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'''Sejarah Yahudi di Polandia''' dapatadalah dilacaksebuah kembalikomunitas lebih[[Yahudi]] dariyang seributerletak tahundi silam.<ref>[http://polishjews.org/ polishjews.org[Polandia]</ref>]. Selama berabad-abad, Polandia adalah rumah bagi komunitas Yahudi terbesar dan paling signifikan di dunia. Polandia adalah pusat kebudayaan Yahudi berkat toleransi beragama jangka panjang dan otonomi hukum sosial. Hal ini berakhir dengan Partisi dari Polandia yang dimulai pada tahun 1772, khususnya, dengan diskriminasi dan penganiayaan terhadap orang-orang Yahudi di [[Kekaisaran Rusia]]. Selama [[Perang Dunia II]] ada perusakan genosida yang hampir lengkap dari komunitas Yahudi Polandia oleh [[Nazi Jerman]], selama 1939-1945 pendudukan Jerman atas Polandia dan berikutnya [[Holocaust]]. Sejak jatuhnya [[komunisme]] telah terjadi kebangkitan Yahudi di Polandia, ditandai dengan Festival Budaya tahunan Yahudi, program studi baru di sekolah tinggi dan universitas Polandia, pekerjaan rumah-rumah ibadat seperti Nozyk, dan Museum Sejarah Yahudi Polandia.
 
Dari berdirinya [[Kerajaan Polandia]] pada 1025 hingga tahun-tahun awal Persemakmuran Polandia-Lithuania diciptakan pada 1569, Polandia adalah negara yang paling toleran di Eropa.<ref name="Hugh"/>] Dikenal sebagai paradisus Iudaeorum (Latin untuk "Surga bagi orang-orang Yahudi" ), menjadi tempat penampungan untuk komunitas Yahudi Eropa yang dianiaya dan diusir, dan rumah bagi komunitas Yahudi terbesar di dunia saat itu. Menurut beberapa sumber, sekitar tiga-perempat dari semua orang Yahudi tinggal di Polandia pada pertengahan abad ke-16.<ref name="Sanford"/><ref name="EJC"/><ref name="relations"/> Dengan melemahnya Commonwealth dan perselisihan agama tumbuh (karena Reformasi Protestan dan Katolik Kontra-Reformasi), toleransi tradisional Polandia <ref name="Central"/> mulai memudar dari abad ke-17 dan seterusnya.<ref name="Note"/> Setelah partisi dari Polandia pada tahun 1795 dan penghancuran Polandia sebagai negara yang berdaulat, Yahudi Polandia tunduk pada hukum dari partisi kekuasaan, Kekaisaran Rusia semakin antisemitik,<ref name="partners-1"/> juga dari [[Austria-Hongaria|Austro-Hungaria]] dan [[Kerajaan Prusia]] (kemudian bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Jerman]]). Namun, setelah Polandia kembali pada masa kemerdekaannya setelah [[Perang Dunia I]], itu menjadi pusat dunia Yahudi Eropa dengan salah satu komunitas Yahudi terbesar di dunia lebih dari 3 juta. Bagaimanapun, [[antisemitisme]], baik dari pendirian politik dan dari populasi umum, umum di seluruh Eropa, adalah masalah yang berkembang.<ref name="Hagen-1"/>
 
