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{{About |provinsi Punjab di Pakistan|negara bagian di India|Punjab, India}}
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{For-multi|wilayah geografis|Punjab||Punjab (disambiguasi)}}
 
{{Infobox settlement
{{Pakistan infobox
|region name = Punjab
|flag =official_name Flag of = Provinsi Punjab.svg
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}
|seal = Coat of arms of Punjab.svg
| type = [[Unit administratif di Pakistan|Provinsi]]
|map = Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|capital = [[Lahore]]
| border = infobox
|latd = 31.33
| total_width = 280
|longd = 74.21
| image_style = border:1;
|pop_year = 2003
| perrow = 1/2/2
|population = 79.429.701
| image1 = Royal mosque Lahore.jpg
|density = 386,8
| caption1 = [[Masjid Badshahi]]
|area = 205/344
| image2 = The white structure.jpg
|languages = [[bahasa Punjabi]]{{br}}[[bahasa Urdu]]{{br}}[[bahasa Siraiki]]{{br}}[[Hindko]]{{br}}[[Balochi]]
| caption2 = [[Masjid Al-Sadiq, Bahawalpur|Masjid Al-Sadiq]]
|status = Provinsi
| image3 = Shah Rukn-e-Alam Shrine.jpg
|districts = 34
| caption3 = [[Makam Shah Rukn-e-Alam]]
|towns =
| image4 = Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg
|unions =
| caption4 = [[Benteng Derawar]]
|established = 1 Juli 1970
| image5 = Clock Tower Faisalabad by Usman Nadeem.jpg
|governor = [[Khalid Maqbool]]
| caption5 = [[Menara Jam, Faisalabad|Menara Jam Faisalabad]]
|minister = [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]]
| image6 = Khewra Salt Mines landscape IMG 3127.jpg
|legislature = Majelis Provinsi
| caption6 = [[Tambang Garam Khewra]]
|seats = 371
| image7 =
|website = www.punjab.gov.pk
|website_title = Pemerintah Punjab
|footnotes =
}}
| image_flag = Flag of Punjab.svg
:''Artikel ini merujuk kepada Provinsi Punjab di [[Pakistan]]. Untuk penggunaan lain, lihat '''[[Punjab]]'''.''
| image_seal = Coat of arms of Punjab.svg
| etymology = ''Panj'' (berarti "lima") dan ''āb'' (berarti "air")
| image_map = Punjab in Pakistan (claims hatched).svg
| map_caption = Lokasi Punjab di Pakistan
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|72|type:adm1st_region:PK_dim:1000000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Negara
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| parts_style = para
| established_title = Didirikan
| established_date = [[Tatanan Kerangka Hukum, 1970|1 Juli 1970]]
| established_title1 = Sebelumnya
| established_date1 = Bagian dari [[Pakistan Barat]]
| seat_type = Ibu kota<br/>{{nobold|dan kota terbesar}}
| seat = [[Lahore]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Bahasa di Pakistan|Bahasa]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{bulleted list|'''Resmi:'''<br />[[Bahasa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Urdu]]|'''Provinsial:'''<br />[[Bahasa Punjabi|Punjabi]]}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = Tim olahraga provinsial
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Collapsible list
| title = ''{{nobold|Daftar:}}''
| [[Lahore Qalandars]]
| [[Multan Sultans]]
| [[Lahore Lions]]
| [[Rawalpindi Rams]]
| [[Sialkot Stallions]]
| [[Bahawalpur Stags]]
| [[Multan Tigers]]
| [[Faisalabad Wolves]]
| [[Tim kriket Punjab Tengah|Punjab Tengah]]
| [[Tim kriket Punjab Selatan (Pakistan)|Punjab Selatan]]
}}
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia|IPM]] (2021)
| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.550{{increase}}<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/PAK/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=Globaldatalab.org|access-date=5 June 2022}}</ref><br />{{orange|medium}}
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Pendidikan di Pakistan|Tingkat melek huruf]] (2020)
| blank3_info_sec1 = 66,3%<ref name="propakistani.pk">{{cite news | url=https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/09/kp-achieves-highest-literacy-rate-among-all-provinces/ | title=KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces | newspaper=Propakistani | date=9 June 2022 }}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = Kursi [[Majelis Nasional Pakistan|Majelis Nasional]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 183
| blank_name_sec2 = Kursi Majelis Provinsial
| blank_info_sec2 = 371<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19|title= Provincial Assembly – Punjab|url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061549/http://pap.gov.pk/index.php/members/stats/en/19 |archive-date= 1 February 2009}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Divisi di Punjab, Pakistan|Divisi]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 10
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Daftar distrik di Punjab, Pakistan|Distrik]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = 42
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Daftar tehsil di Punjab, Pakistan|Tehsil]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 148
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Dewan persatuan (Pakistan)#Provinsi Punjab|Dewan Persatuan]]
| blank4_info_sec2 = 7602
| demographics1_info1 = $225 miliar ([[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|ke-1]]){{efn|name=g}}
| demographics_type1 = PDB (nominal)
| demographics1_title1 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|Total (2022)]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|Per Kapita]]
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics_type2 = PDB (PPP)
| demographics2_title1 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|Total (2022)]]
| demographics2_info1 = $925 miliar ([[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|ke-1]]){{efn|name=g|Kontribusi Punjab terhadap ekonomi nasional sebesar 60,58%, atau $925 miliar (PPP) dan $225 miliar (nominal) pada 2022.<ref name=kp>{{Cite web|url=https://kpbos.gov.pk/assets/docs/reports/NTL-PolicyBrief-Aug-1.pdf|title=
GDP OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA'S DISTRICTS|website=kpbos.gov.pk}}</ref><ref name="imf.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=564,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIEPCH,&sy=2020&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 | title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects }}</ref>}}
| demographics1_title3 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|Per Kapita]]
| demographics1_info3 = $2.003 ([[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|ke-2]])
| demographics2_title2 = [[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|Per Kapita]]
| demographics2_info2 = $8.027 ([[Daftar unit administratif di Pakistan menurut produk bruto negara|ke-2]])
| government_type = [[Negara bagian|Provinsi berpemerintahan sendiri]] subjek dari [[Pemerintah Pakistan|pemerintah federal]]
| governing_body = [[Pemerintah Punjab, Pakistan|Pemerintah Punjab]]
| leader_title = [[Gubernur Punjab, Pakistan|Gubernur]]
| leader_name = [[Muhammad Baligh Ur Rehman|Muhammad Baligh-ur-Rehman]]
| leader_title1 = [[Ketua Menteri Punjab (Pakistan)|Ketua Menteri]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohsin Raza Naqvi]] (penjaga)
| leader_title2 = [[Sekretaris Utama Punjab|Sekretaris Utama]]
| leader_name2 = Zahid Akhtar Zaman
| leader_title3 = [[Daftar badan legislatif di Asia Selatan#Pakistan|Badan Legislatif]]
| leader_name3 = [[Majelis Provinsi Punjab|Majelis Provinsial]]
| leader_title4 = [[Pengadilam tinggi di Pakistan|Pengadilan Tinggi]]
| leader_name4 = [[Pengadilan Tinggi Lahore]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 205344
| area_rank = [[Unit administratif di Pakistan|ke-2]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2023 Census">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/Punjab.pdf |title = Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Punjab province) |date= 5 August 2023 |website = Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk) |access-date = 25 November 2023}}</ref>
| population_total = 127.688.922
| population_as_of = [[Sensus Pakistan 2023|Sensus 2023]]
| population_rank = [[Demografi Pakistan|ke-1]]
| population_density_km2 = 622
| timezone1 = [[Waktu Standar Pakistan|PKT]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:00
| website = {{url|punjab.gov.pk}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:PK|PK-PB]]
| native_name_lang = pa
}}
'''Punjab''' ({{Text|[[Bahasa Punjabi|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]: {{Nastaliq|پنجاب}}|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA-pa|audio=Punjab.ogg|pəɳˈdʒɑːb|pron}}; disingkat '''PB'''), dalam sejarahnya dikenal sebagai '''''Panchanada''''' dan '''''Pentapotamia''''', adalah sebuah [[Unit administratif di Pakistan|provinsi]] di [[Pakistan]]. Terletak di wilayah tengah-timur negara, Punjab merupakan provinsi terbesar kedua di Pakistan menurut luas daratan dan [[Demografi Pakistan|terbesar menurut jumlah penduduk]]. [[Lahore]] merupakan ibu kota dan kota terbesar di provinsi tersebut. Kota besar lainnya yaitu [[Faisalabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Gujranwala]] dan [[Multan]].
 
