Penaklukan Petén oleh Spanyol: Perbedaan antara revisi

| conflict = Penaklukan SpanyolPetén dioleh PeténSpanyol

| partof = [[Penaklukan SpanyolGuatemala dioleh GuatemalaSpanyol]] dan [[penaklukan SpanyolYucatán dioleh YucatánSpanyol]]

'''Penaklukan SpanyolPetén dioleh PeténSpanyol''' adalah tahap akhir [[penaklukan SpanyolGuatemala dioleh GuatemalaSpanyol]], yang merupakan konflik panjang selama upaya [[kolonisasi Spanyol di Amerika]]. Petén merupakan dataran rendah yang lebar dan dilapisi oleh hutan hujan yang tebal. Di wilayah ini juga terdapat cekungan dengan beberapa danau dan wilayah [[sabana]]. Selain itu, terdapat perbukitan [[karst]] rendah yang meninggi di wilayah selatan yang berada di dekat [[Dataran Tinggi Guatemala]]. Spanyol memerlukan waktu hampir satu abad untuk menaklukan Petén; penaklukan baru berakhir pada tahun 1697 dengan jatuhnya [[Nojpetén]] (ibukotaibu kota kerajaan [[suku Itza|Itza]]) ke tangan [[Martín de Ursúa|Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi]]. Dengan kekalahan Itza, kerajaan merdeka terakhir di Guatemala pun jatuh ke tangan penjajah Spanyol.

Petén pertama kali dimasuki oleh [[Hernán Cortés]] pada tahun 1525. Pada pertengahan awal abad ke-16, [[Spanyol]] mendirikan koloni di [[Yucatán]] dan Guatemala. Misionaris Spanyol merintis perluasan administrasi kolonial di ujung selatan Petén dari tahun 1596, namun Spanyol tidak berusaha memasuki wilayah pusat Petén hingga tahun 1618 dan 1619, saat para misionaris tiba di ibukotaibu kota Itza setelah berkelana dari kota [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] di Yucatán.

== Petén sebelum penaklukan ==

Walaupun jumlah penduduk pada masa kontak dengan bangsa Spanyol tidak dapat diperkirakan secara akurat karena ketidakcukupan data, laporan-laporan bangsa Spanyol menyatakan bahwa terdapat populasi Maya yang signifikan di Petén, terutama di wilayah danau dan di sepanjang sungai.<ref>Jones 2000, hal. 351.</ref> Sebelum ditaklukan pada tahun 1697, Itza mengontrol atau memengaruhi sebagian besar Petén dan sebagian wilayah Belize. Itza merupakan suku yang suka berperang dan kekuatan mereka membuat kagum tetangga-tetangga Maya mereka. IbukotaIbu kota mereka terletak di Nojpetén, sebuah kota yang terletak di sebuah pulau di [[Danau Petén Itzá]]; kota ini kini telah berkembang menjadi kota Flores yang merupakan ibukotaibu kota [[Departemen Petén]] di Guatemala.<ref name="Jones00p353">Jones 2000, p. 353.</ref>

Yalain tampaknya merupakan salah satu dari tiga politi yang dominan di Petén Postklasik bersamaan dengan Itza dan Kowoj. Pada puncak kejayaannya, wilayah Yalain membentang dari pesisir timur Danau Petén Itzá hingga Tipuj di Belize.<ref name="Cecil99p788">Cecil et al 1999, hal. 788.</ref> Pada abad ke-17, ibukotaibu kota Yalain terletak di pesisir utara [[Danau Macanché]].<ref name="SharerTraxler2006p617">Sharer and Traxler 2006, hal. 617.</ref> Pada saat kontak dengan bangsa Spanyol, Yalain bersekutu dengan Itza, dan persekutuan ini didorong oleh pernikahan antar kaum elit.<ref name="Cecil99p788"/> Pada akhir abad ke-17, catatan kolonial Spanyol mendokumentasikan permusuhan antara kelompok-kelompok Maya di wilayah danau: Kowoj melancarkan serangan ke situs-situs Yalain seperti [[Zacpeten]] di Danau Macanché dan [[Ixlu]] di [[Danau Salpetén]].<ref name="RiceRice05p149">Rice and Rice 2005, p. 149.</ref>

