Kurt Gödel: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Kurt Friedrich Gödel''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɜr|t|_|g|ɜr|d|əl}}; {{IPA-de|ˈkʊʁt ˈɡøːdəl|lang|Kurt gödel.ogg}}; {{lahirmati|[[Austria]] |28|4|1906|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], [[Amerika Serikat]]|14|1|1978}}) adalah seorang ahli [[matematika]], [[logika]] dan [[filsuf]] asal [[Austria]], yang kemudian beralih menjadi warganegara [[Amerika Serikat]].
Gödel mempublikasikan [[teorema ketaklengkapan Gödel|kedua teorema ketidaklengkapan hasil pemikirannya]] pada tahun 1931 ketika ia berusia 25 tahun, setahun setelah meraih gelar doktor pada [[:en:University of Vienna|University of Vienna]].<!-- The first incompleteness theorem states that for any self-consistent [[recursive set|recursive]] [[axiomatic system]] powerful enough to describe the arithmetic of the [[natural number]]s (for example [[Peano arithmetic]]), there are true propositions about the naturals that cannot be proved from the [[axioms]]. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as [[Gödel numbering]], which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
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Gödel secara otomatis menjadi warganegara Cekoslowakia pada usia 12 tahun, ketika Kekaisaran Austro-Hungaria pecah pada akhir [[Perang Dunia I]]. Menurut teman sekelasnya, Klepetař, sebagaimana penduduk wilayah yang tergolong ''German Sudetenländer'', "Gödel selalu menganggap dirinya orang Austria dan hidup dalam pembuangan di Cekoslowakia".<ref>Dawson 1997, p. 15.</ref> Ia memilih menjadi warganegara [[Austria]] pada usia 23 tahun. Ketika [[Jerman]] [[:en:Anschluss|mencaplok Austria]] pada tahun 1938, Gödel otomatis menjadi warganegara Jerman pada usia 32 tahun. Setelah [[Perang Dunia II]], pada usia 42 tahun, ia menjadi warganegara [[Amerika Serikat]].
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Gödel attended the ''Evangelische Volksschule'', a Lutheran school in Brünn from 1912 to 1916, and was enrolled in the ''Deutsches Staats-Realgymnasium'' from 1916 to 1924, excelling with honors in all his subjects, particularly in mathematics, languages and religion. Although Kurt had first excelled in languages, he later became more interested in history and mathematics. His interest in mathematics increased when in 1920 his older brother Rudolf (born 1902) left for [[Vienna]] to go to medical school at the [[University of Vienna]]. During his teens, Kurt studied [[Gabelsberger shorthand]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]'s ''[[Theory of Colours (book)|Theory of Colours]]'' and criticisms of [[Isaac Newton]], and the writings of [[Immanuel Kant]].
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=== Belajar di Vienna ===
Pada usia 18, Gödel mengikuti abangnya di [[Wina]] (''Vienna'') dan kuliah di University of Vienna. Saat itu ia sudah menguasai matematika setingkat universitas.<ref>Dawson 1997, p. 24.</ref> Meskipun awalnya berniat untuk belajar [[:en:theoretical physics|fisika teoretis]], ia juga mengikuti kuliah matematika dan filsafat. Pada masa ini, ia menganut ide [[:En:mathematical realism|realisme matematika]]. Ia membaca karya [[Immanuel Kant]], ''[[:en:Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science|Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft]]'', dan berpartisipasi dalam [[Vienna Circle]] bersama [[Moritz Schlick]], [[Hans Hahn (mathematician)|Hans Hahn]], dan [[Rudolf Carnap]]. Gödel kemudian belajar [[:en:number theory|teori bilangan]]
=== Teorema Ketidaklengkapan ===
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# If the [[formal system|system]] is [[consistency proof|consistent]], it cannot be [[Completeness (logic)|complete]].
# The consistency of the [[axiom]]s cannot be proven within the [[Axiomatic system|system]].
These theorems ended a half-century of attempts, beginning with the work of [[Frege]] and culminating in ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'' and [[philosophy of mathematics#Formalism|Hilbert's formalism]], to find a set of axioms sufficient for all mathematics.-->
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In hindsight, the basic idea at the heart of the incompleteness theorem is rather simple. Gödel essentially constructed a formula that claims that it is unprovable in a given formal system. If it were provable, it would be false, which contradicts the idea that in a consistent system, provable statements are always true.