Provinsi ini berbatasan dengan provinsi [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] di barat laut, [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] di barat data dan [[Sindh]] di selatan, serta [[Wilayah Ibu Kota Islamabad]] di barat laut dan [[Azad Kashmir]] di utara. Provinsi ini memiliki [[Perbatasan India dengan Pakistan|perbatasan internasional]] dengan negara bagian India yaitu [[Rajasthan]] dan [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] di timur dan [[Jammu dan Kashmir (wilayah persatuan)|Kashmir yang dikelola India]] di timur laut. Punjab merupakan provinsi paling subur di negara tersebut karena dilintasi oleh [[Sungai Indus]] dan empat anak sungai utama, yaitu [[Sungai Ravi|Ravi]], [[Sungai Jhelum|Jhelum]], [[Sungai Chenab|Chenab]] dan [[Sungai Sutlej|Sutlej]].
Provinsi '''Punjab''' atau '''Panjab''' {{audio|Punjab.ogg|diucapkan}} ([[Punjabi]]/[[Urdu]]: '''پنجاب''') di [[Pakistan]] adalah wilayah yang paling banyak penduduknya di negara itu dan merupakan tempat asal [[suku Punjabi]] dan berbagai kelompok lainnya. Daerah-daerah sekitarnya adalah [[Sindh]] di selatan, , [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] dan [[North West Frontier Province]] di sebelah barat, [[Azad Kashmir]] yang dikuasai Pakistan, [[Jammu dan Kashmir]] yang dikuasai India dan [[Islamabad]] di sebelah utara, serta [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] [[India]] dan [[Rajasthan]] di sebelah timur. Bahasa-bahasa utamanya adalah [[bahasa Punjabi]], [[bahasa Seraiki]], dan [[Urdu]]. Ibukota provinsinya adalah [[Lahore]]. Nama Punjab secara harafiah diterjemahkan dari [[bahasa Persia]] menjadi kata ''Panj'' (پنج), yang mempunyai akar yang sama dengan kata ''Pāñca'' dalam [[bahasa Sanskerta]], yang berarti "lima", dan ''Āb'' (آب), yang berakar sama dengan bahasa Sanskerta ''[[Ap (air)|Āp]]'', yang berarti "air". Karenanya nama Punjab dapat diterjemahkan sebagai "kelima air", atau ''negeri lima sungai'', yang merujuk kepada [[Sungai Beas]], [[Sungai Ravi|Ravi]], [[Sutlej]], [[Chenab]] dan [[Sungai Jhelum|Jhelum]]. Sebagian dari [[Sungai Indus River|Indus]] juga terletak di Punjab, tetapi tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari "kelima" sungai.
 