Pada awal [[Perang Dunia II]], Polandia dipartisi antara [[Nazi Jerman]] dan [[Uni Soviet]] (lihat Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ). Perang mengakibatkan kematian dari seperlima dari penduduk Polandia, dengan 90 % atau sekitar 3 juta dari Yahudi Polandia tewas bersama dengan sekitar 3 juta Polandia non-Yahudi.<ref name="YV-archive1"/> Meskipun [[Holocaust]] terjadi sebagian besar di Jerman ketika menduduki Polandia ada sedikit orang yang bekerja sama dengan Nazi dari warga Polandia. Kolaborasi dengan individu Polandia telah digambarkan sebagai jumlah yang lebih kecil daripada di negara-negara lainnya yang diduduki Nazi.<ref name="Paulsson1"/><ref name="hnetradz"/> Statistik Komisi Kejahatan Perang Israel menunjukkan bahwa kurang dari 0,1 % dari orang non-Yahudi Polandia berkolaborasi dengan Nazi.<ref name="Lukas1"/> Contoh sikap non-Yahudi Polandia menentang kekejaman Jerman bervariasi, dari aktif mempertaruhkan kematian dalam rangka untuk menyelamatkan nyawa Yahudi,<ref name="archive1"/> dan penolakan pasif untuk menginformasikan pada mereka, untuk sikap ketidakpedulian, pemerasan,<ref name="PCHR"/> dan dalam kasus yang ekstrimekstrem, partisipasi dalam program seperti pembantaian Jedwabne. Dikelompokkan berdasarkan kebangsaan, Polandia merupakan jumlah terbesar dari orang-orang yang menyelamatkan orang-orang Yahudi selama Holocaust.<ref name="Yad-Vashem-1"/><ref name="Lukas"/>
 
Pada periode pasca perang, banyak dari sekitar 200.000 korban Yahudi yang terdaftar di CKŻP ( di antaranya 136,000 tiba dari Uni Soviet ) <ref name="Lukas"/><ref name="N-A"/><ref name="M-S"/> meninggalkan Republik Rakyat [[Komunis]] Polandia untuk Negara Israel atau [[Amerika Utara]] dan [[Amerika Selatan]]. kepergian mereka dipercepat oleh penghancuran lembaga-lembaga Yahudi, kekerasan pasca-perang dan permusuhan dari [[Partai Komunis]] untuk kedua agama dan perusahaan swasta, tetapi juga karena pada tahun 1946-1947 Polandia adalah satu-satunya negara [[Blok Timur]] untuk memungkinkan Yahudi [[aliyah]] secara bebas ke Israel,<ref name="D-H"/> tanpa visa atau izin keluar.<ref name="Kochavi-175"/><ref name="Marrus"/> Inggris menuntut dari Polandia untuk menghentikan eksodus, tetapi tekanan mereka sebagian besar tidak berhasil.<ref name="Kochavi-xi"/> Sebagian besar dari orang-orang Yahudi yang tersisa meninggalkan Polandia pada akhir tahun 1968 sebagai hasil dari Soviet yang disponsori kampanye " anti-Zionis ". Setelah jatuhnya rezim komunis pada tahun 1989, situasi Yahudi Polandia menjadi normal dan mereka yang adalah warga negara Polandia sebelum [[Perang Dunia II]] diizinkan untuk memperbaharui kewarganegaraan Polandia. Lembaga keagamaan yang dihidupkan kembali, terutama melalui kegiatan yayasan Yahudi dari [[Amerika Serikat]]. Komunitas Yahudi Polandia kontemporer diperkirakan memiliki sekitar 20.000 anggota,<ref name="polish-jewish-heritage.org"/> meskipun jumlah sebenarnya orang-orang Yahudi, termasuk mereka yang tidak aktif terhubung ke Yudaisme atau budaya Yahudi, mungkin beberapa kali lebih besar.
 