Kejache menduduki wilayah di sebelah utara Itza, di antara danau-danau dan wilayah yang kini disebut [[Campeche]]. Di sebelah mereka terdapat wilayah [[Acalan]], yang dihuni oleh kelompok ber[[bahasa Maya Chontal|bahasa Maya Chontal]] dengan ibukotaibu kota di sebelah selatan wilayah yang kini merupakan bagian dari negara bagian Campeche. Lakandon yang berbahasa [[Bahasa-bahasa Ch'olan|Maya Cholan]] (tidak sama dengan Lacandon pada masa modern) menguasai wilayah di sepanjang anak sungai Usumacinta yang membentang dari Petén barat daya hingga Chiapas timur.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Xocmo adalah kelompok berbahasa Cholan lainnya; mereka menduduki hutan terpencil di sebelah timur Lakandon.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Karena tidak pernah ditaklukan, Xocmo berhasil menghindari upaya Spanyol untuk menemukan mereka, sehingga nasib mereka masih belum diketahui. Namun, mereka mungkin merupakan nenek moyang [[suku Lacandon]].<ref>Feldman 2000, hal. 221.</ref> Sementara itu, Manche Ch'ol menguasai wilayah di ujung selatan departemen Petén.<ref name="Jones00p353"/> Mopan dan Chinamita sendiri menduduki wilayah Petén tenggara.<ref>Rice 2009b, hal. 19.</ref> Wilayah Manche berada di sebelah barat daya Mopan.<ref>Feldman 2000, hal. xxi.</ref>

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:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Rice, Don S.}} |coauthors={{aut|Prudence M. Rice}}, {{aut|Grant D. Jones}}, {{aut|Rómulo Sánchez Polo}}, {{aut|Timothy Pugh}}, {{aut|Anna McNair}}, {{aut|Leslie Cecil}} and {{aut|Hugh Drake}} |year=1997 |title=La segunda temporada de campo del Proyecto Maya Colonial: Nuevas evidencias. |title=The Second Field Season of the Colonial Maya Project: New evidence |journal=Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala |volume=X (1996) |editor=J.P. Laporte and H. Escobedo |pages=545–558 |publisher=Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología |location=Guatemala City, Guatemala |oclc=39391382 |accessdate=2012-11-26 |format=PDF |url=http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/42.96_-_Rice_et_al..pdf |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101190551/http://asociaciontikal.com/pdf/42.96_-_Rice_et_al..pdf |dead-url=yes }} {{es icon}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Don S. Rice}} |title=The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives |chapter=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sc8wQYn4LrAC&pg=PA149#v=onepage&q&f=false Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Maya Political Geography] |year=2005 |editor=Susan Kepecs, Rani T. Alexander and Rani T. Alexander |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |oclc=60550555 |isbn=978-0-8263-3739-9}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |year=2009a |chapter=The Archaeology of the Kowoj: Settlement and Architecture at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=81–83[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/81 81]–83|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |year=2009b |chapter=Who were the Kowoj? |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=17–19[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/17 17]–19|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Don S. Rice}} |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=3–15[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/3 3]–15|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |coauthors= {{aut|Don S. Rice}}, {{aut|Timothy W. Pugh}} and {{aut|Rómulo Sánchez Polo}} |year=2009 |chapter=Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=123–140[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/123 123]–140|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite web |author={{aut|Rowlett, Russ}} |year=2005 |title=Units of Measurement: L |url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.html |accessdate=2013-11-03 |publisher=University of North Carolina |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016012340/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.html |archivedate=2013-10-16 }}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Schwartz, Norman B.}} |year=1990 |title=Forest Society: A Social History of Petén, Guatemala |series=Ethnohistory |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US |isbn=978-0-8122-1316-4 |oclc=21974298 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8i-CsXotw1IC}}

:{{Cite book |author={{aut|Sharer, Robert J.}} |authorlink=Robert Sharer|coauthors=with {{aut|Loa P. Traxler}} |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, California, US |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Smith, Michael E.}} |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd |year=1996, 2003 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, Massachusetts, US and Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-23016-8 |oclc=59452395}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Vayhinger-Scheer, Temis}} |year=2006, 2011 |chapter=Kanek': El Último Rey Maya Itzaj |trans_chapter= Kanek': The Last Itza Maya King |pages=382–383 |publisher=[[Tandem Verlag]] |location=Potsdam, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0 |oclc=828120761 |format=hardback |title=Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria |trans_title=The Maya: An Ancient Civilization |editor=[[Nikolai Grube]]}} {{es icon}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Villagutierre Soto-Mayor, Juan de}} |year=1701 |publisher=Lucas Antonio de Bedmar y Narvaez |location=Madrid, Spain |title=Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de el Itza |trans_title=History of the Conquest of the Province of the Itza |oclc=311383898 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cs2csVMy1HIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{es icon}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Wauchope, Robert}} |authorlink=Robert Wauchope (archaeologist) |coauthor=and {{aut|Howard Francis Cline}} |year=1973 |title=Handbook of Middle American Indians: Part Two. Guide to ethnohistorical sources |editor=Robert Wauchope and Howard Francis Cline |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-70153-3 |oclc=310563755 |location=Austin, Texas, US}}