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In his two-page paper ''Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül'' (1932) Gödel refuted the finite-valuedness of [[intuitionistic logic]]. In the proof he implicitly used what has later become known as [[intermediate logic|Gödel–Dummett intermediate logic]] (or [[t-norm fuzzy logic|Gödel fuzzy logic]]).
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=== Tahun 1930-an: pekerjaan selanjutnya dan kunjungan ke Amerika Serikat ===
Gödel
Dalam bulan 1936, [[:en:Moritz Schlick|Moritz Schlick]], yang
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Pada tahun 1933, Gödel pertama kali pergi ke [[Amerika Serikat]], di mana ia bertemu dengan [[Albert Einstein]], yang menjadi sahabat karibnya.<ref>[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]] (1988), p.518</ref> <!--He delivered an address to the annual meeting of the [[American Mathematical Society]]. During this year, Gödel also developed the ideas of computability and [[Computable function|recursive functions]] to the point where he was able to present a lecture on general recursive functions and the concept of truth. This work was developed in number theory, using Gödel numbering.
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Kemudian, ia pergi lagi ke Amerika Serikat, tinggal selama musim gugur 1938 di IAS dan musim semi 1939 di [[University of Notre Dame]].
===Relokasi ke Princeton, Einstein dan kewarganegaraan Amerika Serikat ===▼
After the [[Anschluss]] in 1938, Austria had become a part of [[Nazi Germany]].▼
▲=== Relokasi ke Princeton, Einstein dan kewarganegaraan Amerika Serikat ===
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Jerman menghapuskan gelar jabatan ''[[:en:Privatdozent|Privatdozent]]'', sehingga Gödel harus melamar pekerjaan pada posisi lain di bawah aturan baru. Hubungannya dulu dengan orang-orang Yahudi yang menjadi anggota Vienna Circle, terutama dengan Hahn, menjadi faktor yang merugikannya. University of Vienna menolak lamaran pekerjaannya.
Keadaannya menjadi lebih sulit ketika tentara Jerman memutuskan ia harus masuk wajib militer. [[Perang Dunia II]] dimulai pada bulan September [[1939]].
Gödel very quickly resumed his mathematical work. In 1940, he published his work ''Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum-hypothesis with the axioms of set theory'', which is a classic of modern mathematics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} In that work he introduced the [[constructible universe]], a model of [[set theory]] in which the only sets that exist are those that can be constructed from simpler sets. Gödel showed that both the [[axiom of choice]] (AC) and the [[generalized continuum hypothesis]] (GCH) are true in the constructible universe, and therefore must be consistent with the [[Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms]] for set theory (ZF). This result has had considerable consequences for working mathematicians, as it means that they can assume the axiom of choice when proving the [[Hahn-Banach theorem]]. [[Paul Cohen (mathematician)|Paul Cohen]] later constructed a [[structure (mathematical logic)|model]] of ZF in which AC and GCH are false; together these proofs mean that AC and GCH are independent of the ZF axioms for set theory.▼
Sebelum setahun, Gödel dan istrinya meninggalkan Vienna dan pergi ke [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]. Untuk menghindari kesulitan menyeberangi [[samudra Atlantik]], pasangan Gödels naik [[:en:trans-Siberian railway|kereta api trans-Siberia]] ke [[samudra Pasifik]], berlayar dari [[Jepang]] ke [[San Francisco]] (tiba tanggal 4 Maret 1940), kemudian melintasi Amerika Serikat naik kereta api ke Princeton, di mana Gödel menerima posisi pada [[:en:Institute for Advanced Study|Institute for Advanced Study]] (IAS).
▲<!--Gödel very quickly resumed his mathematical work. In 1940, he published his work ''Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum-hypothesis with the axioms of set theory'', which is a classic of modern mathematics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} In that work he introduced the [[constructible universe]], a model of [[set theory]] in which the only sets that exist are those that can be constructed from simpler sets. Gödel showed that both the [[axiom of choice]] (AC) and the [[generalized continuum hypothesis]] (GCH) are true in the constructible universe, and therefore must be consistent with the [[Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms]] for set theory (ZF). This result has had considerable consequences for working mathematicians, as it means that they can assume the axiom of choice when proving the [[Hahn-Banach theorem]]. [[Paul Cohen (mathematician)|Paul Cohen]] later constructed a [[structure (mathematical logic)|model]] of ZF in which AC and GCH are false; together these proofs mean that AC and GCH are independent of the ZF axioms for set theory.
