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Baris 1:
{{Automatic taxobox
| display_parents = 6
| taxon = Aves
| name = Burung
| status =
| status_system =
| fossil_range = {{br}}{{fossilrange|72|0|[[Zaman Kapur Akhir]] – sekarang, 72–0 [[Ma]]| | earliest=115.5|PS= |ref=<ref name="Field2020">{{Cite journal|title=Late Cretaceous neornithine from Europe illuminates the origins of crown birds|last1=Field|first1=Daniel J.|last2=Benito|first2=Juan|date=March 2020|journal=Nature|issue=7799|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2096-0|volume=579|pages=397–401|issn=0028-0836 |last3=Chen|first3=Albert|last4=Jagt|first4=John W. M.|last5=Ksepka|first5=Daniel T.|pmid=32188952|bibcode=2020Natur.579..397F|s2cid=212937591|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303639}}</ref><ref name="DePietriWilaru">{{cite journal |last1=De Pietri |first1=Vanesa L. |last2=Scofield |first2=R. Paul |last3=Zelenkov |first3=Nikita |last4=Boles |first4=Walter E. |last5=Worthy |first5=Trevor H. |title=The unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the Neogene of Australia: the youngest record of Presbyornithidae |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=February 2016 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=150635 |doi=10.1098/rsos.150635 |pmid=26998335 |pmc=4785986 |bibcode=2016RSOS....350635D |doi-access=free |issn=2054-5703}}</ref>}}Kemungkinan Zaman [[Kapur Awal]] atau asal usul Zaman Kapur Akhir awal berdasarkan [[jam molekuler]]<ref name="Yonezawa2017">{{cite journal |author=Yonezawa, T. |display-authors=et al |date=2017 |title=Phylogenomics and Morphology of Extinct Paleognaths Reveal the Origin and Evolution of the Ratites |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |number=1 |pages=68–77 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.029|pmid=27989673 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="kuhl2020">{{cite journal |first1=H. |last1=Kuhl |first2=C. |last2=Frankl-Vilches |first3=A. |last3=Bakker |first4=G. |last4=Mayr |first5=G. |last5=Nikolaus |first6=S. T. |last6=Boerno |first7=S. |last7=Klages |first8=B. |last8=Timmermann |first9=M. |last9=Gahr |date=2020 |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=108–127 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/molbev/msaa191/5891114 |title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191|pmid=32781465 |pmc=7783168 |hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="crouch2022">{{cite journal |last1=Crouch |first1=N. M. A. |year=2022 |title=Interpreting the fossil record and the origination of birds |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2022.05.19.492716|s2cid=249047881 }}</ref>
| image = Bird Diversity 2013.png
| image_caption = Keragaman jenis burung
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| domain = [[Eukaryota]]
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| subregnum =
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Sauropsida]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Archosauria]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Avemetatarsalia]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Dinosauria]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Theropoda]]}}
{{entri klad taxobox|[[Ornithurae]]}}
| divisio =
| classis = '''Aves'''
| subclassis =
| infraclassis =
| superordo =
| ordo =
| subordo =
| superfamilia =
| familia =
| subfamilia =
| supertribus =
| tribus =
| subtribus =
| genus =
| species =
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref>{{cite web| url= http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | access-date=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
| familia_authority =
| genus_authority =
|subdivision_ranks = Klasifikasi lebih rendah
|subdivision_ref =
|subdivision = Lihat teks
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
| range_map_alt =
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms = * Neornithes <small>[[Hans Friedrich Gadow|Gadow]], 1883</small>
| type_species =
| type_species_authority =
}}
[[Berkas:Parus major 3 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|
'''Burung''', '''manuk-manuk''', atau '''
Jenis-jenis burung begitu bervariasi, mulai dari [[burung kolibri]] yang kecil
Saat ini, burung diketahui merupakan turunan dari kelompok [[dinosaurus]] [[theropoda]] [[Dinosaurus berbulu|berbulu]], dan dengan demikian merupakan satu-satunya anggota dinosaurus yang masih hidup. Dengan demikian juga, kerabat terdekat burung yang masih hidup adalah [[buaya]] (anggota dari klad [[Archosaurus (klad)|Archosaurus]] yang masih tersisa adalah burung dan buaya). Burung adalah keturunan ''aviala'' purba (yang anggotanya termasuk ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'') yang pertama kali muncul sekitar 160 juta tahun yang lalu di Tiongkok. Menurut bukti DNA, burung modern ('''Neornithes''') berevolusi pada periode [[Kapur (periode)|Kapur Pertengahan]] hingga [[Kapur (periode)|Akhir]], dan melakukan diversifikasi secara cepat dan mencolok sekitar waktu [[peristiwa kepunahan Kapur–Paleogen]] 66 juta tahun yang lalu, yang membunuh [[pterosaurus]] dan semua dinosaurus nonburung.