== Sejarah awal ==
[[Berkas:Reception ohof Jews in Poland 1096.JPGjpg|thumbjmpl|rightka|''Penerimaan dari orang-orang Yahudi di Polandia pada tahun 1096. Lukisan oleh Jan Matejko]]
[[Berkas:Gniezno Boleslaus II.jpg|thumbjmpl|[[Adalbert of Prague]] menuduh orang-orang Yahudi dari perdagangan budak Kristen terhadap [[Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia]], relief dari [[Gniezno Doors]]]]
Secara historis, orang-orang Yahudi diperkirakan berasal dari suku-suku Israel di [[Timur Tengah]].<ref name=WhoAreTheJews>{{cite web|url=http://ftp.beitberl.ac.il/~bbsite/misc/ezer_anglit/klali/05_123.pdf|title=Who are the Jews?|author=Jared Diamond|year=1993|accessdate=November 8, 2010}} Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.</ref><ref name=pnas.org>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/97/12/6769.full|title=Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes|accessdate=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=nytimes-chromosome-study>{{cite news|title=Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/09/science/y-chromosome-bears-witness-to-story-of-the-jewish-diaspora.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 May 2000|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=tony-frudakis-book>{{cite book|last=Shriver|first=Tony N. Frudakis ; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D.|title=Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780120884926|url=http://books.google.rs/books?id=9vXeydpj7VkC&pg=PA383&dq=ashkenazi+jews+middle+eastern+origin+bronze+age&hl=en#v=onepage&q=ashkenazi%20jews%20middle%20eastern%20origin%20bronze%20age&f=false}}</ref> Awalnya, sejumlah besar pindah ke [[Italia]], [[PerancisPrancis]], dan [[Jerman]] pada awal abad ke-4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/germany.html |title=Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref><ref name="museenkoeln.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.museenkoeln.de/archaeologische-zone/default.asp?s=4311 |title=Archäologische Zone - Jßdisches Museum |publisher=Museenkoeln.de |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> Setelah itu, karena berbagai pogrom yang terjadi selama [[Abad Pertengahan]], mereka melarikan diri sebagian besar ke [[Polandia]] dan [[Lithuania]], dan dari sana tersebar di seluruh [[Eropa Timur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Jews of Poland|url=http://books.google.co.il/books?id=K2DgBdSCQnsC&dq=b+weinryb+the+jews+of+poland+a+socio+economic+history&source=gbs_navlinks_s|work=Bernard Dov Weinryb|accessdate=9 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=CHERIE WOODWORTH|title=Where Did the East European Jews Come From?|url=http://www.yale.edu/ccr/woodworth/woodworth_Yiddish_Jan2010.pdf|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=9 November 2013|archive-date=2013-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151232/http://www.yale.edu/ccr/woodworth/woodworth_Yiddish_Jan2010.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
 
Orang-orang Yahudi pertama kali tiba di wilayah Polandia modern dipada abad ke-10. Dengan bepergian di sepanjang rute perdagangan terkemuka arah timur ke Kiev dan Bukhara, pedagang Yahudi (dikenal sebagai Radhanites) melintasi wilayah Silesia. Salah satunya, seorang diplomat dan pedagang dari kota [[Moor]] dari Spanyol Tortosa di Al-Andalus, yang dikenal dengan nama Arab-nya Ibrahim bin Jakub, adalah penulis sejarah pertama yang menyebutkan negara Polandia di bawah kekuasaan pangeran Mieszko I. Yang pertama sebenarnya menyebutkan Yahudi di Polandia kronik terjadi pada abad ke-11. Tampaknya orang-orang Yahudi kemudian tinggal di Gniezno, pada waktu itu ibukotaibu kota kerajaan Polandia dari dinasti Piast. Komunitas Yahudi permanen pertama disebutkan dalam 1085 oleh seorang sarjana Yahudi Jehuda ha-Kohen di kota Przemyśl.<ref name="PMH-1"/>
 
Emigrasi pertama Yahudi yang luas dari Eropa Barat ke Polandia terjadi pada saat [[Perang Salib]] Pertama pada 1098. Di bawah Bolesław III (1102-1139), orang-orang Yahudi, didorong oleh rezim toleran terhadap penguasa ini, menetap di seluruh Polandia, termasuk di perbatasan di wilayah Lithuania sejauh kota Kiev. Bolesław III untuk bagian itu diakui utilitas dari orang-orang Yahudi dalam pengembangan kepentingan komersial negaranya. Orang-orang Yahudi datang untuk membentuk tulang punggung perekonomian Polandia dan uang yang dicetak oleh Mieszko III bahkan menanggung tanda Ibrani. Masa Yahudi menikmati perdamaian dan kemakmuran terganggu di banyak kerajaan di mana negara itu kemudian dibagi, mereka membentuk kelas menengah di negara di mana populasi umum terdiri dari tuan tanah (berkembang menjadi szlachta, bangsawan Polandia yang unik) dan petani, dan mereka berperan dalam mempromosikan kepentingan komersial tanah.
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<ref name="Dubnow-2">[[Simon Dubnow]], ''History of the Jews in Russia and Poland'', Varda Books (2001 reprint), Vol. 1, p. 42.</ref>
 