Provinsi ini membentuk bagian besar [[Punjab|wilayah transnasional Punjab]], yang sekarang terbagi di antara Pakistan dan India.<ref>{{cite web |title='Wrong number' couple fight India deportation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66567371 |website=BBC News |date=4 September 2023}}</ref> Ibu kota provinsi berada di Lahore — pusat budaya dan kosmopolitan di Pakistan. Punjab juga merupakan entitas subnasional berpenduduk terbanyak kelima di dunia, dan subnasional berpenduduk terbanyak di luar [[Tiongkok]] dan India.
{| class="infobox borderless"
|+ Provincial symbols of Punjab (unofficial)
|-
! '''Provincial animal'''
|
| [[Image:Ovis vignei bochariensis.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Provincial bird'''
|
| [[Image:Peacock front02 - melbourne zoo.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Provincial tree'''
|
| [[Image:Tamaris3.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''Provincial flower'''
|
| [[Image:DaturaMetel-plant.jpg|50px]]
|}
 
Punjab merupakan provinsi Pakistan paling terindustrialisasi, dengan sektor industri mencakup 24 persen produk domestik bruto provinsi.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author1=Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department |title=PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes |url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf |access-date=14 July 2016|date=March 2015|quote=The industrial sector of Punjab employs around 23% of the province's labour force and contributes 24% to the provincial GDP|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053001/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> Provinsi ini dikenal karena relatif makmur,<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite news|last1=Farooqui|first1=Tashkeel|date=20 June 2016 |title=Northern Punjab, urban Sindh people more prosperous than rest of country: report |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1126363/people-living-northern-punjab-urban-sindh-prosperous-rest-country-report/|access-date=14 July 2016|agency=The Express Tribune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724134711/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1126363/people-living-northern-punjab-urban-sindh-prosperous-rest-country-report/|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> dan memiliki tingkat kemiskinan terendah di antara semua provinsi Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan|url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=Among the four provinces, the highest incidence of poverty is found in Sindh (45%), followed by Balochistan (44%), Khyber Pakhtukhaw (KP) (37%) and Punjab (21%)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref>{{efn|[[Wilayah Ibu Kota Islamabad]] merupakan unit administratif paling tidak miskin di Pakistan, tetapi bukanlah sebuah provinsi. [[Azad Kashmir]] juga memiliki tingkat kemiskinan lebih rendah dari Punjab, tetapi bukanlah sebuah provinsi.}}
<!--==Geography==
Meskipun terdapat kesenjangan yang jelas di antara wilayah utara dan selatan provinsi;<ref name="tribune.com.pk"/> dengan Punjab utara lebih makmur daripada Punjab selatan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan |url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=See Table 5, Page 12 "Sialkot District"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last1=Arif|first1=G. M.|title=Poverty Profile of Pakistan|url=http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|website=Benazir Income Support Programme|publisher=Government of Pakistan|access-date=14 July 2016|quote=See Table 5, Page 12 "Rajanpur District"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213111826/http://www.bisp.gov.pk/PIDEReports/poverty.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> Punjab juga merupakan salah satu wilayah paling terurbanisasi di [[Asia Selatan]], dengan perkiraan 40 persen populasi terkonsentrasi di kawasan urban.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department|title=PUNJAB GROWTH STRATEGY 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes|url=http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|access-date=14 July 2016|date=March 2015|quote=Punjab is among the most urbanized regions of South Asia and is experiencing a consistent and long-term demographic shift of the population to urban regions and cities, with around 40% of the province's population living in urban areas|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329053001/http://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Punjab-Growth-Strategy-2018-Full-report.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
[[Berkas:July 9 2005 - Minar-e-Pakistan panoramic.jpg|thumb|250px|Minar-e-Pakistan at Lahore]]
[[Berkas:Punjabadmin.jpg|thumb|250px|Administrative Divisions of Punjab]]
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at [[1 E11 m²|205,344]] [[square kilometre|km²]] (79,284 square miles) and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic [[Indian plate]] in [[South Asia]]. The provincial level-capital and main city of the Punjab is [[Lahore]], which has been the historical capital of the region. Other important cities include [[Multan]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Gujranwala]], and [[Rawalpindi]]. The province is home to six rivers: the [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Beas River|Beas]], [[Sutlej]], [[Chenab]], [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]]. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Pakistani Punjab, it is the nation's only province that touches [[Balochistan]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[Sindh]] and [[Azad Kashmir]], and contains the [[Islamabad Capital Territory|federal enclave]] of the [[national capital]] [[city]] at [[Islamabad]]. This geographical position and a large [[multi-ethnic]] population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on [[Government of Pakistan|National affairs]] and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the [[Pakistan]]'s other important [[provinces]] and [[Territory (country subdivision)|territories]]. In the [[acronym]] ''[[Punjab region|P]]-[[Afghania|A]]-[[Jammu and Kashmir|K]]-[[Iran|I]]-[[Sindh|S]]-[[Turkestan|T]]-[[Balochistan|A-N]]'', the [[Pakistan|P]] is for ''[[Punjab region|PUNJAB]]''.
 
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the [[river valleys]], while sparse [[deserts]] can be found near the border with India and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]. The region contains the [[Thar Desert|Thar]] and [[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]] deserts. The [[Indus River]] and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from [[north]] to [[south]].
The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and [[canals]] can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the [[Himalayas]] are found in the extreme north as well.
 
