Faktor orang ketiga: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[FileBerkas:Climbing Parapet.jpg|thumbjmpl|240px|Dua pendaki gunung.]]

'''Faktor orang ketiga''' atau '''sindrom orang ketiga''' mengacu pada sejumlah laporan bahwa korban yang mengalami peristiwa traumatik merasa ditemani oleh sosok lain yang tak terlihat layaknya, "[[roh]]". [[Sir Ernest Shackleton]] dalam bukunya ''South'' menjelaskan keyakinannya bahwa sesosok [[makhluk gaib|makhluk tak berwujud]] menemani dirinya dan dua rekannya pada hari-hari terakhir petualangan mereka. Shackleton menulis, "selama 36 jam yang panjang dan melelahkan di pegunungan dan gletser tak bertanda di [[Georgia Selatan]], saya sering merasa gerombolan kami justru terdiri dari empat orang, bukan tiga."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shackleton|first=Ernest Henry|others=Frank Hurley, Fergus Fleming|title=South: The Endurance Expedition|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1914|page=204|isbn=0-14-243779-4|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Y8gdPfhon1oC&pg=PA204&vq=that+we+were+four,+not+three&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1|access-date=2014-11-09|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717143819/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Y8gdPfhon1oC&pg=PA204&vq=that+we+were+four,+not+three&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_search_r&hl=en|dead-url=no}}</ref> Pengakuannya membuat orang-orang yang selamat dari keadaan sulit ikut berbagi pengalaman mereka soal orang ketiga.

Beberapa tahun terakhir, petualang terkenal seperti pendaki [[Reinhold Messner]], penjelajah kutub [[Peter Hillary]], serta [[Ann Bancroft]] turut melaporkan pengalaman serupa. Satu studi kasus yang melibatkan sejumlah petualang membuktikan bahwa orang-orang yang paling sering mengalami hal ini adalah pendaki gunung, dilanjutkan oleh pelayar solo dan korban kapal tenggelam yang selamat, dan penjelajah kutub di peringkat terakhir.<ref>Suedfeld, Peter and Geiger, John, (2008) “The sensed presence as a coping resource in extreme environments” In: Ellens, J. Harold (ed.), Miracles God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal (Vol.3) Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99722-7</ref> Beberapa jurnalis mengaitkan orang ketiga dengan konsep [[malaikat penjaga]] atau [[teman khayalan]]. Penjelasan ilmiah menganggap fenomena orang ketiga sebagai [[mekanisme bertahan hidup]] atau contoh [[bikameralisme (psikologi)|bikameralisme]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/living/article/579401|title=Third man theory of otherworldly encounters|last=White|first=Nancy J.|date=January 30, 2009|publisher=The Star|accessdate=2009-02-05|archive-date=2012-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013151422/http://www.thestar.com/living/article/579401|dead-url=no}}</ref> Konsep ini dipopulerkan melalui buku ''The Third Man Factor'' karya [[John G. Geiger]] yang mendokumentasikan beberapa contoh peristiwa orang ketiga.

== Tokoh terkenal ==

* [[Ann Bancroft]]

* Ron DiFrancesco (korban selamat [[serangan 11 September|9/11]] yang diyakini sebagai orang terakhir yang keluar dari gedung WTC<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.peaceandlove.ca/survivor.html#article|title=Last Man Out: Part One|last=Duffy|first=Andrew|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=The [[Ottawa Citizen]]|accessdate=2009-02-10|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205224326/http://www.peaceandlove.ca/survivor.html#article|dead-url=yes}}</ref>)

* [[Charles Lindbergh]]

* [[Stephanie Schwabe]]<ref name=NPR2009>{{cite news |author=Geiger, John |title=Guardian Angels Or The 'Third Man Factor'? |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=2009-09-13 |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112746464 |accessdate=2001-03-14|archive-date=2022-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628105211/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112746464|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [[Ernest Shackleton]]

* [[Joshua Slocum]]

* [[Frank Smythe]]

* [[Robert Swan]]

* [[Dillon Wallace]] (anggota [[Leonidas Hubbard|Ekspedisi Hubbard]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wallace|first=Dillon|title=The Lure of the Labrador Wild|publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|year=1905|page=264|isbn=1-59228-571-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ByvCMTkJZEsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=lure+of+the+labrador+wild&source=bl&ots=EWJ8L0kojo&sig=fiyjTTU9Xm4Y6VI7sQQnJO3In94&hl=en&ei=7z7rTND4MYvDnAeAoZyRAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hadn't%20you%20better%20break%20a%20few%20more%20boughs&f=false|access-date=2014-11-09|archive-date=2023-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717143832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ByvCMTkJZEsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=lure+of+the+labrador+wild&source=bl&ots=EWJ8L0kojo&sig=fiyjTTU9Xm4Y6VI7sQQnJO3In94&hl=en&ei=7z7rTND4MYvDnAeAoZyRAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result#v=onepage&q=hadn't%20you%20better%20break%20a%20few%20more%20boughs&f=false|dead-url=no}}</ref>)

== Sastra ==

== Sumber ==

* {{Cite book| last = Geiger | first = John | authorlink=John G. Geiger| title = The Third Man Factor |url = https://archive.org/details/thirdmanfactorse0000geig|publisher = Viking Canada | location = Toronto | year = 2009 | isbn = 0-14-301751-9 }}[http://www.johngeiger.co.uk/uk/third-man.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810013324/http://johngeiger.co.uk/uk/third-man.html |date=2013-08-10 }}

* {{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2009/200901/20090127.html|date=January 27, 2009|publisher=CBC Radio: The Current|title=The Current for January 27, 2009 - Part 3: Third Man Factor|access-date=2014-11-09|archive-date=2010-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411231544/http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2009/200901/20090127.html|dead-url=no}}

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112746464|title=Guardian Angels Or The 'Third Man Factor'?|last=Messner|first=Reinhold|date=September 13, 2009|work=NPR|accessdate=26 January 2010|archive-date=2022-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628105211/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112746464|dead-url=no}}

== Referensi ==

== Pranala luar ==

* {{Cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1197394/The-Third-Man-Factor-How-dire-peril-felt-sudden-presence-inspiring-survive.html|title= The Third Man Factor: How those in dire peril have felt a sudden presence at their side, inspiring them to survive|publisher= Mail Online|first= Sarah|last= Chalmers|date= 3 July 2009|accessdate= 6 July 2009|archive-date= 2013-05-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130511104117/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1197394/The-Third-Man-Factor-How-dire-peril-felt-sudden-presence-inspiring-survive.html|dead-url= no}}

* John Geiger's Website [http://www.thirdmanfactor.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405043007/http://thirdmanfactor.com/ |date=2009-04-05 }}

[[CategoryKategori:Spiritualitas]]