Ma Anliang: Perbedaan antara revisi
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|image=Ma Anliang pailou arch.jpg
|caption=[[Paifang]] yang dibangun untuk menghormati Ma Anliang
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|serviceyears=1872-24 November 1918@
|rank= [[pimpinan jenderal|jenderal]]
|commands=Jenderal [[Xinjiang]], [[Kolonel]] [[Kota Linxia|Hezhou]]
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{{Chinese name|[[Ma (nama)|Ma]]}}
'''Ma Anliang''' ({{zh||s=马安良|t=馬安良|p=Mǎ Ānliáng|w=Ma An-liang}}, romanisasi
== Karier militer ==
==Referensi==▼
Pada tahun 1872 dia membelot ke [[dinasti Qing]] selama [[Pemberontakan Dungan]] tahun 1862-1877, bersama dengan beberapa Muslim [[suku Hui|Hui]] lainnya, termasuk ayahnya, Ma Zhan'ao, Ma Haiyan, dan Ma Qianling. Mereka dari silsilah Huasi, [[Sufi]] [[Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20anliang%20who%20was%20a%20follower%20of%20the%20multicoloured%20mosque%20menhuan&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=140|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Mereka membantu [[Zuo Zongtang]] seorang jenderal Qing yang merupakan [[suku Han|seorang bangsa Han Tiongkok]] dalam melawan pemberontakan Muslim. Pada tahun 1877, ayahnya Ma Zhanao mengalahkan sekelompok pemberontak Muslim yang terus melawan di dekat [[Linxia|Hezhou]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=ma+anliang&source=bl&ots=gMwLIuA1os&sig=_jvjrRYqFMl0ciCf6gbsX_ptfgs&hl=en&ei=pcIWTMbaCsHflgfS2OivCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=diehard%20rebels&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=167|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
{{reflist}} ▼
*{{PD-old-text|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|year=1920|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation}}▼
Jenderal Ma Anliang bergabung dengan Jenderal Qing [[Zuo Zongtang]] dalam kampanye melawan pemberontak Muslim Turki di bawah [[Yaqub Beg]]. Ma Anliang memimpin seluruh pasukan yang terdiri dari pasukan Muslim Tiongkok melawan pasukan Muslim Turk Yaqub Beg, dan mengalahkan mereka, merebut kembali wilayah [[Turkestan]] untuk Tiongkok.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e8vAQAAIAAJ&q=Ma+Chan-ao'+s+son,+Ma+An-liang,+fought+for+the+Chinese+in+the+campaigns+against+Sining+and+Suchow+then+later+in+Chinese+Turkestan.+Ma's&dq=Ma+Chan-ao'+s+son,+Ma+An-liang,+fought+for+the+Chinese+in+the+campaigns+against+Sining+and+Suchow+then+later+in+Chinese+Turkestan.+Ma's&hl=en&ei=eEqxTPaUG4H48Abx8pWfCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=Tso Tsung-tʼang and the Muslims: statecraft in northwest China, 1868-1880|author=Lanny B. Fields|year=1978|publisher=Limestone Press|location=|page=81|isbn=0-919642-85-3|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
{{wikiquote|Ma Anliang}} ▼
[[Dong Fuxiang]], Ma Anliang dan [[Ma Haiyan]] awalnya dipanggil ke Beijing selama [[Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama]] pada tahun 1894, tetapi karena terjadi [[Pemberontakan Dungan]], mereka selanjutnya dikirim untuk menghancurkan para pemberontak.<ref name="董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 - 360Doc个人图书馆">{{Cite web |url=http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |title=董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 - 360Doc个人图书馆 |access-date=2019-09-02 |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121754/http://www.360doc.com/content/10/0526/12/1256060_29592130.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Pada tahun 1895, ia bekerja dengan jenderal Tiongkok [[suku Han|bangsa Han]] [[Tang Yanhe]] dan jenderal Muslim [[Dong Fuxiang]], membantu mereka dalam menghancurkan pemberontakan Muslim lainnya, [[Pemberontakan Dungan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=tang%20yanhe&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=commanded%20by%20tang%20yanhe&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=168|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Kavaleri Muslimnya mengalahkan pemberontak Muslim di Pegunungan Oxheart, dan membebaskan [[Linxia|Hezhou]] dari pengepungan pada 4 Desember. Dia memimpin pasukan kavaleri [[suku Hui|Hui]] untuk membantai pemberontakan yang dilakukan pejuang Muslim Salar yang telah sepakat untuk bernegosiasi tanpa senjata di sebuah jamuan dengan memberi tahu mereka ''"Tolak saya sebagai Muslim jika saya menipu Anda."'', dia mendapat pangkat Jenderal [[Xinjiang]] dan [[Kolonel]] Hezhou setelah berhasil menghancurkan pemberontakan itu.