==Climate==
Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool [[winter]]s, often accompanied by [[rain]]. By mid-[[February]] the [[temperature]] begins to rise; [[springtime]] [[weather]] continues until mid-[[April]], when the [[summer]] heat sets in.
 
The onset of the southwest [[monsoon]] is anticipated to reach Punjab by [[May]], but since the early [[1970s]] the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that [[floods]] have resulted. [[June]] and [[July]] are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in [[Multan]] in June [[1993]], when the [[Temperature measurement|mercury]] was reported to have risen to 54°C. In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the [[rainy season]], referred to as ''barsat'', which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late [[October]].
 
==Demographics and society==
[[Berkas:Horse&CattleShow.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|Punjabis in Horse and Cattle Show]]
The population of the province is estimated to be 86,084,000 in [[2005]] and is home to over half the population of [[Pakistan]]. The major language spoken in the Punjab is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (which is written in [[Perso-Arabic script]], known as [[Shahmukhi]], in Pakistan) and [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] comprise the largest ethnic group (and overlap into neighbouring India). Punjabis themselves are a [[heterogeneous]] group comprising different [[tribes]] and [[communities]], although [[caste]] in Pakistani Punjab has more to do with [[traditional]] [[occupations]] such as [[blacksmith]]s or [[artisan]]s as opposed to rigid [[social stratification]]s.
 
The most important tribes within Punjab include the [[Gakhars]], [[Jats]], the [[Arain]], the [[Gujjars]] and the [[Rajputs]] and [[Punjabi Shaikh]] Other smaller tribes are the: [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]]s, [[Rawn]]s, and [[Malik]]s. In addition, there is a significant shift towards the usage of [[Urdu]] by the educated classes of the province as the Punjabis are the most ardent supporters of the [[nation-state]] of Pakistan and all of its national institutions. There is also a nationalist movement amongst the somewhat related [[Seraikis]] in the south of Punjab and many wish to see a separate the region into a new province of [[Seraikistan]]. Other smaller groups in the province include [[Hindko]], [[Pakhtuns]], [[Baloch]]s, [[Kashmiri]]s and others.
 
The population of Punjab(Pakistan) is over 99% [[Muslim]] with a [[Sunni]] majority and [[Shia]] minority. There are small non-Muslims groups of [[Hindus]], [[Christians]], and [[Sikhs]].
 
The [[religious]] [[demographics]] pre-1947 were radically different owing to the mass exchange of populations at the time of partition . There were substantial populations of Hindus and Sikhs in the districts which went on to become part of Pakistani Punjab.
 
'''Percentage Composition of selected Punjab District Populations of Hindus and Sikhs : 1941 that became part of Pakistan'''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! District
! Hindu
! Sikh
|-
| [[Attock District|Attock]]
| 6.4
| 3.0
|-
| [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]
| 10.9
| 0.2
|-
| [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]
| 11.8
| 10.9
|-
| [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]
| 7.7
| 6.4
|-
| [[Jhang District|Jhang]]
| 15.9
| 1.5
|-
| [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]
| 6.5
| 3.9
|-
| [[Lahore District|Lahore]]
| 16.3
| 18.4
|-
| [[Faisalabad District|Lyallpur (Faisalabad today)]]
| 7.2
| 19.8
|-
| [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]
| 20.3
| 1.2
|-
| [[Sahiwal District|Montgomery (Sahiwal today)]]
| 14.4
| 13.2
|-
| [[Multan District|Multan]]
| 20.5
| 5.2
|-
| [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]
| 12.7
| 0.8
|-
| [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]
| 10.5
| 8.2
|-
| [[Sargodha District|Shahpur/Sargodha]]
| 10.1
| 4.8
|-
| [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]
| 9.1
| 18.9
|-
| [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]
| 19.4
| 11.7
|-
|}
 
'''Source: Census of India 1941'''
 
Due to its strategic location in the Indian sub-continent, wave after wave of migrants poured into the area and settled on its fertile lands and today, although originally belonging to the Aryan stock, there has been some settlements of [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], [[Central Asian]]s, and [[Afghan people|Afghans]] who have come individually or in groups.
 
The [[dialect]]s spoken in different regions of the land have a common [[vocabulary]] and a shared [[heritage]]. The shared heritage also extends to a common [[faith]], [[Islam]]. The people of Punjab have also a shared [[spiritual]] experience, which has been disseminated by ''Tassawwaf'' and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the [[Urs]] of [[Sufi]] [[Saints]].
 
==History ==
{{main|History of Punjab}}
 
=== Indus Valley Civilization===
 
It was formerly thought that the original inhabitants of the Indus Valley area were the present populations of South India who were displaced by Aryans invaders from the North West, however, recently the Aryan invasion theory has been largely discarded by most scholars. It is now generally accepted that the area of the Indus Valley Civilization has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years by the same general population stock as is presently found in the area of Punjab. The main site of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] in Punjab was the city of [[Harrapa]]. The [[Indus Valley Civilization]] spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] civilization. The arrival of the [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] led to the flourishing of the [[Vedic Civilization]] that extended from the ancient [[Sarasvati River]] to the [[Ganges]] river to the entire Indian Subcontinent around [[1500 BCE]]. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in [[South Asia]]. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west. Invaded by the [[Persians]], [[Greeks]] , [[Kushans]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]], Punjab developed a unique culture that combined that of significant [[Iran|Persian]] and [[Central Asian]] influences, most notable today the influences of [[Islam]].
 