<ref name="EJC">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=107 |title=European Jewish Congress – Poland] |access-date=2014-01-04 |archive-date=2008-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211201802/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=107 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="Hagen-1">[[William W. Hagen]], Before the "Final Solution": Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland, [[The Journal of Modern History]], Vol. 68, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), 351–381.</ref>
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<ref name="Kochavi-175">{{cite web|last=Aleksiun|first=Natalia|title=Beriḥah|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/printarticle.aspx?id=219|publisher=YIVO|quote=Suggested reading: Arieh J. Kochavi, "Britain and the Jewish Exodus...," Polin 7 (1992): pp. 161–175}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Kochavi-xi">{{cite book|last=Kochavi|first=Arieh J.|title=Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948| url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=LdWSwGaSoJAC&pg=PR11&dq=%22Britain+exerted+pressure+on+the+governments+of+Poland%22&hl=en&ei=Y0cCTa2tC8_wsgahoZTqCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Britain%20exerted%20pressure%20on%20the%20governments%20of%20Poland%22&f=false|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2001|pages=xi|isbn=0-8078-2620-0}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Lukas">Richard C. Lukas, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA13&dq=%22The+estimates+of+Jewish+survivors+in+Poland,%22&hl=en&ei=hlYATfrrKMj4sgbE4fXyDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22The%20estimates%20of%20Jewish%20survivors%20in%20Poland%2C%22&f=false ''Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust''] University Press of Kentucky 1989 – 201 pages. Page 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, ''The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944'', University Press of Kentucky 1986 – 300 pages.</ref>
Baris 68:
<ref name="M-S">Michael C. Steinlauf. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=U6KVOsjpP0MC&pg=PA109&dq=%22began+to+emerge+from+concentration+camps+and+places+of+refuge%22&hl=en&ei=8FkATZXBB4HAswa7toHzDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22began%20to%20emerge%20from%20concentration%20camps%20and%20places%20of%20refuge%22&f=false Poland.]". In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. ''The World Reacts to the Holocaust''. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.</ref>
 
<ref name="Marrus">{{cite book|last=Marrus|first=Michael Robert|coauthors=Aristide R. Zolberg |title=The Unwanted: European Refugees from the First World War Through the Cold War|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=ssrLM0yWD1kC&pg=PA336&dq=%22accelerated+powerfully+after+the+Kielce+pogrom%22&hl=en&ei=S6IBTYi_GMOUswbH0IWGCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22accelerated%20powerfully%20after%20the%20Kielce%20pogrom%22&f=false|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2002|page=336|isbn=1-56639-955-6}}</ref>
 
<ref name="N-A">Natalia Aleksiun. [http://books.google.com/books?id=uHJyoGiep2gC&pg=PA248&dq=%22In+January+1946,+before+the+mass+repatriation%22&hl=en&ei=DVMATfiLOsPEswbji4HzDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22In%20January%201946%2C%20before%20the%20mass%20repatriation%22&f=false "Jewish Responses to Antisemitism in Poland, 1944–1947."] In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, ed. ''Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath''. Rutgers University Press, 2003. Pages 249; 256.</ref>
Baris 74:
<ref name="Note">Although traditional narrative holds that as a consequence, the predicament of the Commonwealth’s Jewry worsened, declining to the level of other European countries by the end of the eighteenth century, recent scholarship by Gershon Hundert, Moshe Rosman, Edward Fram, and Magda Teter, suggest that the reality was much more complex. See for example, the following works, which discuss Jewish life and culture, as well as Jewish-Christian relations during that period: M. Rosman ''Lords' Jews: Magnate-Jewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Eighteenth Century'' (Harvard University Press, new ed. 1993), G. Hundert ''The Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Opatów in the Eighteenth Century'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), E.Fram ''Ideals Face Reality: Jewish Law and Life in Poland, 1550–1655'' (HUC Press, 1996), and M. Teter''Jews and Heretics in Pre-modern Poland: A Beleaguered Church in the Post-Reformation Era'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006).</ref>
 