<ref name="Dillon1999">{{cite book|author=Michael Dillon|title=China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang+disown+me&source=bl&ots=H97TpGGegS&sig=6rfHICHoZplLKQnLtUbrKiAU8Kg&hl=en&ei=1N4WTNvMNML_lgfuxZ2qCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Disown%20me%20as%20a%20Muslim%20if%20I%20deceive%20you&f=false|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3|pages=72–}}</ref> Pemberontakan dipimpin oleh Ma Dahan, Ma Yonglin, dan Ma Wanfu. Ma Dahan kemudian dieksekusi di depan umum.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&ct=result&id=lSxYAAAAMAAJ&dq=ma+anliang&q=ma+anliang|title=Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Volume 3 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20–24, 1987, Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.)|author=|year=1987|publisher=|location=Ann Arbor|page=29}}</ref> Dikatakan bahwa darah Muslim menodai topi merah merah Ma Anliang.<ref>Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilan... shilue, p 245</ref>
Selama perang itu, pada tahun 1895 Ma mengakhiri pengepungan kota [[Xining]] dengan empat ying (ying adalah satuan unit Tiongkok untuk batalyon). Ma ditugaskan di ''"Komando Militer Barkul"'' sekitar tahun 1910.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=NnjsTZ2MHcnw0gHfwa12&ct=result&id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang%2C+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919%2C+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command%2C+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&q=an-liang|title=Chinese Republican studies newsletter, Volumes 5-7|author=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|editors=|year=1979|publisher=|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=35|accessdate=2011-06-06}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=NNAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&hl=en&ei=NnjsTZ2MHcnw0gHfwa12&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter, Volumes 1-7|author=|first1=|last1=|first2=|last2=|editor-first=|editor-last=|others=Contributors University of Connecticut. Dept. of History, Denison University. Dept. of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK|page=171|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}[https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&dq=Thus+Ma+An-liang,+the+leading+figure+in+Kansu+from+1912+to+his+death+in+November+1919,+had+led+four+ying+to+the+relief+of+Sining+in+1895.+In+1910+we+find+him+promoted+from+the+Barkul+military+command,+perhaps+the+key+cavalry+posting+in&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Mb5RVO-0J8HIsASA3ILQBg&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA]</ref>
Selama [[Reformasi Seratus Hari]] pada tahun 1898 Dong Fuxiang, Ma Anliang, dan Ma Haiyan dipanggil ke Beijing untuk membantu mengakhiri gerakan reformasi bersama dengan [[Ma Fulu]] dan [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref name="董福祥与西北马家军阀的的故事 - 360Doc个人图书馆"/>
Pada tahun 1900, selama [[Pemberontakan Boxer]], Ma Anliang sebagai Tongling dari Ho-Chou bergabung [[Dong Fuxiang]] dalam pertempuran melawan orang asing.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA850&lpg=PA850&dq=ma+fu-hsiang&source=bl&ots=DXkl1IbFV2&sig=0WAFe8G6PxzD5t2PBulETB8HgRo&hl=en&ei=m3gzTOrKKMKblgeO9MTECw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=ma%20fu-hsiang&f=false|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936|author=M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck|year=1993|publisher=Stanford BRILL|location=|page=850|isbn=90-04-09796-1|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1905, Ma Anliang, bekerja sama dengan hakim [[suku Han|bangsa Han]] [[Yang Zengxin]], berusaha menangkap dan mengeksekusi Imam [[Ma Wanfu]] seorang pemimpin sekte [[Yihewani]]. Tetapi [[Ma Qi]], salah satu bawahan Ma Anliang, menyelamatkan dan membawa Ma Wanfu ke [[Xining]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=onepage&q=yang%20zengxin%20ma%20anliang&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=207|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Meskipun Ma Anling seorang Muslim, dia dan pasukan Muslimnya tidak menunjukkan belas kasihan kepada sesama Muslim yang memberontak terhadap pemerintah [[Qing]], dan dia membantai mereka.