The city of [[Taxila]], reputed to house the oldest university in the world, [[Takshashila University]], was established by the great Vedic thinker and politician [[Chanakya]]. Taxila was a great center of learning and intellectual discussion during the Hindu [[Maurya Empire]]. It is a UN [[World Heritage site]], and revered for its archaeological and religious history.
 
===Arrival of Islam===
[[Berkas:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran.jpg|thumb|250px|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the moghal empire built by the last mughal emperor, [[Aurangzeb]].]]
 
The Punjabis were predominantly [[Hindu]] with large minorities of [[Buddhists]] like the rest of South Asia, when [[Umayyad]] [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered Punjab and Sind in [[713]]. The predominant population of Punjab, and the rest of Pakistan, converted to Islam but there were significant non-Muslim populations including Hindus and later Sikhs. During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], the province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]].
 
===The Mughals===
The [[Mughals]] took control of the region from [[1524]] until [[1739]] and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]]. The Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic [[Sultanate]] in [[South Asia]] and many settled in the Punjab. Following the decline of the Mughals, [[Nadir Shah]] sacked the province in [[1739]] and then the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] conqueror [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] annexed the province into his [[Durrani Empire]] from [[1747]] until [[1762]].
 
===Reign of the Sikhs===
[[Berkas:July 9 2005 - The Lahore Fort-Pavillion adjacent to the Shish Mahal.jpg|250px|thumb|A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Sikh ruler, Ranjit Singh.]]
 
During the Mughal period, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born and emerged as a formidable military force, after fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani, Sikhs wrested control from his descendants and ruled in a confederacy, then later, led by [[Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], city of Lahore was the capital and the Sikh made many Architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]].
 
===British Rule===
The Maharaja's death in the summer of 1839 bought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. This opportunity was used the British Empire to initiate the First Anglo-Sikh war, this lead to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Beas to the British crown.
 
===Post-independence===
In [[1947]] the Punjab province of [[British India]] was divided along religious lines as the western Punjabis voted to join the new state of [[Pakistan]] while the easterners joined India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees. The province has rapidly industrialized and is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the Punjabis.
 
The undivided Punjab of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today was home to a large indigenous population of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. According to the 1921 census, the communal ratio of population was Muslims 55.33 per cent and balance 44.67 percent non-muslims including Hindu and Sikhs .<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1</ref>
 
At the time of Partition in 1947 and due to the ensuing horrendous exchange of populations, the Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs migrated to [[India]].<ref>[http://www.sasnet.lu.se/panelabstracts/33.html Panel 33] ''European Association for South Asian Studies''</ref>. Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab which now forms part of India.<ref>Pakistan: a modern history, Ian Talbot, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-21606-8</ref>
 
The West Punjabi Hindu and Sikh refugees who moved to [[India]] leaving their ancient home lands in Punjab (Pakistan) belonged to various sub groups, clans, tribes, castes and linguistic groups. This includes [[Khatris]], [[Arora]]s, [[Rajputs]], [[Jats]], [[Gujjar]]s, [[Kamboj]]s, [[Mohyal]]s, [[Mazhabi]]s, as well as others such as the linguistically distinct Multanis. A unique feature among [[Punjabis]] of different faiths Muslim, Hindu and Sikh hailing from the area which now forms the Punjab (Pakistan) is the enduring affinitys to sub grouping and clans cutting across religious lines. Consequently the Muslim Punjabis of [[Pakistan]] continue to share common [[surname]] with Hindu and Sikh Punjabis of India and Indian Punjab. This includes surnames such as [[Sahgal]], [[Sial]], [[Bhatti]], [[Ghumman]], [[Tiwana]] and [[Cheema]].
 
==Government==
The [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] is unicameral and consists of 371 seats of which 2% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women only.
 
== Districts ==
[[Berkas:Lahore fort 1.JPG|250px|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate built in 1673, is the main entrance to the Lahore Fort]][[Berkas:Faisalabad ClockTower.jpg|250px|thumb|Faisalabad Clock Tower, built during the British Raj]]
There are 35 [[Districts of Pakistan|districts]] in Punjab, Pakistan.
 
<table><tr><td valign=top>
* [[Attock District|Attock]]
* [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]
* [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]]
* [[Bhakkar District|Bhakkar]]
* [[Chakwal District|Chakwal]]
* [[Dera Ghazi Khan District|Dera Ghazi Khan]]
* [[Faisalabad District|Faisalabad]]
* [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]]
* [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]]
* [[Hafizabad District|Hafizabad]]
* [[Jhang]]
* [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]
</td><td valign=top>
* [[Kasur District|Kasur]]
* [[Khanewal District|Khanewal]]
* [[Khushab District|Khushab]]
* [[Lahore District|Lahore]]
* [[Layyah District|Layyah]]
* [[Lodhran District|Lodhran]]
* [[Mandi Bahauddin District|Mandi Bahauddin]]
* [[Mianwali District|Mianwali]]
* [[Multan District|Multan]]
* [[Muzaffargarh District|Muzaffargarh]]
* [[Narowal District|Narowal]]
* [[Nankana Sahib District|Nankana Sahib]]
</td><td valign=top>
* [[Okara District|Okara]]
* [[Pakpattan District|Pakpattan]]
* [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]]
* [[Rajanpur District|Rajanpur]]
* [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]]
* [[Sahiwal]]
* [[Sargodha District|Sargodha]]
* [[Sheikhupura District|Sheikhupura]]
* [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]]
* [[Toba Tek Singh District|Toba Tek Singh]]
* [[Vehari District|Vehari]]
</td></tr></table>
 