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[[Albert Einstein]] juga tinggal di Princeton pada waktu itu. Gödel dan Einstein menjadi sahabat karib, dan dikenal sering berjalan jauh bersama dari dan ke Institute for Advanced Study. Isi percakapan mereka merupakan misteri bagi anggota institut yang lain. Ahli ekonomi [[:en:Oskar Morgenstern|Oskar Morgenstern]] mengenang bahwa di akhir hidupnya Einstein mengakui "pekerjaannya sendiri tidak lagi berarti banyak, dan ia datang ke institut hanya ... untuk mendapatkan kesempatan berjalan pulang bersama Gödel".<ref>Goldstein (2005), p. 33.</ref>
Gödel
▲On December 5, 1947, Einstein and Morgenstern accompanied Gödel to his [[U.S. citizenship]] exam, where they acted as witnesses. Gödel had confided in them that he had discovered an inconsistency in the [[U.S. Constitution]] that would allow the U.S. to become a dictatorship. Einstein and Morgenstern were concerned that their friend's unpredictable behavior might jeopardize his application. Fortunately, the judge turned out to be [[Phillip Forman]], who knew Einstein and had administered the oath at Einstein's own citizenship hearing. Everything went smoothly until Forman happened to ask Gödel if he thought a dictatorship like the [[Nazi regime]] could happen in the U.S. Gödel then started to explain his discovery to Forman. Forman understood what was going on, cut Gödel off, and moved the hearing on to other questions and a routine conclusion.<ref>Dawson 1997, pp. 179–180. The story of Gödel's citizenship hearing is repeated in many versions. Dawson's account is the most carefully researched, but was written before the rediscovery of Morgenstern's written account. Most other accounts appear to be based on Dawson, hearsay or speculation.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://robert.accettura.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Morgenstern_onGoedelcitizenship.pdf|title = History of the Naturalization of Kurt Gödel|author = Oskar Morgenstern|date = September 13, 1971|format = PDF|accessdate=June 20, 2012}}</ref>
=== Akhir hayat ===
Gödel menjadi anggota tetap "Institute for Advanced Study" di Princeton pada tahun 1946. Sekitar waktu ini ia berhenti mempublikasikan karyanya, meskipun terus bekerja. Ia menjadi profesor penuh pada institut itu pada tahun 1953 dan pensiun sebagai profesor emeritus pada tahun 1976.
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He studied and admired the works of [[Gottfried Leibniz]], but came to believe that a hostile conspiracy had caused some of Leibniz's works to be suppressed.<ref>John W. Dawson, Jr. [http://books.google.com/books?id=gA8SucCU1AYC&pg=PA166&dq=godel+leibniz&lr= Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel.] A K Peters, Ltd., 2005. P. 166.</ref> To a lesser extent he studied [[Immanuel Kant]] and [[Edmund Husserl]]. In the early 1970s, Gödel circulated among his friends an elaboration of Leibniz's version of [[Anselm of Canterbury]]'s [[ontological argument|ontological proof]] of God's existence. This is now known as [[Gödel's ontological proof]]. Gödel was awarded (with [[Julian Schwinger]]) the first [[Albert Einstein Award]] in 1951, and was also awarded the [[National Medal of Science]], in 1974.{{citation needed|date = January 2014}}
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Pada akhir hidupnya, Gödel mengalami beberapa kali [[gangguan mental]] dan penyakit. Ia menderita [[:en:persecutory delusions|ketakutan besar akan diracuni]]; ia hanya mau makan makanan yang disiapkan oleh istrinya, Adele. Pada akhir tahun 1977, istrinya masuk rumah sakit selama 6 bulan dan tidak mampu menyiapkan makanan untuk suaminya. Akibatnya, Gödel tidak mau makan, sehingga akhirnya meninggal karena kelaparan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7038/full/435019a.html|title=Gödel's universe|author=Davis, Martin|work=Nature|date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> Beratnya hanya 65 pound (sekitar 30 kg) ketika meninggal. Pada akta kematian tertulis bahwa ia meninggal akibat "kekurangan gizi dan kelaparan karena gangguan kepribadian" pada [[:en:Princeton Hospital|Princeton Hospital]] tanggal 14 Januari 1978.<ref>{{cite book
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== Pandangan agama ==
Gödel adalah seorang penganut teguh aliran [[teisme]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A to Z of Mathematicians|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816053384|author=Tucker McElroy|page=118|quote=Gödel had a happy childhood, and was called "Mr. Why" by his family, due to his numerous questions. He was baptized as a Lutheran, and re-mained a theist (a believer in a personal God) throughout his life.}}</ref> Ia memegang keyakinan bahwa Allah adalah sosok pribadi, yang berbeda dengan pandangan sahabatnya, [[Albert Einstein]].