Pada tahun 1911, ketika [[Revolusi Xinhai]] meletus, ia memimpin lebih dari 20 [[batalyon]] [[suku Hui|Hui]] pasukan Muslim untuk mempertahankan [[Dinasti Qing]] dengan menyerang [[Shaanxi]], yang dikuasai oleh kaum revolusioner di bawah Zhang Fenghui. Dia mengalahkan kaum revolusioner dalam pertempuran itu, tetapi ketika tersiar kabar bahwa kaisar terakhir Qing [[Puyi]] akan turun takhta, Ma setuju untuk bergabung dengan [[Republik Tiongkok]] pemerintahan baru di bawah Nasionalis [[Kuomintang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=twenty%20battalions%20of%20loyal%20muslim%20braves&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|page=170|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Pada Oktober 1903, di kota [[Yining]], Ma Anliang menjabat sebagai "Brigadir Jenderal". Pada bulan April 1912 ia menjadi "Panglima Tertinggi" di [[Gansu]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor+ma+an-liang|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|year=1969|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|location=|page=841|isbn=|accessdate=2011-06-05}}[https://books.google.com/books?ei=n2vsTcSEOI6itgeuqdGgAQ&ct=result&id=Tb8ZAAAAIAAJ&dq=Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+%28%24y+fi%5Efll%5E%29.+%E2%80%94+Kansu.+Brigade-General.+Paiikun%2C+New+Dominion.+March.+1909.+Acting+Chief+Executive+Officer%2C+Kokonor%2C+July-+August%2C+1912.+Commander+of+Guards+Division.+Altai%2C+October+10.+1912.+Was+Military+Commissioner+of&q=chief+kokonor]</ref>
== Orientasi politik dan agama ==
Ma Anliang berperang melawan [[Pemberontakan Bai Lang]], dan menyerang Xidaotang ({{lang | zh-Hans |西道堂}}) sebuah organisasi Muslim. Dia curiga pada [[Republikanisme]] Xidaotang, karena Ma adalah seorang konservatif dan [[monarki]] serta mendukung [[Yuan Shikai]]. Ma mengatur agar pendiri Xidaotang, [[Ma Qixi]] dan keluarganya ditembak mati. Prajurit [[suku Han|Han]] dan [[orang Hui|Hui]] di bawah jendral [[suku Hui|Hui]] Ma Anliang dan Ma Qi yang bersatu untuk berperang melawan tentara bandit Bai Lang.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CN0vtxdY0C&pg=PA168&dq=ma+anliang's+brother+ma+guoliang&cd=1#v=snippet&q=bai%20lang%20ma%20anliang%20invasion%20gansu&f=false|title=Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China|author=Jonathan Neaman Lipman|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle|pages=191, 194|isbn=0-295-97644-6|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=bai%20lang%20ma%20anliang&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=144|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=ma+anliang&source=bl&ots=exryaHzj7h&sig=Nmi_iAIjv1V79fxcinQvSFe1PYw&hl=en&ei=eicZTOKcBcGblgee98i5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDwQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=ma%20anliang%20bai%20lang&f=false|title=Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=1996|publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|page=58|isbn=0-674-59497-5|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1914, Ma Anliang mencoba untuk memusnahkan ''"Sekte Baru"'', Xidaotang dan pemimpinnya [[Ma Qixi]] (nama Arabnya adalah Uzayr/[[Ezra]] ("anak Allah"), ia dikenal sebagai "Nabi Yesus" bagi orang Barat ).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&q=ma+an+liang+new+new+sect+1914#v=onepage&q=ma%20an%20liang%20jesus&f=false|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation|editors=Samuel Marinus Zwemer|year=1920|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|volume=|location=156 Fifth Avenue, New York City|isbn=|page=381|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=NGPsTez6JuHW0QHs0rCVAQ&ct=result&id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&dq=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang%2C+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a&q=an-liang|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce, Volume 15|author=|editors=|year=1919|publisher=|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=587|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref>
