Jamie|last=Schram}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Security forces arrest local Islamic State commander in Lahore: sources|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/825178/secuirty-forces-arrest-local-islamic-state-commander-in-lahore-sources/|accessdate=7 March 2015|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|location=Lahore, Pakistan|agency=Reuters|date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
=== Penentang non-negara lainnya ===
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[al-Qaeda]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-war-between-isis-and-al-qaeda-for-supremacy-of-the-global-jihadist|date=June 2014|accessdate=15 October 2014|publisher=Washington Institute}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg|size=23px}} [[Front al-Nusra]]<ref name="auto2"/>—lewat perjanjian dan kerja sama setempat
* {{Flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg|size=23px}} [[al-Qaeda di Jazirah Arab]]<ref name="ISIS gaining ground in Yemen, competing with al Qaeda"/>
* {{Flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg|size=23px}} [[al-Qaeda di Maghreb Islam]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Thomas|last=Joscelyn|title=Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb backs jihadists fighting Islamic State in Derna, Libya
|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/07/al-qaeda-in-the-islamic-maghreb-backs-jihadists-fighting-islamic-state-in-derna-libya.php|date=9 July 2015|accessdate=9 July 2015|work=Long War Journal}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg|size=23px}} [[Al-Shabaab (grup militan)|Al-Shabaab]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Suspected Leader of Pro-IS Al-Shabab Faction Reported Killed|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/somalia-suspected-leader-of-pro-islamic-state-al-shabab-faction-reported-killed/3069114.html|date=22 November 2015|accessdate=23 November 2015|work=Voice of America News}}</ref>
{{flagicon|Afghanistan|Taliban}} [[Taliban]]<ref name="seattletimes-into-afghan"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = ISIL and the Taliban|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2015/11/islamic-state-isil-taliban-afghanistan-151101074041755.html|website = www.aljazeera.com|accessdate = 2015-12-13|archive-date = 2015-12-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151212203317/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2015/11/islamic-state-isil-taliban-afghanistan-151101074041755.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref><br>
[[Berkas:Flag of Hamas.svg|22 px]] [[Hamas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=ISIL warns Hamas in video message|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/07/isil-warns-hamas-video-message-150701042302630.html|date=1 July 2015|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers_Party_(PKK).svg}} [[Partai Pekerja Kurdistan]]—tentara darat di Kurdistan Irak dan Kurdistan Suriah<ref name="Mohammed">{{cite web|last=Mohammed|first=A. Salih|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/09/pkk-kurdish-fight-islamic-state.html|title=PKK forces impress in fight against Islamic State|date=1 September 2014|publisher=Al-Monitor|accessdate=15 October 2014}}</ref><br>
{{flagicon image<!-- Commented out: |Pdki_logo.jpg -->}} [[Partai Demokrat Kurdistan Iran]]—tentara darat di Kurdistan Irak<ref name="Mohammed"/><br>
{{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Houthi]]—faksi Syiah di Yaman, [[Perang Saudara Yaman (2015)|memperjuangkan kekuasaan negara]]<ref name="Houthis opposed to ISIL">{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/13/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|title=Islamic State leader urges attacks in Saudi Arabia: speech|agency=Reuters|date=13 November 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101238/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi/islamic-state-leader-urges-attacks-in-saudi-arabia-speech-idUSKCN0IX1Y120141113|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== Al-Qaeda ===
[[Front Al-Nusra]] adalah cabang al-Qaeda yang beroperasi di Suriah. Al-Nusra melancarkan serangkaian serangan dan [[daftar pengeboman pada Perang Saudara Suriah|pengeboman]], kebanyakan di antaranya terhadap target-target yang terkait dengan atau mendukung pemerintah Suriah.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Roggio|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/06/suicide_bombers_kill_14_in_dam.php|title=Suicide bombers kill 14 in Damascus|work=Long War Journal|date=11 June 2013|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref> Media melaporkan bahwa banyak pejuang asing al-Nusra yang beralih ke NIIS pimpinan al-Baghdadi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10067318/Syria-Jabhat-al-Nusra-split-after-leaders-pledge-of-support-for-al-Qaeda.html|title=Syria: Jabhat al-Nusra split after leader's pledge of support for al-Qaeda|work=The Telegraph|date=19 May 2013|location=London|first=Richard|last=Spencer}}</ref>