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He believed firmly in an afterlife, stating: "Of course this supposes that there are many relationships which today's science and received wisdom haven't any inkling of. But I am convinced of this [the afterlife], independently of any theology." It is "possible today to perceive, by pure reasoning" that it "is entirely consistent with known facts." "If the world is rationally constructed and has meaning, then there must be such a thing [as an afterlife]."<ref>Hao Wang, "A Logical Journey: From Gödel to Philosophy", 1996, pp. 104–105.</ref>
In an unmailed answer to a questionnaire, Gödel described his religion as "baptized Lutheran (but not member of any religious congregation). My belief is ''[[Theism|theistic]]'', not [[Pantheism|pantheistic]], following [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] rather than [[Spinoza]]."<ref>Gödel's answer to a special questionnaire sent him by the sociologist Burke Grandjean. This answer is quoted directly in Wang 1987, p. 18, and indirectly in Wang 1996, p. 112. It's also quoted directly in Dawson 1997, p. 6,who cites Wang 1987. The Grandjean questionnaire is perhaps the most extended autobiographical item in Gödel's papers. Gödel filled it out in pencil and wrote a cover letter, but he never returned it. "Theistic" is italicized in both Wang 1987 and Wang 1996. It is possible that this italicization is Wang's and not Gödel's. The quote follows Wang 1987, with two corrections taken from Wang 1996. Wang 1987 reads "Baptist Lutheran" where Wang 1996 has "baptized Lutheran". Wang 1987 has "rel. cong.", which in Wang 1996 is expanded to "religious congregation".</ref> Describing religion(s) in general, Gödel said: "Religions are, for the most part, bad—but religion is not".<ref>Wang 1996 p. 316</ref> About Islam he said: "I like Islam, it is a consistent [or consequential] idea of religion and open-minded."<ref> Wang 1996, p. 148
November 16 and December 7, 1975, which Wang found hard to classify under the main topics considered elsewhere in the book. </ref>
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== Warisan ==
Sebuah yayasan bernama [[:en:Kurt Gödel Society|Kurt Gödel Society]] didirikan pada tahun 1987 untuk menghormatinya. Merupakan suatu organisasi internasional yang mempromosikan riset dalam bidang logika, filsafat dan sejarah [[matematika]]. [[:en:University of Vienna|University of Vienna]] membuka "Kurt Gödel Research Center for Mathematical Logic". [[:en:Association for Symbolic Logic|Association for Symbolic Logic]] telah mengundang pembicara khusus tahunan sebagai "Kurt Gödel lecturer" sejah tahun 1990.
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Five volumes of Gödel's collected works have been published. The first two include Gödel's publications; the third includes unpublished manuscripts from Gödel's ''Nachlass'', and the final two include correspondence.
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[[Douglas Hofstadter]] wrote a popular book in 1979 called ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]'' to celebrate the work and ideas of Gödel, along with those of artist [[M. C. Escher]] and composer [[Johann Sebastian Bach]]. The book partly explores the ramifications of the fact that Gödel's incompleteness theorem can be applied to any [[Turing-complete]] computational system, which may include the [[human brain]].
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== Publikasi penting ==
Dalam [[bahasa Jerman]]:
* 1930, "Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Funktionenkalküls." ''Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik'' '''37''': 349–60.