<ref name="PCHR">[http://www.holocaustresearch.pl/publikacje(en).htm "I know this Jew!" Blackmailing of the Jews in Warsaw 1939–1945.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007204107/http://www.holocaustresearch.pl/publikacje%28en%29.htm |date=2007-10-07 }} Polish Center for Holocaust Research</ref>
 
<ref name="PMH-1">Postan, Miller, Habakkuk. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gaU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486 The Cambridge Economic History of Europe]. 1948</ref>
 
<ref name="Paulsson1">{{cite book |last=Paulsson |first=Gunnar S |title=Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul|year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-09546-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/secretcityhidden00paul/page/245 245]|quote=There were people everywhere who were prepared, for whatever motives, to do the Nazis' work for them. And if there was more anti-Semitism in Poland than in many other countries, there was also less collaboration.... The Nazis generally preferred not to count on outbursts of 'emotional anti-Semitism', when what was needed to realize their plans was 'rational antisemitism', as Hitler himself put it. For that, they neither received or requested significant help from the Poles.}}</ref>
 
<ref name="Poznan-1">American Jewish Committee, 1957, [http://books.google.com/books?id=E5YSAAAAIAAJ&q=1367+pogrom+Poznan&dq=1367+pogrom+Poznan&pgis=1 1367 pogrom Poznan. Google Books]</ref>
Baris 84:
<ref name="Sanford">George Sanford, ''Historical Dictionary of Poland'' (2nd ed.) Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, 2003. p. 79.</ref>
 
<ref name="Yad-Vashem-1">Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, [http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/statistics.html Righteous Among the Nations – per Country & Ethnic Origin January 1, 2009. Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123191819/http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous_new/statistics.html |date=2009-01-23 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="archive1">[[Anna Poray]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/ ''Polish Righteous, Those Who Risked Their Lives'', 2008]</ref>
 
<ref name="badacz">{{cite web | url=http://www.izrael.badacz.org/zydzi_w_polsce/dzieje_najnowsze.html | title=Żydzi w Polsce. Dzieje najnowsze (po 1945) | publisher=Serwis ''Izrael'' | year=2011 | accessdate=July 23, 2011 | author=Gedeon}} &nbsp;{{Pl icon}}</ref>
 
<ref name="hnetradz">[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=252691081495762 Unveiling the Secret City] H-Net Review: John Radzilowski</ref>
 
<ref name="opoczno-1">[{{Cite web |url=http://www.opoczno.pl/opoczno/_portal/117189707245d9baf044536/Zabytki.html |title=Official portal of the city of Opoczno] |access-date=2014-01-04 |archive-date=2008-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205110952/http://www.opoczno.pl/opoczno/_portal/117189707245d9baf044536/Zabytki.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
 
<ref name="partners-1">[http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/index.html Beyond the Pale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220222119/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/index.html |date=2011-02-20 }} Online exposition</ref>
 
<ref name="polish-jewish-heritage.org">[http://www.polish-jewish-heritage.org/eng/05-01_Polan_Selects_New_Chief_Rabbi.htm The Canadian Foundation of Polish-Jewish Heritage]. Polish-jewish-heritage.org (2005-01-08). Retrieved on 2010-08-22.</ref>
Baris 102:
<ref name="ynet">[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3376540,00.html Article on Ynet news site, Hebrew] [http://translate.google.ca/translate?hl=en&sl=iw&u=http://www.ynet.co.il/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3376540,00.html&ei=0dNPSvyYJpmxtgeGqcGlBA&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%2B1.25%2B%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%259F%2B%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%2B%25D7%2594%25D7%2596%25D7%259B%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259D%2B%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%2B%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA,%2B%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%2B%25D7%2594%25D7%25A6%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2594%2B%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%259F%2B%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%2597%25D7%2595%25D7%2593%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26num%3D100 (Google translate: "Polish passport" by Naama Sickoler).]</ref>
 