== Klasifikasi ==
[[
[[Klasifikasi
|last = del Hoyo |first = |author2 = Andy Elliott |author3 = Jordi Sargatal |title = [[Handbook of Birds of the World]], Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks |year = |publisher = [[Lynx Edicions]] |location = |isbn = 84-87334-10-5 }}</ref> [[Carolus Linnaeus]] mengubah klasifikasi tersebut tahun [[1758]] untuk merancang [[tata nama biologi]] yang digunakan saat ini.<ref>
{{la icon}} {{Cite book
|last = Linnaeus
|first = Carolus
|authorlink = Carolus Linnaeus
|title = [[Systema Naturae|Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata]]
|publisher = Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)
|year = 1758
|page = 824
|url =
}}</ref> Berikut merupakan klasifikasi burung yang lebih rendah:
===Infrakelas [[Palaeognathae]] ===
Palaeognathae atau "rahang tua" adalah salah satu dari dua infrakelas yang diakui dalam kelas taksonomi Aves dan terdiri dari ratite dan [[tinamu]]. Ratite sebagian besarnya adalah burung besar dan berkaki panjang, [[Burung tak terbang|tidak bisa terbang]], dan tidak memiliki tulang dada yang lunas. Secara tradisional, semua ratite ditempatkan dalam ordo [[Struthioniformes]]. Namun, analisis genetik terbaru menemukan bahwa kelompok tersebut tidak [[monofili]] karena bersifat [[parafili]] terhadap tinamu, sehingga [[burung unta]] diklasifikasikan sebagai satu-satunya anggota ordo Struthioniformes, dan ratite lain ditempatkan dalam ordo lain.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hackett | first1 = S.J. | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History | url = | journal = Science | volume = 320 | issue = 5884| pages = 1763–1768 | doi = 10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid = 18583609 | bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1763H | s2cid = 6472805 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Yuri | first1 = T | year = 2013 | title = Parsimony and model-based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals | journal = Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 1| pages = 419–44 | doi = 10.3390/biology2010419 | pmid = 24832669 | pmc = 4009869 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
** Ordo [[Struthioniformes]]
* Klad [[Notopalaeognathae]]
** Ordo Aepyornithiformes – [[Burung gajah]] (punah)
** Ordo Apterygiformes – Burung [[kiwi]]
** Ordo [[Casuariiformes]]
** Ordo Dinornithiformes – [[Moa]] (punah)
** Ordo [[Rheiformes]]
** Ordo Tinamiformes – [[Tinamu]]
===Infrakelas [[Neognathae]] ===
Hampir semua burung yang hidup termasuk dalam infrakelas Neognathae atau “rahang baru”. Sternum atau tulang dadanya lunas dan tidak seperti ratite. Anggotanya dikenal sebagai carinatae.