==Major cities==
:''Main article:[[List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)]]''
<table><tr><td valign=top>
*[[Lahore]]
*[[Sialkot]]
*[[Gujranwala]]
*[[Faisalabad]]
*[[Rawalpindi]]
*[[Chenab Nagar]]
*[[Kahuta]]
*[[Guliana]]
</td><td valign=top>
*[[Renala Khurd]]
*[[pirmahal]]
*[[Multan]]
*[[Bahawalpur]]
*[[Uch]]
*[[Sargodha]]
*[[Gujrat]]
*[[Kharian]]
</td></tr></table>
 
== Economy ==
[[Berkas:Plain_of_punjab.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Irigated land of Punjab]]
Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, metals, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 65% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan. <ref>[http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9327manufacturing.pdf Punjab Gateway]</ref>
 
Despite its dry [[climate]], extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation system established by the British is the largest in the world. [[Wheat]] and [[cotton]] are the largest crops. Other crops include [[rice]], [[sugarcane]], [[millet]], [[corn]], [[oilseeds]], [[pulses]], [[fruits]], and [[vegetables]]. [[Livestock]] and [[poultry]] production are also important.
 
The province is playing also a leading role in agricultural production. It contributes about 68% to annual food grain production in the country. 51 million acres (210,000 km²) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres (36,600 km²) are lying as cultivable waste in different parts of the province.
 
Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the [[cash crops]] that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads, electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
[[Dialek dan bahasa di Punjab|Orang-orang Punjabik]] merupakan penduduk asli provinsi, mencakup lebih dari 90 persen total populasi. Budaya Punjab banyak dipengaruhi oleh [[Sufisme]], dengan beberapa tempat suci Sufi tersebar di seluruh provinsi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilmartin|first1=David|title=Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/empireislampunja0000gilm|date=1988|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireislampunja0000gilm/page/40 40]–41}}</ref> Guru Nanak, pendiri Sikhisme, lahir di kota Nankana Sahib, di dekat Lahore.<ref name=Macauliffe>{{cite book | last=Macauliffe | first=Max Arthur | author-link=Max Arthur Macauliffe | year=2004 | orig-year=1909 | title=The Sikh Religion&nbsp;– Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors | publisher=Low Price Publications | location=India | isbn = 81-86142-31-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar Haider|title=The History of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpakista0000mali|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}</ref> Punjab juga merupakan situs dari Kuil-Kuil Katas Raj, yang tampil menonjol dalam mitologi Hindu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Katas Raj Temples|url=http://www.templedarshan.in/katas-raj-temples-katas-chakwal-punjab-pakistan/|website=Temple Darshan |access-date=14 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818090252/http://www.templedarshan.in/katas-raj-temples-katas-chakwal-punjab-pakistan/|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> Beberapa [[Situs Warisan Dunia]] yang didaftarkan oleh UNESCO berada di Punjab, seperti [[Taman Shalimar, Lahore|Taman-Taman Shalimar]], [[Benteng Lahore]], ekskavasi arkeologis di [[Taxila]], dan [[Benteng Rohtas]], dan masih banyak lainnya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (Pakistan)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk|website=UNESCO|access-date=14 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704110025/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pk}}</ref>
Punjab has also more than 48 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 11,820. The ginning industries are 6,778. There are 6,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including food and feed industries.
Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of [[coal]], [[rock salt]], [[dolomite]], [[gypsum]], and silica-sand. The Punjab Mineral Development Corporation is running over a dozen economically viable projects.
 
==Education==
The literacy rate has increased greatly since independence. In 2003, over 53% of the population of the province was estimated to be literate by the Labour Force Survey. [http://203.215.180.58/portal/docimages/9323education.pdf] It should be noted that the higher education market in Punjab is dominated by homeopathic medical colleges.
 
This is a chart of the education market of Punjab [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html estimated] by the government in 1998. Also see [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_by_province/pop_by_province.html]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Qualification || Urban || Rural || Total || Enrolment Ratio(%)
|-
| — || '''23,019,025''' || '''50,602,265''' || '''73,621,290''' || —
|-
| Below Primary || 3,356,173 || 11,598,039 || 14,954,212 || 100.00
|-
| Primary || 6,205,929 || 18,039,707 || 24,245,636 || 79.68
|-
| Middle || 5,140,148 || 10,818,764 || 15,958,912 || 46.75
|-
| Matriculation || 4,624,522 || 7,119,738 || 11,744,260 || 25.07
|-
| Intermediate || 1,862,239 || 1,821,681 || 3,683,920 || 9.12
|-
| BA, BSc… degrees || 110,491 || 96,144 || 206,635 || 4.12
|-
| MA, MSc… degrees || 1,226,914 || 764,094 || 1,991,008 || 3.84
|-
| Diploma, Certificate… || 418,946 || 222,649 || 641,595 || 1.13
|-
| Other qualifications || 73,663 || 121,449 || 195,112 || 0.26
|}
 