* 1931, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der ''[[:en:Principia Mathematica|Principia Mathematica]]'' und verwandter Systeme, I." ''Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik'' '''38''': 173–98.
* 1932, "Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül", ''Anzeiger Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien'' '''69''': 65–66.
Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]]:
* 1940. ''The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory.'' Princeton University Press.
* 1947. "What is Cantor's continuum problem?" ''The American Mathematical Monthly 54'': 515–25. Revised version in [[:en:Paul Benacerraf|Paul Benacerraf]] and [[Hilary Putnam]], eds., 1984 (1964). ''Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings''. Cambridge Univ. Press: 470–85.
* 1950, "Rotating Universes in General Relativity Theory." ''Proceedings of the international Congress of Mathematicians in Cambridge,'' '''1''': 175–81
Dalam terjemahan [[bahasa Inggris]]:
* Kurt Godel, 1992. ''On Formally Undecidable Propositions Of Principia Mathematica And Related Systems'', tr. B. Meltzer, with a comprehensive introduction by [[:en:R. B. Braithwaite|Richard Braithwaite]]. Dover reprint of the 1962 [[Basic Books]] edition.
* Kurt Godel, 2000.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF01700692|author=Kurt Godel
* [[:En:Jean van Heijenoort|Jean van Heijenoort]], 1967. ''A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931''. Harvard Univ. Press.
** 1930. "The completeness of the axioms of the functional calculus of logic," 582–91.
** 1930. "Some metamathematical results on completeness and consistency," 595–96. Abstract to (1931).
** 1931. "On formally undecidable propositions of ''Principia Mathematica'' and related systems," 596–616.
** 1931a. "On completeness and consistency," 616–17.
* [http://www.geocities.ws/kandathil/godel_phil_view.html "My philosophical viewpoint"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062159/http://www.geocities.ws/kandathil/godel_phil_view.html |date=2014-04-07 }}, c. 1960,
* [http://www.geocities.ws/kandathil/godel_fom.html "The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422105228/http://www.geocities.ws/kandathil/godel_fom.html |date=2014-04-22 }}, 1961,
* ''Collected Works'': Oxford University Press: New York.
** Volume I: Publications 1929–1936 ISBN 978-0-19-503964-1 / Paperback:ISBN 978-0-19-514720-9,
▲*''Collected Works'': Oxford University Press: New York. Editor-in-chief: [[Solomon Feferman]].
** Volume
** Volume
** Volume
** Volume
== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|Biography|Logic}}
* [[Gödel machine]]
* [[Gödel Prize]]
* [[Gödel's speed-up theorem]]
* [[Teorema ketaklengkapan Gödel]]
* [[Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem]]
* [[Slingshot argument]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Pustaka ==
* Dawson, John W., 1997. ''Logical dilemmas: The life and work of Kurt Gödel''. Wellesley MA: A K Peters.
* [http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Br%C3%BCnn&oldid=447734 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brünn]. (September 19, 2007). In Wikisource, The Free Library. Retrieved 10 pm EST March 13, 2008.
* [[:en:Rebecca Goldstein|Rebecca Goldstein]], 2005. ''Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Gödel''. W. W. Norton & Company, New York. ISBN 0-393-32760-4 pbk.
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* John L. Casti and Werner DePauli, 2000. ''Gödel: A Life of Logic'', Basic Books (Perseus Books Group), Cambridge, MA. ISBN 0-7382-0518-4.
* [[:en:John W. Dawson, Jr|John W. Dawson, Jr]]. ''Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel''. AK Peters, Ltd., 1996.
* John W. Dawson, Jr, 1999. "Gödel and the Limits of Logic", ''Scientific American'', vol. 280 num. 6, pp. 76–81
* [[:en:Torkel Franzén|Torkel Franzén]], 2005. ''Gödel's Theorem: An Incomplete Guide to Its Use and Abuse''. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters.
* [[:en:Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Ivor Grattan-Guinness]], 2000. ''The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940''. Princeton Univ. Press.
* [[:en:Jaakko Hintikka|Jaakko Hintikka]], 2000. ''On Gödel''. Wadsworth.
* [[:en:Douglas Hofstadter|Douglas Hofstadter]], 1980. ''[[:en:Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach]]''. Vintage.