* Klad [[Afroaves]]
** Ordo [[Accipitriformes]]
** Ordo [[Bucerotiformes]]
** Ordo Coliiformes – Hanya terdiri dari satu famili saja yakni [[Coliidae]]
** Ordo [[Coraciiformes]]
** Ordo Leptosomiformes – Hanya terdiri dari satu spesies saja yakni ''[[Leptosomus discolor]]''
** Ordo [[Piciformes]]
** Ordo Strigiformes – [[Burung hantu]]
** Ordo Trogoniformes – [[Burung luntur]]
* Klad [[Aequornithes]]
** Ordo Ciconiiformes – [[Bangau]]
** Ordo [[Gaviiformes]]
** Ordo [[Pelecaniformes]]
** Ordo [[Procellariiformes]]
** Ordo Sphenisciformes – [[Penguin]]
** Ordo [[Suliformes]]
* Klad [[Australaves]]
** Ordo [[Cariamiformes]]
** Ordo [[Falconiformes]]
** Ordo Passeriformes – [[Burung pengicau]]
** Ordo [[Bayan (burung)|Psittaciformes]] – Bayan
* Klad [[Columbimorphae]]
** Ordo Columbiformes – Hanya terdiri dari satu famili saja yakni [[Columbidae]]
** Ordo Mesitornithiformes – Hanya terdiri dari satu famili saja yakni [[Mesitornithidae]]
** Ordo Pterocliformes – [[Dara-pasir]]
* Klad [[Cypselomorphae]]
** Ordo Aegotheliformes – [[Atoko]]
** Ordo [[Apodiformes]]
** Ordo Caprimulgiformes – [[Cabak]]
** Ordo Nyctibiiformes – [[Potoo]]
** Ordo Podargiformes – [[Paruh-kodok]]
** Ordo Steatornithiformes – [[Burung minyak]]
* Superordo [[Galloanserae]]
** Ordo [[Anseriformes]]
** Ordo [[Galliformes]]
** Ordo [[Gastornithiformes]] (punah)
* Klad [[Gruae]]
** Ordo [[Charadriiformes]]
** Ordo [[Gruiformes]]
** Ordo [[Opisthocomiformes]]
* Klad [[Mirandornithes]]
** Ordo [[Phoenicopteriformes]]
** Ordo Podicipediformes – [[Titihan]]
* Klad [[Otidimorphae]]
** Ordo Cuculiformes – Hanya terdiri dari satu famili saja yakni [[Cuculidae]]
** Ordo Musophagiformes – [[Turaco]]
** Ordo Otidiformes – [[Kalkun-padang]]
* Klad [[Phaethontimorphae]]
** Ordo [[Eurypygiformes]]
** Ordo [[Phaethontiformes]]
== Distribusi ==
{{See also|Daftar burung menurut negara}}Burung hidup dan berkembang biak pada sebagian besar [[habitat]] [[daratan|darat]] dan pada tujuh [[benua]], hingga mencapai koloni ekstrem mereka pada koloni perkembangbiakan [[Petrel Salju]] hingga pada ketinggian {{convert|440|km|mi|-1}} di pedalaman [[Antarktika]].<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Brooke
|first = Michael
|year = 2004
|title = Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World
|location = Oxford
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|isbn = 0-19-850125-0
|pages =
}}</ref> [[biodiversitas|Diversitas]] tertinggi burung terdapat di wilayah [[tropis]]. Ini juga sudah dipikirkan sebelumnya bahwa keragaman tertinggi burung adalah hasil dari tingkat [[spesiasi]] di daerah [[tropis]], bagaimanapun studi terbaru menemukan spesiasi tingkat tertinggi di [[lintang]] tinggi yang diimbangi dengan tingkat [[kepunahan]] lebih besar daripada di daerah tropis.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Weir
| first = Jason T.
| month = March
| year = 2007
| title = The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| volume = 315
| issue = 5818
| pages = 1574–76
| doi = 10.1126/science.1135590
| pmid = 17363673
| issn = 0036-8075
| last2 = Schluter
| first2 = D
}}</ref> Beberapa [[Famili (biologi)|famili]] burung telah ber[[adaptasi]] terhadap kehidupan baik di [[laut]]an dunia dan pada diri mereka, dengan beberapa [[spesies]] [[burung laut]] datang ke darat hanya untuk berkembang biak<ref name = "Burger">{{Cite book
|last = Schreiber
|first = Elizabeth Anne
|coauthors = Joanna Burger
|year = 2001
|title = Biology of Marine Birds
|location = Boca Raton
|publisher = CRC Press
|isbn = 0-8493-9882-7
|pages =
}}</ref> dan beberapa [[penguin]] telah tercatat menyelam hingga kedalaman {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Sato
| first = Katsufumi
| date = 1 May 2002
| title = Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume?