Pada bulan Februari 2014, setelah berlarutnya ketegangan, al-Qaeda secara terbuka memutuskan segala hubungan dengan NIIS,<ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd" /> namun ISIL dan Front al-Nusra kadang-kadang masih bisa bekerja sama dengan satu sama lain saat berperang melawan pemerintah Suriah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/jabhat-al-nusra-isis-alliance-could-spread-beyond-damascus-1877819|title=Jabhat Al-Nusra And ISIS Alliance Could Spread Beyond Damascus|first=Erin|last=Banco|newspaper=International Business Times|date=11 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Eugenio|last=Lilli|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230622/How-would-a-deal-between-al-Qaeda-and-Isil-change-Syrias-civil-war.html|title=How would a deal between al-Qaeda and Isil change Syria's civil war?|work=The Telegraph|location=London|date=14 November 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2015-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231193929/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11230622/How-would-a-deal-between-al-Qaeda-and-Isil-change-Syrias-civil-war.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mitchell|last=Prothero|url=http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/04/6207631/isis-joins-other-rebels-to-thwart.html|title=ISIS joins other rebels to thwart Syria regime push near Lebanon|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|publisher=McClatchy|date=4 March 2014|access-date=2015-12-25|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006094834/http://www.sacbee.com/2014/03/04/6207631/isis-joins-other-rebels-to-thwart.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{quote|text=Kedua kelompok ini memiliki pandangan dunia yang nihilistik, menolak modernitas dan Barat. Mereka mengikuti penafsiran Islam garis keras. Kesamaan lainnya adalah kegemaran melakukan serangan bunuh diri serta pemanfaatan Internet dan media sosial dengan sangat baik. Seperti NIIS, beberapa cabang al-Qaeda lebih tertarik merebut dan menguasai wilayah; AQAP kurang berhasil dalam hal ini. Perbedaan utama antara al-Qaeda dan NIIS lebih bersifat politis—dan personal. Dalam satu dasawarsa terakhir, al-Qaeda sudah dua kali mengakui NIIS (dan organisasi pendahulunya) sebagai teman seperjuangan.|author=[[Bobby Ghosh]]|source="ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror’s frenemies", ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]''<ref>{{cite news|first=Bobby|last=Ghosh|url=http://qz.com/324909/isil-and-al-qaeda-terrors-frenemies/|title=ISIL and Al Qaeda: Terror’s frenemies|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|publisher=Atlantic Media|date=12 January 2015}}</ref>}}
Pada tanggal 10 September 2015, pemimpin al-Qaeda [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]] merilis pesan suara yang isinya mengkritik klaim kekhalifahan NIIS dan menuduh NIIS melakukan "pemberontakan [terhadap al-Qaeda]". Sejumlah media menyebut pesan tersebut sebagai "pernyataan perang".<ref>{{cite news|first=James Gordon|last=Meek|title=Al Qaeda Leader Al-Zawahiri Declares War on ISIS 'Caliph' Al-Baghdadi|url=http://news.yahoo.com/al-qaeda-leader-al-zawahiri-declares-war-isis-151231254--abc-news-topstories.html|work=Yahoo!|agency=ABC News|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> Akan tetapi, meski al-Zawahiri menolak legitimasi NIIS, ia mengakui masih ada kesempatan kerja sama untuk melawan musuh bersama dan mengatakan bahwa apabila ia berada di Irak, ia akan berperang bersama NIIS.<ref>{{cite news|first=Omar|last=Fahmy|date=9 September 2015|title=Al Qaeda calls Islamic State illegitimate but suggests cooperation|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/09/us-mideast-zawahri-idUSKCN0R91LY20150909|agency=Reuters|accessdate=11 September 2015|archive-date=2015-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123012718/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/09/us-mideast-zawahri-idUSKCN0R91LY20150909|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
{{anchor|Timeline}}
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Misi penyelamatan Amerika Serikat di Syria 2014]]
* [[Operasi Inherent Resolve]]
* [[Daftar kelompok bersenjata pada Perang Saudara Suriah]]
* [[Daftar perang dan pertempuran melibatkan NIIS]]
* ''[[Management of Savagery]]''
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Daftar pustaka ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Bowering|2013}}
|title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|editor=Gerhard Böwering|url={{Google books|q1I0pcrFFSUC|plainurl=y}}|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|date = 2013|isbn=978-0-691-13484-0}}
* {{Cite book|last = Abass|first = Ademola|year = 2014|title = Complete International Law: Text, Cases and Materials|edition = 2nd|location = Oxford|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|ref = harv }}