:{{cite web |author={{aut|Webre, Stephen}} |url=http://www.hcentroamerica.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/Contenidos/hca/cong/mesas/cong7/docs/1_14.doc |year=2004 |title=Política, evangelización y guerra: Fray Antonio Margil de Jesús y la frontera centroamericana, 1684–1706 |trans_title=Politics, Evangelisation and War: Friar Antonio Margil de Jesús and the Central American Frontier, 1684–1706 |work=VII Congreso Centroamericano de Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, 19–23 July 2004 |format=DOC |accessdate=2012-12-09 |publisher=Universidad de Costa Rica, Escuela de Historia |location=San José, Costa Rica |archive-date=2013-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014093050/http://www.hcentroamerica.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/Contenidos/hca/cong/mesas/cong7/docs/1_14.doc |dead-url=yes }} {{es icon}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Webster, David L.}} |year=2002 |title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs|location=London, UK |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05113-5 |oclc=48753878}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list -->

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Caso Barrera, Laura}} |title=Caminos en la selva: migración, comercio y resistencia: Mayas yucatecos e itzaes, siglos XVII–XIX |trans_title=Roads in the Forest: Migration, Commerce and Resistance: Yucatec and Itza Maya, 17th–19th Centuries |publisher=El Colegio de México, Fondo de Cultura Económica |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MPt5AAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |isbn=978-968-16-6714-6 |location=Mexico City, Mexico |oclc=835645038}} {{es icon}}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Caso Barrera, Laura}} |coauthors=and {{aut|Mario Aliphat F.}} |date=April–June 2002 |title=Organización política de los itzaes desde el posclásico hasta 1702 |trans_title=The Political Organisation of the Itza from the Postclassic to 1702 |journal=Historia Mexicana |volume=51 |issue=4 |publisher=[[El Colegio de México]] |pages=713–748 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25139407 |jstor=25139407 |oclc=181416455 |issn=0185-0172 |accessdate=2013-04-08 }} {{es icon}} {{subscription required}}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Chase, Arlen F.}} |authorlink=Arlen F. Chase |year=1976 |month=April |title=Topoxte and Tayasal: Ethnohistory in Archaeology |journal=American Antiquity |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=154–167 |publisher=Society for American Archaeology |location=Washington, D.C., US |url=http://www.caracol.org/include/files/chase/achase76.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-12-02 |issn=0002-7316 |oclc=482285289 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101211923/http://www.caracol.org/include/files/chase/achase76.pdf |dead-url=yes }}

:{{cite journal |author={{aut|Lentz, Mark}} |title="The Mission" That Wasn't: Yucatan's Jesuits, the Mayas, and El Petén, 1703–1767 |journal=World History Connected |url=http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/10.3/forum_lentz.html |publisher=University of Illinois Press |date=October 2013 |volume=10 |issue=3 |location=Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, Hawaii, US |issn=1931-8642 |oclc=475466974 |accessdate=2013-11-15 }}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Pons Sáez, Nuria}} |year=1997 |title=La Conquista del Lacandón |trans_title=The Conquest of the Lacandon |publisher=[[National Autonomous University of Mexico|Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México]] |location=Mexico |isbn=968-36-6150-5 |oclc=40857165}} {{es icon}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Prudence M.}} |year=2009c |chapter=The Kowoj in Geopolitical-Ritual Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice and Don S. Rice (eds.) |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse|location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=21–54[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig0000unse/page/21 21]–54|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Rice, Don S.}} |coauthors={{aut|Prudence M. Rice}} and {{aut|Timothy Pugh}} |year=1998 |chapter=Settlement Continuity and Change in the Central Peten Lakes Region: The Case of Zacpeten |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2775223.pdf |publisher=Sociedad Española de Estudios Mayas |location=Madrid, Spain |title=Anatomia de una Civilizacion: Aproximaciones Interdisciplinarias a la Cultura Maya |oclc=806716345 |format=PDF |pages=207–252 |editor=Andrés Ciudad Ruiz et al. |isbn=978-84-923545-0-4 |accessdate=2013-11-15}}

:{{cite book |author={{aut|Salazar, Gabriel}} |year=1620, 2000 |title=Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands |url=https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8|chapter=Geography of the Lowlands: Gabriel Salazar, 1620 |pages=21–54[https://archive.org/details/lostshoresforgot0000unse_k0e8/page/n48 21]–54|editor=Lawrence H. Feldman |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina, US |isbn=0-8223-2624-8 |oclc=254438823}}

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