<ref name="YV-archive1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080530115755/http://www1.yadvashem.org/Odot/prog/image_into.asp?id=3428&lang=EN&type_id=&addr=/IMAGE_TYPE/3428%2FIMAGE_TYPE%2F3428.GIF Shoa Resource Center: Estimated Casualties During World War II.] [[Internet Archive]]</ref>
 
<ref name="zydziwpolsce">{{cite web | url=http://www.zydziwpolsce.edu.pl/panel23.html | title=Żydzi dzisiaj. Tablica 23 | publisher=''Fundacja Stefana Batorego'' | year=2010 | accessdate=July 23, 2011 | author=A & K Woźniak}}</ref>
}}
 
Baris 113:
* [[William W. Hagen]], "Before the 'Final Solution': Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland", ''[[The Journal of Modern History]]'', Vol. 68, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), 351–381.
* [[Gershon David Hundert]], ''Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth Century: A Genealogy of Modernity'', [[University of California Press]], 2004, ISBN 0-520-23844-3 [books.google.com/books?isbn=0520249941]
* [[Antony Polonsky]] and [[Joanna B. Michlic]]. ''The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland'', [[Princeton University Press]], 2003 ISBN 0-691-11306-8. ([http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/chapters/i7632.html The introduction is online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228113559/http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/chapters/i7632.html |date=2004-12-28 }})
* [[Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski]], ''Jews in Poland. A Documentary History'', [[Hippocrene Books]], Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-7818-0604-6.
* [[David Vital]], ''A People Apart: A Political History of the Jews in Europe 1789–1939'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2001.
Baris 123:
== Bacaan terkait ==
* [[Alvydas Nikžentaitis]], Stefan Schreiner, Darius Staliūnas (editors). ''The Vanished World of Lithuanian Jews''. Rodopi, 2004, ISBN 90-420-0850-4
* {{cite book| year= 2003 | title = After the Holocaust: Polish-Jewish Conflict in the Wake of World War II, East European Monographs |url= https://archive.org/details/afterholocaustpo0000chod|isbn = 0-88033-511-4 | first = Marek Jan | last = Chodakiewicz | authorlink = Marek Jan Chodakiewicz | publisher = Columbia University Press}}
* {{Cite news | first = David | last = Engel | authorlink = David Engel (historian)| title = Patterns of Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland 1944–1946 | work = Yad Vashem Studies | year = 1998 }}
* [[Antony Polonsky|Polonsky, Antony]], ''The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 1: 1350-1881'' (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009) ISBN 978-1-874774-64-8
* Polonsky, Antony, ''The Jews in Poland and Russia, Volume 2: 1881-1914'' (Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2009) ISBN 978-1-904113-83-6
Baris 134:
 
=== Peta ===
* [https://archive.istoday/20121209074145/www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map48.jpg The Cossak Uprising and its Aftermath in Poland], [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map47.jpg Jewish Communities in Poland and Lithuania under the Council of the Four Lands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915011413/http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map47.jpg |date=2009-09-15 }}, [http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map50.jpg The Spread of Hasidic Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915011410/http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map50.jpg |date=2009-09-15 }}, [https://archive.istoday/20121209080703/www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map65.jpg Jewish Revolts against the Nazis in Poland] (All maps from Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice)
 