Jenderal Ma Anliang adalah pemimpin senior [[de facto]] semua Muslim di Tiongkok barat laut sejak awal era Republik pada tahun 1912 sampai ia meninggal. Dia kemudian digantikan oleh Jenderal [[Ma Fuxiang]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fEHAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+an-liang+died+november&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&hl=en&ei=7mPsTdSBIIL50gG7p8TDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ|title=The China year book, Part 2|author=Henry George Wandesforde Woodhead, Henry Thurburn Montague Bell|editors=|year=1926|publisher=North China Daily News & Herald|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=1076|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref>
Ma Anliang dianggap "[[reaksioner]]", sedangkan ''"sarjana"'' yang terpelajar Jenderal [[Ma Fuxiang]] dianggap "progresif".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&dq=The+most+prominent+leader+in+this+progressive+group+i6+General+Ma+Fu-hsiang,+the+Hu+Chun+Shih+at+Ninghsia+and+a+Chinese+scholar+of+no+mean+ability.+The+most+powerful+of+the+reactionaries+was+Ma+An-liang,+the+once+all-+powerful+chief+who&hl=en&ei=-XfsTZKyA9O4tweyir2CDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce, Volume 15|author=|editors=|year=1919|publisher=|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=588|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref>
Pada tahun 1917, Ma Anliang memerintahkan adik lelakinya [[Ma Guoliang]] untuk menekan pemberontakan orang-orang [[Tibet]] di [[Xunhua]] yang memberontak karena pajak yang dikenakan oleh Ma Anliang kepada mereka. Ma Anliang tidak melaporkannya ke pemerintah pusat di Beijing sehingga mendapat teguran karena hal ini, dan [[Ma Qi]] dikirim oleh pemerintah untuk menyelidiki kasus ini dan menekan pemberontakan.<ref name=zsy>赵颂尧，马安良其人与民初的甘肃政争，西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 1989年第02期</ref>
Dia meninggal di [[Linxia|Hezhou]] pada 24 November 1918.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn9CAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Story+of+Ma+An-liang+The+one+Mohammedan+name+which+is+fairly+familiar+to+all+who+keep+in+touch+with+Chinese+affairs+is+that+of+Ma+An-liang,+an+aged+military+leader+who+died+in+Hochow+on+November+24th+of+last+year+and+who.+for+a&dq=The+Story+of+Ma+An-liang+The+one+Mohammedan+name+which+is+fairly+familiar+to+all+who+keep+in+touch+with+Chinese+affairs+is+that+of+Ma+An-liang,+an+aged+military+leader+who+died+in+Hochow+on+November+24th+of+last+year+and+who.+for+a&hl=en&ei=bXjsTeT3ENO3tgekr6S1Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA|title=The Far Eastern review, engineering, finance, commerce, Volume 15|author=|editors=|year=1919|publisher=|volume=|location=|isbn=|page=587|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5soAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=ma+an-liang+died+november&hl=en&ei=7mPsTdSBIIL50gG7p8TDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ma%20an-liang%20died%20november&f=false|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation|editors=Samuel Marinus Zwemer|year=1920|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation|volume=|location=156 Fifth Avenue, New York City|isbn=|page=378|accessdate=2011-06-06}}</ref> Setelah kematiannya, Ma Anliang dipuji oleh Wakil Konsul Amerika di Kalgan, Rodney Gilbert dalam surat kabar ''"Herald"'' karena menjaga perdamaian di [[Gansu]], yang ia pertahankan dengan keinginannya untuk berperang melawan sesama Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|title=The border world of Gansu, 1895-1935|first=Jonathan Neaman|last=Lipman|volume=|edition=|year=1980|publisher=Stanford University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8REAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+fuxiang&dq=ma+fuxiang&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Hi6kUNmIH5O60QGz94D4Bw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgo|page=209|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref> Ma Anliang juga dipuji karena melindungi "rakyatnya dari perselisihan [[sektarianisme|sektarian]] dan opium".