===Major universities & colleges===
[[Berkas:GCU Tower P1140896.jpg|thumb|250px|Clock Tower at Govt College University, Lahore]]
{{main|List of universities in Pakistan#Punjab}}
* [[Aitchison College]], [[Lahore]]
* [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]], [[Faisalabad]]
* [[National Textile University]], Faisalabad
* [[Bahauddin Zakariya University]], [[Multan]]
* [[Islamia University]], [[Bahawalpur]]
* [[University of Punjab]], [[Lahore]]
* [[Kinnaird College|Kinnaird College for Women]], Lahore
* [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], Lahore
* [[University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences]], Lahore
* [[National College of Arts]], Lahore
* [[Lahore College for Women University]], Lahore
* [[Government College University]], Lahore
* [[University of Education]], Lahore
* [[Virtual University]], Lahore
* [[University of Health Sciences]], Lahore
* [[Institute of South Asia]], Lahore
* [[University of Sargodha]], [[Sargodha]]
* [[University of Gujrat]], [[Gujrat]]
* [[University of Engineering and Technology]], [[Taxila]]
* [[University of Arid Agriculture]], [[Rawalpindi]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah Women University]], Rawalpindi
* [[National University of Science and Technology]], Rawalpindi
* [[Cadet College Hasan Abdal]], Attock, Punjab
* [[Government Degree College Burewala]], [[Burewala]]
* [[Government College Sahiwal]], [[Sahiwal]]
* [[Murray College]], [[Sialkot]]
 
==Cultural heritage==
[[Berkas:Shahrukne Alam.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD)]]
 
Punjab has been the cradle of civilization since times immemorial. The ruins of [[Harappa]] show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 5000 years ago. [[Taxila]], another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts in bygone ages.
 
The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Holy Qur’an decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at [[Multan]] are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of [[Shah Jahan|Emperor Shah Jahan]] is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.
 
==Fairs and festivals==
The culture of Punjab derives its basis from the institution of [[Sufism|Sufi saints]]. The Sufi saints spread Islam and preached and lived the Muslim way of life. People have the funs and festivities to commemorate these traditions. The fairs and festivals of Punjab reflect the entire gamut of its folk life and cultural traditions. These mainly fall in following categories:
 
===Religious and seasonal fairs/festivals===
Religious fairs are held on special days of Islamic significance like Muharram, Eid Milad-un-Nabi, Eid-ul-Fithr, Eid-ul-Azha and Shab-e-Brat. The main activities on these special occasions are confined to congregational prayers and rituals. Melas are also held to mark these occasions.
 
===Devotional fairs or Urs===
The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called Urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music on these occasions is essentially folk and appealing. It forms a part of the folk music through mystic messages. The most important Urs are: Urs of Data Ganj Bukhsh at Lahore, Urs of Hazrat Mian Mir at Lahore, Urs of Baba Farid Ganj Shakar at Pakpattan, Urs of Hazrat Bahaudin Zakria at Multan, Urs of Sakhi Sarwar Sultan at Dera Ghazi Khan, Urs of Shah Hussain at Lahore, Urs of Hazrat Bullehe Shah at Kasur and Urs of Hazrat Imam Bari (Bari Shah Latif) at Rawalpindi-Islamabad.
 
A big fair is organized at Jandiala Sher Khan in district Sheikhupura on the Mausoleum of Syed Waris Shah who is the most loved Sufi poet of Punjab due to his work known as Heer Ranjha.
 
===Industrial and commercial fairs===
Exhibitions and Annual Horse Shows in all Districts and National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronizes agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the Province with its strong rural roots.
 
==Arts & crafts==
The crafts in the Punjab are of two types: the crafts produced in the rural areas and the royal crafts that flourished in the urban centres particularly in Lahore. The former include cotton textiles, basketry, embroidery etc. while the latter are tile and woodwork skills, ivory, silver and gold work, naqqashi and architectural crafts.
Hand knotted [[carpets]] of fine quality are made in Punjab since the Mughal period. [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]] in the 15th century established the first factory in Lahore. While carpets were made for the wealthy, rough rugs (known as namdas) were made by the common people for their own use. Lahore is the centre of hand-made carpets.
Since ancient times the weavers of the region have produced colourful fabrics of silk and cotton. The hand-woven cotton cloth like khaddar of Kamalia, are popular. The cloth woven on handlooms is either block printed or beautifully embroidered. Multan is famous for beautiful hand-woven bed covers.
 
== Major attractions ==
[[Berkas:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-Sideview_of_marble_enclosure_on_the_second_level.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|The Shalimar Gardens]] in Lahore]]
[[Berkas:Shalamar_Garden_July_14_2005-First_pavilion_on_first_level.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|The Shalimar Gardens]]]]
[[Berkas:Taxila_Pakistan_juillet_2004.JPG|thumb|200px|Taxila is a [[World Heritage Site]]]]
The province is home to many well known historical sites including the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]], the [[Badshahi Mosque]], and the ruins of the ancient city of [[Harrapa]]. The [[Anarkali|Anarkali Market]] and [[Jahangir]]'s Tomb are prominent in the city of [[Lahore]] as is the [[Lahore Museum]], while the ancient city of [[Taxila]] in the northwest was once a major centre of [[Buddhism]]. Many important Sikh shrines are in the Pakistani portion of Punjab, including the birthplace of the first Guru: Guru Nanak (born at Nankana Sahib). There is also the largest salt mine in Asia situated the [[Khewra Salt Mines]].
 