| journal = Journal of Experimental Biology
| volume = 205
| issue = 9
| pages = 1189–1197
| pmid = 11948196
| url = http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189
| issn = 0022-0949
| author2 = N
| author3 = K
| author4 = N
| author5 = W
| author6 = C
| author7 = B
| author8 = H
| author9 = L
}}</ref>
Banyak spesies burung yang telah membangun populasi perkembangbiakan di wilayah mereka yang [[introduksi spesies|diintroduksi]] oleh [[manusia]]. Beberapa introduksi memang disengaja; contohnya [[Puyuh Biasa]], diintroduksi ke seluruh dunia sebagai [[burung buruan]].<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Hill
|first = David
|coauthors = Peter Robertson
|year = 1988
|title = The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation
|location = Oxford
|publisher = BSP Professional
|isbn = 0-632-02011-3
|pages =
}}</ref> Yang lain karena ketidaksengajaan, seperti pembentukan populasi [[Parkit Pendeta]] liar di beberapa [[kota]] di [[Amerika Utara]] setelah pelarian mereka dari [[penangkaran]].<ref>{{Cite web
| last = Spreyer
| first = Mark F.
| coauthors = Enrique H. Bucher
| year = 1998
| title = Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)
| work = The Birds of North America
| publisher = Cornell Lab of Ornithology
| url = http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/322
| doi = 10.2173/bna.322
}}</ref> Beberapa spesies, termasuk [[Kuntul Kerbau]],<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Arendt
| first = Wayne J.
| date = 1 January 1988
| title = Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (''Bubulcus ibis'') in the Greater Caribbean Basin
| journal = Colonial Waterbirds
| volume = 11
| issue = 2
| pages = 252–62
| doi = 10.2307/1521007
| issn = 07386028
| jstor = 1521007
}}</ref> [[Karakara Kepala-kuning]]<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Bierregaard
|first = R.O.
|year = 1994
|chapter = Yellow-headed Caracara
|editor = Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott and Jordi Sargatal (eds.)
|title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl
|location = Barcelona
|publisher = Lynx Edicions
|isbn = 84-87334-15-6
|pages =
}}</ref> dan [[Kakatua Galah]],<ref>{{Cite book
|last = Juniper
|first = Tony
|coauthors = Mike Parr
|year = 1998
|title = Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World
|location = London
|publisher = [[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]
|isbn = 0-7136-6933-0
|pages =
}}</ref> memiliki [[ekspansi persebaran burung|telah menyebar secara alami]] melampaui rentang asli mereka sebagai [[Agrikultural|praktik agrikultural]] yang membuat habitat baru mereka yang sesuai.
== Ekologi ==
Sebagian besar burung menempati berbagai lokasi dalam [[ekologi]]. Sementara beberapa burung umum yang lain menempati tempat yang sangat khusus di [[habitat]]nya atau berdasarkan
Beberapa burung yang memakan sari bunga, berperan dalam penyerbukan bunga dan banyak burung yang memakan buah juga memainkan peran penting dalam penyebaran biji.<ref name = "Clout">{{cite journal | last1 = Clout | first1 = M | last2 = Ha | first2 = J| year = 1989 | title = The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests| url = http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol12_s_27.pdf| journal = New Zealand Journal of Ecology| volume = 12| issue = | pages = 27–33}}</ref> Burung-burung penyerbuk sering kali saling bergantung dan [[koevolusi|berdampingan]] dengan tumbuhan,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gary Stiles| first1 = F. | title = Geographical Aspects of Bird-Flower Coevolution, with Particular Reference to Central America | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden| volume = 68 | issue = 2 | pages = 323–51 | year = 1981| doi = 10.2307/2398801| jstor = 2398801}}</ref> dan dalam beberapa kasus kadang kejadian hanya ada spesies burung tertentu yang sampai ke dalam nektarnya dan hanya merupakan penyerbuk primer/tunggal dari spesies bunga tertentu.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Temeles| first1 = E| last2 = Linhart | first2 = Y| last3 = Masonjones| first3 = M| last4 = Masonjones| first4 = H| year = 2002| title = The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length–Flower Length Relationships| url = http://www.amherst.edu/~ejtemeles/Temeles%20et%20al%202002%20biotropica.pdf| journal = Biotropica| volume = 34| issue = 1| pages = 68–80}}</ref>
<!--Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the [[moa]]s were important browsers, as are the [[New Zealand Pigeon|Kereru]] and [[Kokako]] today.<ref name = "Clout"/> Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa.<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Bond
| first1 = William J.