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Trans-Pacific, Volume 6|author=|first=|last=|editor-first=Benjamin Wilfried|editor-last=Fleisher|others=|volume=|edition=|year=1922|publisher=B. W. Fleisher.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBvnAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBjgK|page=47|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
Ma Fuxiang secara efektif menggantikan Ma Anliang sebagai pemimpin de facto Muslim di barat laut Tiongkok ketika Ma Anliang meninggal pada tahun 1918.<ref>{{cite book|title=Travels Of A Consular Officer In North-West China|author=|first=|last=|editor-first=|editor-last=|others=|volume=|edition=|year=|publisher=CUP Archive|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=vi|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter, Volumes 1-7|author=|first1=|last1=|first2=|last2=|editor-first=|editor-last=|others=Contributors University of Connecticut. Dept. of History, Denison University. Dept. of History, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Center for Asian Studies|volume=|edition=|year=1975|publisher=Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RUiAQAAMAAJ&q=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&dq=ma+fu+hsiang+opium&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mc0pUcqkBIr09gSH8IDQAg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK|page=171|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}</ref>
[[Berkas:Ma Anliang Tomb.jpg|jmpl|ka|260px|Makam Ma Anliang]]
== Keluarga ==
Ayahnya adalah [[Ma Zhan'ao]] dan saudaranya adalah [[Ma Guoliang]].
Ia memiliki 5 putra, [[Ma Tingxiang]] ([[Ma T'ing-hsiang]]) (馬廷 勷) (putra ke-3), [[Ma Tingxian]] (Ma Ting-hsien) (馬廷賢) (ke-4) putra),<ref>[http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33588/11/15301511.pdf 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表]</ref> dan 3 anak tak dikenal lainnya. Ma Tingxian dieksekusi pada tahun 1962 oleh Pengadilan Rakyat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA72&dq=ma+anliang&hl=en&ei=nMIWTOy1JoT6lweJyPGHDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=ma%20tingran&f=false|title=China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects|author=Michael Dillon|year=1999|publisher=Curzon Press|location=Richmond|page=115|isbn=0-7007-1026-4|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Tingxiang adalah putra ketiga Ma Anliang. Dia dieksekusi oleh [[Feng Yuxiang]] setelah melakukan pemberontakan pertama muslim melawan Feng dan ''Guominjun'', ia kemudian membelot ke Kuomintang pimpinan Chiang Kai-shek setelah Chiang dan Feng saling berperang. Dan akhirnya setelah Chiang memecat Ma dari jabatannya, ia berusaha melarikan diri dan ditangkap oleh Feng.
== Gelar Kebangsawanan ==
[[Yuan Shikai]] memberi gelar Ma Anliang sebagai Baron Peringkat Pertama ({{zh | s = 一等 男 | p = Yī děng nán | label = no}}) dari Kekaisaran Tiongkok (1915–1916) versi Yuan Shikai yang berusaha mengembalikan kekaisaran Tiongkok dengan cara mengangkat dirinya sendiri menjadi Kaisar Tiongkok.
▲== Referensi ==
▲* {{PD-old-text|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10|year=1920|author=Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation}}
{{commons category|Ma Anliang}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.2499cn.com/majiajunfa1.htm Ma Clique (dalam bahasa Mandarin)]
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