* {{cite journal|last=Fishman|first=Brian|year=2008|title=Using the Mistakes of al Qaeda's Franchises to Undermine Its Strategies|journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=618|pages=46–54|jstor=40375774|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/0002716208316650}}
* {{cite journal|last=Simon|first=Steven|year=2008|title=The Price of the Surge: How U.S. Strategy Is Hastening Iraq's Demise|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63398/steven-simon/the-price-of-the-surge|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=87|number=3|pages=57–72, 74–76|jstor=20032651|ref=harv}}
* [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/11/-sp-isis-the-inside-story Isis: the inside story]. "One of the Islamic State's senior commanders reveals details of the terror group's origins inside an Iraqi prison." ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [[Graeme C.A. Wood|Wood, Graeme]] (March 2015). [http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ What ISIS Really Wants]. "The Islamic State is no mere collection of psychopaths. It is a religious group with carefully considered beliefs, among them that it is a key agent of the coming apocalypse. Here's what that means for its strategy—and for how to stop it." ''[[The Atlantic]]''
{{Refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons=Category:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | b = no | n = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | q = Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species = no| d=no | mw= no}}
* {{Citation | contribution-url = http://understandingwar.org/iraq-blog | contribution = Iraq updates | publisher = Institute for the Study of War | title = Understanding war | type = [[World Wide Web]] log}}
* {{Citation | url = http://egiuliani.wordpress.com/2013/09/21/war-in-iraq/ | title = The New War in Iraq ISIL Overview | newspaper = Midwest Diplomacy | date = 21 September 2013}}.
* {{Citation | format = PDF | url = http://myreader.toile-libre.org/uploads/My_53b039f00cb03.pdf | title = This Is the Promise of Allah | type = declaration | publisher = The Islamic State | date = 29 June 2014 | accessdate = 2014-07-31 | archive-date = 2014-06-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140630020003/http://myreader.toile-libre.org/uploads/My_53b039f00cb03.pdf | dead-url = yes }}.
* ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'': [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365297690/ ''Losing Iraq''] (July 2014), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365356572/ ''The Rise of ISIS''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906175013/http://video.pbs.org/video/2365356572/ |date=2015-09-06 }} (October 2014), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365496883/ ''Obama at War''] (May 2015), [http://video.pbs.org/video/2365527957/ ''Escaping ISIS''] (July 2015), documentaries by [[PBS]]
* [http://www.vice.com/video/islamic-state-full-length ''The Islamic State - Full Length''], documentary by [[Vice News]] (August 2014)
* [http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20733/101_14_Ef_1329270214.pdf "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization"] – Report by the [[Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center]].
* [http://www.chechensinsyria.com/ From Chechnya To Syria] & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria
* [http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/Airstrikes6.html Operation Inherent Resolve airstrike updates]
* [http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/ ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119012418/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/ |date=2016-11-19 }}
* [http://jihadology.net/category/the-islamic-state/ The Islamic State – Jihadology] Research project by Aaron Zelin
* [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/august/isil-and-antiquities-trafficking/ ISIL and Antiquities Trafficking - FBI Warns Dealers, Collectors About Terrorist Loot], [[FBI]]
* {{id}} [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52arVwQiIKg& Penjelasan Tentang Sejarah, Realita dan Sepak Terjang ISIS]
* {{id}} [http://lipsus.kompas.com/topikpilihanlist/3138/1/negara.islam.irak.dan.suriah.isis. Liputan Khusus KOMPAS atau Topik Pilihan tentang Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah (ISIS)]
* {{id}} [http://www.tempo.co/topik/lembaga/1394/Milisi-Negara-Islam-Irak-dan-Suriah-ISIS-ISIL Topik Pilihan TEMPO tentang Milisi Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah | ISIS | ISIL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717022051/http://www.tempo.co/topik/lembaga/1394/Milisi-Negara-Islam-Irak-dan-Suriah-ISIS-ISIL |date=2014-07-17 }}
{{Negara Islam Irak dan Syam}}
{{Intervensi militer terhadap NIIS}}
{{Islamisme}}
{{Perang Saudara Suriah}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:
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