=== Sejarah Yahudi Polandia ===
* [http://www.jewishmuseum.org.pl/index.php?miId=2&lang=en Museum of the History of Polish Jews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104211006/http://www.jewishmuseum.org.pl/index.php?miId=2&lang=en |date=2014-01-04 }}
** [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/?lang=en_GB Virtual Shtetl]
* [http://polishjews.org The Polish Jews Home Page]
* [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/index.html Beyond the Pale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220222119/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/index.html |date=2011-02-20 }}: A History of the Jews in Russia. See especially: [http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/18.html Jews of Lithuania and Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605143642/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/18.html |date=2011-06-05 }}
* [http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history.html Mike Rose's History of the Jews in Poland before 1794] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829180914/http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history.html |date=2005-08-29 }} and [http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history2.htm After 1794] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404120247/http://members.core.com/~mikerose/history2.htm |date=2005-04-04 }}
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html Virtual Jewish History Tour of Poland]
* [http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/TheStory6321666/Expulsion/Poland.htm Early History of the Polish Jewish Community] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120092539/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/TheStory6321666/Expulsion/Poland.htm |date=2005-11-20 }} from Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia
* [http://www.cyberroad.com/poland/jews.html Jews in Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218170928/http://www.cyberroad.com/poland/jews.html |date=2011-12-18 }} from the LNT Travel company.
* [http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/judaismmiller.htm Judaism in the Baltic: Vilna as the Spiritual Center of Eastern Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207032120/http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/judaismmiller.htm |date=2005-02-07 }}
* [http://www.zydziwpolsce.edu.pl/aindex.html The Jews in Poland. Saving from oblivion – Teaching for the future]
* [http://jewish.sites.warszawa.um.gov.pl/wstep_a.htm Historical Sites of Jewish Warsaw] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023230340/http://jewish.sites.warszawa.um.gov.pl/wstep_a.htm |date=2005-10-23 }}
* [http://krakow.zaprasza.net/fkz/szeroka_street.html Kazimierz in Kraków – History and Jewish Festivals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724140541/http://krakow.zaprasza.net/fkz/szeroka_street.html |date=2011-07-24 }}
* [http://www.jewishmemory.gliwice.pl/ Jewish presence in the history of Gliwice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191939/http://www.jewishmemory.gliwice.pl/ |date=2007-09-28 }}
* [http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/p7-10.htm Polish-Jewish Relations section of the Polish Embassy in Washington] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114192443/http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/p7-10.htm |date=2002-11-14 }}
* [http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/under_one_heaven/content/08_OnTheRole.html Facts and Myths: on the Role of the Jews during the Stalinist Period] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112110900/http://www.polandembassy.org/Links/under_one_heaven/content/08_OnTheRole.html |date=2004-11-12 }}
* [http://www.ce-review.org/00/4/rohozinska4.html A Complicated Coexistence:Polish-Jewish relations through the centuries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514061909/http://www.ce-review.org/00/4/rohozinska4.html |date=2011-05-14 }}, [[Joanna Rohozinska]], [[Central Europe Review]], 28 January 2000
* [http://www.earlymodern.org Primary sources for the premodern period in Jewish history and video presentations by scholars, including: Edward Fram, Moshe Rosman, Adam Teller, and Magda Teter on Jews in Poland-Lithuania]
* [http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html Jewish organisations in Poland before the Second World War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225020319/http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html |date=2008-12-25 }}
* [http://fodz.pl/?d=1&l=en Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland]
 
=== Perang Dunia II dan Holocaust ===
* [http://www.vilnaghetto.com/index.html Chronicles of the Vilna Ghetto: wartime photographs & documents – vilnaghetto.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220205852/http://vilnaghetto.com/index.html |date=2015-02-20 }}
* [http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/uprising/ Warsaw Ghetto Uprising] from the US Holocaust Museum. From the same source see:
** [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/ Non-Jewish Polish Victims of the Holocaust]
** Bibliography of [http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/index.php?content=bibliography/index.php%3fcontent=poles Polish Jewish Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208083532/http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/index.php?content=bibliography%2Findex.php%3Fcontent%3Dpoles |date=2012-12-08 }} during the War
* [http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html Chronology of German Anti-Jewish Measures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702090015/http://www.humboldt.edu/~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html |date=2010-07-02 }} during World War II in Poland
* [http://letters.krakow.pl/books/mojzesz.html The Catholic Zionist Who Helped Steer Israeli Independence through the UN]
* [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_VPNRQSN Poland's Jews:A light flickers on], [[The Economist]], 20 December 2005
* http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225020319/http://fzp.net.pl/historia20.html |date=2008-12-25 }}
 
[[Kategori:IsraelSejarah Polandia]]
[[Kategori:Diaspora Yahudi]]
 
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