* [[:en:Stephen Kleene|Stephen Kleene]], 1967. ''Mathematical Logic''. Dover paperback reprint ca. 2001.
* Stephen Kleene, 1980. ''Introduction to Metamathematics''. North Holland ISBN 0-7204-2103-9 (Ishi Press paperback. 2009. ISBN 978-0-923891-57-2)
* [[:en:J.R. Lucas|J.R. Lucas]], 1970. ''The Freedom of the Will''. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
* [[:en:Ernest Nagel|Ernest Nagel]] and Newman, James R., 1958. ''Gödel's Proof.'' New York Univ. Press.
* Procházka, Jiří, 2006, 2006, 2008, 2008, 2010. ''Kurt Gödel: 1906–1978: Genealogie''. ITEM, Brno. Volume I. Brno 2006, ISBN 80-902297-9-4. In Ger., Engl. Volume II. Brno 2006, ISBN 80-903476-0-6. In Germ., Engl. Volume III. Brno 2008, ISBN 80-903476-4-9. In Germ., Engl. Volume IV. Brno, Princeton 2008, ISBN 978-80-903476-5-6. In Germ., Engl. Volume V,Brno,Princeton 2010, ISBN 80-903476-9-X. In Germ., Engl.
* Procházka, Jiří, 2012. "Kurt Gödel: 1906–1978: Historie". ITEM,Brno, Wien, Princeton. Volume I. ISBN 978-80-903476-2-5. In Ger., Engl.
* [[:en:Ed Regis (author)|Ed Regis]], 1987. ''Who Got Einstein's Office?'' Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
* [[:en:Raymond Smullyan|Raymond Smullyan]], 1992. ''Godel's Incompleteness Theorems''. Oxford University Press.
* [[:en:Olga Taussky-Todd|Olga Taussky-Todd]], 1983. [http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/605/02/Todd.pdf Remembrances of Kurt Gödel]. Engineering & Science, Winter 1988.
* [[:en:Hao Wang (academic)|Hao Wang]], 1987. ''Reflections on Kurt Gödel.'' MIT Press.
* Hao Wang, 1996. ''A Logical Journey: From Godel to Philosophy''. MIT Press.
* Yourgrau, Palle, 1999. ''Gödel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Gödel Universe.'' Chicago: Open Court.
* Yourgrau, Palle, 2004. ''A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein.'' Basic Books. Book review by John Stachel in the Notices of the [[American Mathematical Society]] ('''54''' (7), pp. 861–868):
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Kurt Gödel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=19539}}
* {{ScienceWorldBiography |
* Kennedy, Juliette. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/goedel "Kurt Gödel."] In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/02/28/050228crat_atlarge Time Bandits]: an article about the relationship between Gödel and Einstein by Jim Holt
* [http://plus.maths.org/issue39/features/dawson/ "Gödel and the limits of logic"] by John W Dawson Jr. (June 2006)
* [http://www.ams.org/notices/200604/200604-toc.html Notices of the AMS, April 2006, Volume 53, Number 4] Kurt Gödel Centenary Issue
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1807626.htm Paul Davies and Freeman Dyson discuss Kurt Godel]
* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/goldstein05/goldstein05_index.html "Gödel and the Nature of Mathematical Truth"] Edge: A Talk with Rebecca Goldstein on Kurt Gödel.
* [http://simplycharly.com/godel/gregory_chaitin_interview.htm It's Not All In The Numbers: Gregory Chaitin Explains Gödel's Mathematical Complexities.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003330/http://simplycharly.com/godel/gregory_chaitin_interview.htm |date=2009-11-06 }}
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/bvi/photo-gallery/photo_gallery.htm Gödel photo g.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301015757/http://www.univie.ac.at/bvi/photo-gallery/photo_gallery.htm |date=2009-03-01 }}
* {{Find a Grave|25996503}}
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/gdel-kurt.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Godel}}
{{Notable logicians}}
{{
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}
{{Authority control
{{DEFAULTSORT:Godel, Kurt}}
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▲[[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]]
▲[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study faculty]]
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▲[[Category:Princeton University]]
▲[[Category:University of Vienna]]
▲[[Category:Vienna Circle]]
▲[[Category:University of Notre Dame]]
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