| last2 = Lee
| first2 = William G.
| last3 = Craine
| first3 = Joseph M.
| title = Plant structural defences against browsing birds: a legacy of New Zealand's extinct moas
| journal = Oikos
| volume = 104
| pages = 500–08
| year = 2004
| doi = 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12720.x
| issue = 3
}}</ref> Nesting [[seabird]]s may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of [[guano]], which may enrich the local soil<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Wainright
| first1 = S
| last2 = Haney
| first2 = J
| last3 = Kerr
| first3 = C
| last4 = Golovkin
| first4 = A
| last5 = Flint
| first5 = M
| year = 1998
| title = Utilization of nitrogen derived from seabird guano by terrestrial and marine plants at St. Paul, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/index/DN8D70RYM7TUF42P.pdf
| journal = Marine Ecology
| volume = 131
| issue = 1
| pages = 63–71
}}</ref> and the surrounding seas.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.3354/meps032247
| last1 = Bosman
| first1 = A
| last2 = Hockey
| first2 = A
| year = 1986
| title = Seabird guano as a determinant of rocky intertidal community structure
| url = http://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/32/m032p247.pdf
| journal = Marine Ecology Progress Series
| volume = 32
| issue =
| pages = 247–57
}}</ref>
A wide variety of [[Avian ecology field methods]], including counts, nest monitoring, and capturing and marking, are used for researching avian ecology.-->
Baris 53 ⟶ 314:
* [[Anis Kembang]]
* [[Ayam]]
* [[Angsa]]
* [[Branjangan]]
* [[Burung Cenderawasih]]
* [[Cica daun|Burung cica-daun]]
* [[Bentet|Burung cendet]]
* [[Jalak|Burung Jalak]]
* [[Burung Kakatua]]
* [[Merak|Burung Merak]]
* [[Merpati|Burung Merpati]]
* [[Perenjak jawa|Burung Perenjak Jawa]]
* [[Merbuk|Burung Perkukut]]
* [[Punai|Burung Punai]]
* [[Cucak Rawa]]
* [[Decu]]
* [[Dederuk Jawa]]
* [[Elang alap jambul]]
* [[Elang bondol]]
* [[
* [[Kacer]]
* [[Kenari]]
*
* [[
* [[Merbah]]
*[[Phasianidae]]
* [[Pinguin]]
*
* [[
* [[Soang]]
* [[Tiktok]]
* [[Walet]]{{end-col}}
== Ancaman ==
[[Indonesia]] menjadi pemilik dari 1.594 jenis [[spesies]] burung dan menjadi [[negara]]
Semisal, jenis-jenis merpati hutan (''[[Columba]]'' ''sp.''), uncal (''[[Macropygia]]'' ''sp.''), delimukan (''[[Chalcopaps]]'' ''sp.'' dan ''[[Gallicolumba]]'' ''sp.
== Pemanfaatan oleh Manusia ==
Beberapa jenis burung, seperti [[ayam]], [[kalkun]], [[angsa]], dan [[bebek]] telah di[[domestikasi]] sejak lama dan merupakan sumber protein yang penting; baik daging maupun telurnya.{{fact}};
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 88 ⟶ 357:
* [[Flu burung]] (''Avian Influenza'')
* [[Burung pemangsa]]
* [[Daftar burung]]
* [[Daftar genus burung]]
* [[Daftar nama burung di Indonesia]]
== Referensi ==
Baris 93 ⟶ 365:
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons}}
* {{en}} [http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN&pg=home Avibase - The World Bird Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020193845/http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN |date=2008-10-20 }}
* {{id}} [https://archive.
* {{id}} [http://www.burung.org/ Burung Indonesia - Perhimpunan Pelestarian Burung Liar Indonesia]
{{Animalia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5113}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Burung| ]]
[[Kategori:Kelas hewan]]
[[Kategori:Dinosaurus]]
[[Kategori:Dinosaurus berbulu]]
[[Kategori:Taksa yang dinamai oleh Carolus Linnaeus]]
[[Kategori:Hewan]]
[[Kategori:Aves]]
[[Kategori:Chordata]]
[[Kategori:Kemunculan pertama Kapur Akhir yang masih hidup]]
| |||