==Punjabi music==
Classical music forms are an important part of the cultural wealth of the Punjab. The Muslim musicians have contributed a large number of ragas to the repository of classical music.
Among the Punjabi poets, the names of [[Sultan Bahu]], [[Bulleh Shah]] and [[Mian Muhammad]], [[Waris Shah]] and folk singers like Sain Marna and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, [[Inyat Hussain Bhatti]], Mansoor Malangi, [[Allah Ditta Lunewala]], Talib Hussain Dard, Gamoo Tahliwala, Mamzoo Gha-lla, Akbar Jat, Arif Lohar and Hamid Ali Bela are well-known. In the composition of classical ragas, there are such masters as Malika-i-Mauseequi (Queen of the Music) Roshan Ara Begum, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Salamat Ali Khan and Ustad Fateh Ali Khan.
For the popular taste, however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of [[Mehdi Hasan]], [[Ghulam Ali]], [[Nur Jehan]], [[Malika Pukhraj]] , [[Farida Khanum]], Roshen Ara Begum and great [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] are well-known Folk songs and dances of the Punjab reflect a wide range of moods: the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons. Luddi,Bhangrah and Sammin depict the joy of living. Love legends of Hir Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban, Sohni Mahenwal and Saiful Muluk are sung in different styles.
 
==Folklore==
The folk heritage of the Punjab is the traditional urge of thousands of years of its history. While Urdu is the official language of the Province, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include [[Majhi]], [[Jhangochi]] or [[Jangli]], [[Pothohari]], [[Seraiki]], [[Jatki]], [[Hindko]], [[Chhachhi]], [[Doabi]] and [[Derewali]]. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects.
There are a number of folk tales that are popular in different parts of Punjab. These are the folk tales of [[Mirza Sahiban]], [[Saiful Maluk]], [[Yousuf Zulaikhan]], [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Sohni Mahiwal]], [[Dulla Bhatti]], [[Pooran Bhagat]], and [[Sassi Punnun]].
The mystic folk songs include the Kafees of Khwaja Farid in Seraiki, Punjabi and Shalooks by [[Baba Farid]] Shakar Ganj. They also include baits, dohras, loris, Sehra, and [[Jugni]].
The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include [[Dharees]],[[Dhamaal]], [[Bhangra]], [[Giddha]], [[Dhola]], and [[Sammi]].
 
==Social issues==
The Punjab is the most stable province of Pakistan as Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country and thus dominate much of the nation by sheer numbers. Aside from some Siraiki unrest, the province has had few problems.
 
One social/educational issue is the status of Punjabi language. According to Dr.Manzur Ejaz, "In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. There are only two daily newspaper published in Punjabi in Central Punjab. Only a few monthly literary magazines constitute Punjabi press in Pakistan"
 
Punjabis are prominent in business, agriculture, industry, government, and the military to the point that there is resentment from other ethnic groups. The Punjabi upper classes tend to ally themselves with [[Urdu]] speaking [[Muhajir Urdu|Muhajir]]s and show respect towards [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Kashmiri]]s, [[Pakhtuns]] and [[Balochis]]. Punjabis form the 60 to 65 % of population of Pakistan.
 
Punjabi women enjoy comparable rights to females in [[Karachi]] and [[Islamabad]] in Lahore and other cities, but conservative elements are present and dominate the countryside.-->
 
== Tokoh ==
<!--organised by alphabetical order of surnames-->
* [[Porus]]
* [[Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal]]
* [[Shah Hussein]]
* [[Wasim Akram]]
* [[Waris Shah]]
* [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]]
* '''Ch.Ishtiaq Ahmad Gondal'''
* [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]]
* [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]
* [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Noor Jehan]]
* [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]]
* [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]
* [[Imran Khan]]
* [[Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan]]
* [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
* [[Mian Mir]]
* [[Abdul Qadir]]
* [[Sultan Rahi]]
* [[Saeed Khan Rangeela|Rangeela]]
* [[Nawaz Sharif]]
* [[Shahbaz Sharif]]
* [[Waqar Younis]]
* [[Mian Manzoor Ahmad Wattoo]]
 
== Catatan ==
{{notelist}}
 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Pranala Lihat pula luar==
*{{Sister [[Warisanproject Hindu dan Buddhis dilinks|voy=Punjab (Pakistan]])}}
{{commons|Punjab (Pakistan)}}
* [[Serangan Liga Muslimin terhadap kaum Sikh dan Hindu di Punjab 1947]]
*{{Official website|http://www.punjab.gov.pk}}
* [[Sejarah Punjab]]
*{{curlie|Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Punjab}}
* [[Region Punjab]]
* Guide to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170919203232/http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Punjab/ Punjab, Pakistan]
* [[Punjab (India)|Punjab, India]]
* [[Suku Punjabi]]
* [[Budaya Punjabi]]
* [[Suku Punjabi Muslim dari keturunan Hindu]]
 
{{Topik Punjab, Pakistan}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Lima sungai Punjab|state=collapsed}}
* [http://www.dailypunjab.com/ First Web Site on Punjab(Pakistan).]
{{Unit administratif di Pakistan}}
* [http://www.punjaabi.com/ First Web Site on Punjabi]
{{Distrik di Punjab, Pakistan|state=collapsed}}
* [http://www.ibtada.com/ Lahore Ki Sair]
{{Authority control}}
* [http://www.southpunjab.com/ Punjab] South Punjab Online Entertainment
* [http://www.urbanpk.com/ UrbanPakistan: Projecting Pakistan's Image]
* [http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ Pmerintah Punjab]
* [http://www.itspakistan.net/pakistan/gallery_punjab.aspx Galeri foto Punjab, Pakistan]
 
[[KategoriCategory:Provinsi diPunjab, Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Provinsi di Pakistan]]
[[Kategori:Kawasan yang terbagi]]
[[Category:Pendirian tahun 1970 di Pakistan]]
[[Category:Negara dan wilayah yang didirikan tahun 1970]]
[[Category:Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Punjab]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan"