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:''Artikel ini tentang serangan Soviet pada [[1945]] terhadap Berlin. Untuk [[pengeboman strategis selama Perang Dunia II|serangan pengeboman strategis]] terhadap Berlin, lihat '''[[Pertempuran Berlin (udara)]]'''.''
{{rapikan}}
{{about|serangan Soviet pada [[1945]]|[[pengeboman strategis selama Perang Dunia II|serangan pengeboman strategis terhadap Berlin]]|Pertempuran Berlin (udara)}}
{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Pertempuran Berlin|image=Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-P054320, Berlin, Brandenburger Tor und Pariser Platz.jpg|image_size=280px|caption=[[Gerbang Brandenburg]] di tengah reruntuhan [[Berlin]], Juni 1945|partof=[[Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)|Front Timur]] [[Perang Dunia II]]|place=[[Berlin]], Jerman Nazi|coordinates={{coord|52|31|N|13|23|E|region:DE-BE_type:event|display=inline,title}}|date=16 April – 2 Mei 1945|result=Kemenangan Uni Soviet
* [[Kematian Adolf Hitler|Hitler bunuh diri]] dan kematian para pejabat tinggi Nazi
* Garnisun Kota Berlin menyerah tanpa syarat pada tanggal 2 Mei. Semua pasukan Jerman yang masih bertempur di luar Berlin menyerah pada 8/9 Mei (setelah penyerahan tanpa syarat dari semua pasukan Jerman-lihat [[Akhir Perang Dunia II di Eropa]])|territory=Kejatuhan [[Nazi Jerman]]<br/>Soviet [[Daerah pendudukan Soviet|menduduki]] wilayah yang nantinya menjadi [[Jerman Timur]]. Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Prancis menduduki wilayah yang nantinya menjadi [[Jerman Barat]].|combatant2={{flagcountry|Jerman Nazi|1935}}|combatant1={{plainlist |
* {{flag|Uni Soviet|1923}}
* {{flagicon|Polandia}} [[Angkatan Bersenjata Polandia di Timur|Polandia]]
}}|commander1=[[Front Byelorusia ke-1]]:<!--
-->{{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|Uni Soviet|1923}}&nbsp;[[Georgy Zhukov]]
* {{flagicon|Uni Soviet|1923}}&nbsp;[[Vasily Chuikov]]
}}
[[Front Byelorusia ke-2]]:<!--
-->{{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1923}}&nbsp;[[Konstantin Rokossovsky]]
}}
[[Front Ukraina ke-1]]:<!--
-->{{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1923}} [[Ivan Konev]]
}}|strength2={{plainlist |
* Total kekuatan:
* 36 divisi{{sfn|Antill|2005|p=28}}
* 45.000 werhmacht{{sfn|Glantz|1998|p=373}}
* 1,519 [[Kendaraan lapis baja]]{{sfn|Wagner|1974|p=346}}
* 2,224 pesawat{{sfn|Bergstrom|2007|p=117}}
* 100 artileri{{sfn|Glantz|1998|p=373}}{{efn|name=SovietEsts}}
* Dalam Daerah Pertahanan Berlin: sekitar 45,000 tentara, dibantu oleh pasukan polisi, [[Pemuda-pemudi Hitler]], dan 40,000 ''[[Volkssturm]]''{{sfn|Beevor|2002|p=287}}{{efn|name=GermanTroops}}
}}|commander2=Pemimpin:<br>
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Adolf Hitler]] <small>(sebelum 30 April)</small><br>
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Joseph Göbbels]] <small>(30 April – 1 Mei)</small><br>
{{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Lutz von Krosigk]]<small>(dari 1 Mei)</small><br>
[[Grup Tentara Vistula]]:<!--
-->{{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; |
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Gotthard Heinrici]]
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Kurt von Tippelskirch]]{{Surrendered}}{{efn|name=StudentTippelskirch}}
}}
[[Grup Tentara Pusat]]:<!--
-->{{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; |
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Ferdinand Schörner]]
}}
Area Pertahanan Berlin:<!--
-->{{plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; |
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Helmuth Reymann]],
then
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|1935}} [[Helmuth Weidling]]{{Surrendered}}{{efn|name=Weidling}}
}}|strength1={{plainlist |
* Total kekuatan:
* 196 divisi
**2,500,000 tentara (155,900&nbsp;– sek. 200,000 [[Tentara Rakyat Polandia]]){{sfn|Zaloga|1982|p=27}}{{sfn|Glantz|1998|p=261}}
* 6,250 tank dan senapan SP{{sfn|Glantz|1998|p=261}}
* 7,500 pesawat{{sfn|Glantz|1998|p=261}}
* 41,600 artileri{{sfn|Ziemke|1969|p=71}}{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2000|p=482}}
* Untuk [[investasi (militer)|investasi]] and assault di Daerah Pertahanan Berlin: sekitar 1,500,000 tentara{{sfn|Beevor|2002|p=287}}
}}|casualties2={{plainlist |
* Perkiraan: <br /> 92,000–100,000 tewas
* 220,000 luka-luka{{sfn|Müller|2008|p=673}}{{efn|name=GermanCasualties}}
* 10.000 tertawan{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=95}}
* Dalam Daerah Pertahanan Berlin:
* Sek. 22,000 tentara tewas
* 22,000 penduduk sipil tewas{{sfn|Antill|2005|p=85}}
}}|casualties1={{plainlist |
* Pencarian arsip <br /> (total operasional)
* 81,116 tewas/hilang{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=219, 220}}
* 280,251 sakit/terluka
* 1,997 tank
* 2,108 artileri
* 917 pesawat{{sfn|Krivosheev|1997|pp=219, 220}}
}}}}
{{Kotakkampanye Perang Jerman-Soviet}}
'''Pertempuran Berlin''' adalah salah satu pertempuran terakhir dari [[Teater Eropa Perang Dunia II]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-08|title=VE Day: The fall of Nazi Berlin in pictures|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52572544|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref> Angkatan Darat [[Tentara Merah|Tentara Merah Soviet]] yang besar di bawah pimpinan [[Georgy Zhukov]] dan [[Ivan Konev]] menyerang [[Berlin]] dari timur. Pertempuran ini berlangsung dari akhir April [[1945]] sampai awal Mei. Sebelum pertempuran berakhir, [[Adolf Hitler]] telah bunuh diri tepatnya [[30 April]] [[1945]], dua hari setelah eksekusi [[Benito Mussolini]].
 
[[Jerman]] menyerah setelah lima hari pertempuran. Penyerahan Jerman ditandatangani oleh Marsekal [[Wilhelm Keitel]]. Selanjutnya Berlin dibagi dua, yakni [[Berlin Timur]] milik [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan [[Berlin Barat]] milik [[Amerika Serikat|Amerika]], Inggris, dan [[Prancis]]. Kota Berlin mengalami kerusakan yang parah meskipun beberapa bangunan seperti [[Gerbang Brandenburg]] dan [[Gedung Reichstag]] masih bertahan. Setelah Keitel menandatangani instrumen penyerahan, dilanjutkan dengan [[Pengadilan Nuremberg]].
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
{{Kotakperang|
nama_pertempuran=Pertempuran Berlin
|kampanye=Perang Jerman-Soviet
|colour_scheme=background:#cccccc
|image=[[Image:Red army soldiers raising the soviet flag on the roof of the reichstag berlin germany.jpg|300px]].
|caption=Pengibaran bendera Soviet di Reichstag
|konflik=[[Perang Dunia II]]
|tempat=[[Berlin]], [[Jerman]]
|tanggal=[[16 April]] [[1945]] - [[8 Mei]] [[1945]]
|hasil=Kemenangan Soviet
|pihak1=[[Nazi Jerman|Jerman]]
|pihak2=[[Uni Soviet]], [[Polandia]]
|komandan1=[[Gotthard Heinrici]]<br>[[Helmuth Weidling]]<br>[[Helmuth Reymann]]<br>[[Wilhelm Mohnke]]
|komandan2=[[Georgy Zhukov]]<br>[[Ivan Konev]]<br>[[Vassili Chuikov]]
|formasi1=[[German LVI Panzer Corps|LVI Panzer Corps]]<br>[[Army Group Spree]]<br>[[German 1st Flak Division|1st Flak Division]]<br>and various [[Waffen-SS]], [[Volkssturm]], and [[Hitler Youth]] units
|formasi2=[[1st Belorussian Front]]<br>[[1st Ukrainian Front]]<br>[[1st Polish Army]]<br>[[Soviet 3rd Shock Army|3rd]], [[Soviet 5th Shock Army|5th Shock Armies]]<br>[[Soviet Third Guards Army|3rd]], [[Soviet 8th Guards Army|8th Guards Armies]]<br>[[Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army|1st]], [[Soviet 2nd Guards Tank Army|2nd]], [[Soviet 3rd Guards Tank Army|3rd]], [[Soviet 4th Guards Tank Army|4th Guards Tank Armies]]
|kekuatan1=1 million men,<br /> 1,500 AFVs,<br /> 3,300 aircraft
|kekuatan2=2.5 million men,<br /> 6,250 AFVs,<br /> 7,500 aircraft <br /> 41,600 artillery
|korban1=150,000 - 173,000 dead<br>134,000 captured<br>152,000 civilian dead
|korban2=81,000 dead and missing (including 2800 Polish), 280,000 wounded and sick<br>1,997 armoured vehicles<br>2,108 artillery pieces<br>917 aircraft
|}}
 
'''Pertempuran Berlin''' adalah salah satu pertempuran terakhir dari [[Teater Eropa Perang Dunia II]]. Angkatan dara Soviet yang besar menyerang [[Berlin]] dari timur. Pertempuran ini berlangsung dari akhir April [[1945]] sampai awal Mei. Sebelum pertempuran berakhir, [[Adolf Hitler]] melakukan bunuh diri, dan [[Jerman]] menyerah setelah lima hari pertempuran berakhir.
 
== Latar Belakang ==
Pada Permulaan tahun [[1945]], [[Eastern Front (WWII)|Eastern Front]] semakin stabil semenjak Agustus [[1944]] Setelah peluncuran [[Operation Bagration]]. Negara Jerman sudah kehilangan [[Budapest]] dan beberapa negara seperti [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] dan [[Bulgaria]] dipaksa untuk menyerah dan mengiklarkan perang terhadap Jerman, dan negara [[Poland|Polish]] terbuka untuk Soviet [[Red Army]].
 
The Soviet commanders, after their inaction during the [[Warsaw Uprising]], took [[Warsaw]] in [[January]] [[1945]]. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army [[Front (Soviet Army)|Front]]s, the Red Army began an offensive across the [[Narew]] River and from Warsaw. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty [[kilometre]]s a day, taking the [[Baltic states]], [[Gdańsk|Danzig]], [[East Prussia]], [[Poznan]], and drawing up on a line sixty Kilometres east of [[Berlin]] along the [[Oder]] River.
 
A counter-attack by the newly created [[Army Group Vistula]], under the command of [[Heinrich Himmler]], failed by [[February 24]], and the Russians drove on to [[Pomerania]] and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, three German attempts to relieve the encircled [[Budapest]] failed and the city fell on [[February 13]] to the Soviets. Again the Germans counter-attacked, [[Hitler]] insisting on the impossible task of regaining the [[Danube]] River. By [[March 16]] the attack had failed and the Red Army counter-attacked the same day. On [[March 30]] they entered [[Austria]] and captured [[Vienna]] on [[April 13]].
 
Only a twelfth or less of the [[Liquid fuels|fuel]] needed by the [[Wehrmacht]] was available. [[Fighter aircraft]] and [[tank]] production was down, and the quality was much lower than in [[1944]]. It was clear to everyone that Germany's defeat was only a matter of a few weeks, but the fighting would be as fierce as at any time in the war; national pride, the allied insistence on [[unconditional surrender]] and the desire to gain time for refugees to escape to the west before the Red Army arrived led German units to fight bitterly.
 
Adolf Hitler decided to remain in the city.
 
The Western Allies had tentative plans to drop paratroops to take Berlin, but decided against it. [[Eisenhower]] saw no need to suffer casualties taking a city that would be in the Soviet [[sphere of influence]] once the war was over. The plan was unrealistic in terms of the number of soldiers and the amount of supplies needed for the operation.
 
==The East German offensive==
 
[[Image:FinalOffensiveMap.gif|thumb|right| Map of final Soviet offensives on the Eastern Front]]
 
The Soviet offensive into what was to become [[East Germany]] (GDR) had two objectives. Because of [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s suspicions about the intentions of the Western Allies to hand over territory occupied by them in the post war Soviet zone of occupation, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the overriding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held useful post war strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and the German atomic bomb programme{{ref|abomb}}.
 
On [[April 9]], [[1945]] [[Kaliningrad#Third Reich|Königsberg]] in [[East Prussia]] finally fell to the Red Army. This freed up General [[Rokossovsky]]'s [[2nd Belorussian Front]] (2BF) to move west to the east bank of the [[Oder]] river. During the first two weeks of April the Russians performed their fastest Front redeployment of the war. General [[Georgy Zhukov]] concentrated his [[1st Belorussian Front]] (1BF) which had been deployed along the Oder river from [[Frankfurt an der Oder|Frankfurt]] in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the [[Seelow Heights]]. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the [[German Second Army|German II Army]], which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder.
To the south, General [[Konev]] shifted the main weight of the [[1st Ukrainian Front]] (1UF) out of [[Upper Silesia]] north-west to the [[Lusatian Neisse|Neisse]] River.
 
The three Soviet Fronts had altogether 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the [[1st Polish Army]]); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 [[artillery]] pieces and [[mortars]]; 3,255 [[truck]]-mounted Katyusha [[rocket|rockets]] (nicknamed '[[Stalin Organ]]s'); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many manufactured in the USA.
 
General [[Gotthard Heinrici]] replaced Himmler as commander of Army Group Vistula on [[March 20]]. He was one of the best defensive tacticians in the German army and immediately started to lay defensive plans. He (correctly) assessed that the main Soviet thrust would be made over the Oder river and along the main east-west autobahn. He decided not to try to defend the banks of the Oder with anything more than a light skirmishing screen. Instead he arranged that his engineers fortify the Seelow Heights which overlooked the Oder river at the point where the Autobahn crossed it. He started to thin out the line in other areas to increase the manpower available to defend the heights. German army engineers turned the Oder's flood plain, already saturated by the spring thaw, into a swamp by releasing the waters in a reservoir upstream. Behind this they built three belts of defensive emplacements which reached back towards the outskirts of Berlin. These lines consisted of anti-tank ditches, anti-tank gun emplacements, and an extensive network of trenches and bunkers.
 
===The battle of the Oder-Neisse===
[[Image:Na Berlin.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Russian and Polish sign "to Berlin"]]
In the early hours on [[April 16]] the offensive began with a massive bombardment by thousands of artillery pieces, and Katyusha rockets which sustained the barrage for days. Shortly afterwards and well before dawn the 1BF attacked across the Oder. The 1UF attacked across the Neisse before the dawn the same morning. The 1BF was the stronger force but it had the more difficult assignment and was facing the majority of the German forces.
 
The initial attack by the 1BF was a disaster. Heinrici anticipated the attack and withdrew his defenders from the first line of trenches just before the Soviet artillery obliterated them. The light from 143 searchlights which it was planned would blind the defenders was diffused by the early morning mist and made useful silhouettes of the attacking Soviet formations. The swampy ground proved to be a great hindrance and under a German counter barrage, Soviet casualties were enormous. Frustrated by the slow advance, or on the direct orders of Stalin, Zhukov threw in his reserves, which in his plan were to have been held back to exploit the expected breakthrough. By early evening an advance of almost six kilometres had been achieved in some areas, but the German lines remained intact. In the south the attack by the 1UF was keeping to plan. Zhukov was forced to report that the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]] was not going to plan. Stalin, to spur Zhukov, told him that he would give Konev permission to wheel his tank armies towards Berlin from the south.
 
On the second day the 1BF staff were reduced to combing the rear areas for any troops which could be thrown into the battle. The Soviet tactic of using massed attacks was proving more costly than usual. By night fall of [[April 17]] the German front before Zhukov remained unbroken, but only just. To the south [[Army Group Centre]] under the command of General [[Ferdinand Schorner]] were not proving such a hindrance. [[German Fourth Panzer Army|IV Panzer Army]] on the north flank of his formation was falling back under the weight of the 1UF Attack. He kept his two reserve panzer division in the south covering his centre, instead of using them to shore up the IV Panzer Army. This was the turning point in the battle because by nightfall the positions of both the Army Group Vistula and southern sectors of Army Group Centre were becoming untenable. Unless they fell back in line with the IV Panzer Army they faced envelopment. In effect Konev's successful attacks on Schorner's poor defences, to the south of the battle of the Seelow Heights, were unhinging Heinrici's brilliant defence.
 
On [[April 18]] both Soviet Fronts made steady progress but Soviet losses were again substantial. By the nightfall the 1BF had reached the third and final German line of defence and the 1UF having captured [[Forst]] was preparing to break out into open country.
 
On [[April 19]] the fourth day the 1BF broke through the final line of the Seelow Heights and nothing but broken German formations lay between them and Berlin. The remnants of the [[German Ninth Army|IX Army]] which had been holding the heights and the remaining northern flank of the IV Panzer Army were in danger of being enveloped by elements of the 1UF, these were the 3rd Guards Army and the 3rd and 4th Guards Tank Armies, which having broken through the IV Panzer Army turned north towards Berlin and the 1BF. Other armies of the 1UF raced west towards the Americans. By the end of the 19th the German eastern front line had ceased to exist. All that remained were pockets of resistance. The cost to the Soviet forces had been very high between [[April 1]] and [[April 19]], with over 2,807 tanks lost. During the same period the Allies in the west lost 1,079 tanks.
 
===The encirclement of Berlin===
 
[[Image:Polesberlin.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Polish People's Army in Berlin.]]
 
On [[April 20]], Hitler's birthday, Soviet artillery of the 1st Belorussian Front began to shell the centre of Berlin and did not stop until the city surrendered. After the war the Soviets pointed out that the weight of explosives delivered by their artillery during the battle, was greater than the tonnage dropped by the Western Allied bombers on the city. 1st Belorussian Front advanced towards the east and north-east of the City.
 
The 1st Ukrainian Front had pushed thought the last formations of the northern wing of Army Group Centre and had past north of [[Juterbog]] well over halfway to the American front lines on the river [[Elbe]] at [[Magdeburg]]. To the north between [[Stettin]] and [[Schwedt]] the 2nd Belorussian Front attacked the northern flank of [[Army Group Vistula]], held by the [[German Third Panzer Army||III Panzer Army]].
 
Pada permulaan tahun [[1945]], [[Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)|Front Timur]] semakin stabil semenjak Agustus [[1944]] setelah peluncuran [[Operasi Bagration]]. Jerman telah kehilangan [[Budapest]] dan beberapa negara seperti [[Hungaria]], lalu [[Rumania]] dan [[Bulgaria]] dipaksa untuk menyerah dan mengumumkan perang terhadap Jerman, serta akses ke [[Polandia]] telah terbuka bagi [[Tentara Merah]].
On [[April 21]] the 2nd Guards Army advanced nearly 50 [[km]] north of Berlin and then attacked southwest of [[Werneuchen]]. Other Soviet units reached the outer defence ring. The Soviet plan was to encircle Berlin first and then envelop the IX Army.
 
Komandan [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]], setelah aksi mereka selama [[Pemberontakan Warsawa]], merebut [[Warsawa]] pada [[Januari]] [[1945]]. Selama tiga hari, di garis depan yang lebar menggunakan empat [[Front (Angkatan Darat Soviet)|Front]], Tentara Merah mulai menyerang menyeberangi Sungai [[Narew]] dari Warsawa. Setelah empat hari, Tentara Merah membagi-bagi pasukannya dan mulai bergerak tiga puluh sampai empat puluh [[kilometer]] per hari, mengambil [[negara-negara Baltik]], [[Gdańsk|Danzig]], [[Prussia Timur]], [[Poznan]], dan menggambar garis 60&nbsp;km timur dari [[Berlin]] sepanjang [[Sungai Oder, Polandia|Sungai Oder]].
The command of the [[German V Corps|V Corps]] trapped with the IX Army north of [[Forst]], passed from [[German Fourth Panzer Army|IV Panzer Army]] to the IX Army. The corps was still holding onto [[Cottbus]]. When the old southern flank of IV Panzer Army had some local successes counter attacking north against the 1st Ukrainian Front, Hitler gave some orders which showed that his grasp of military reality had gone. He ordered IX Army to hold Cottbus and set up a front facing west then they were to attack into the Soviet columns advancing north. This would allow them to form the northern pincer which would meet with the IV Panzer Army coming from the south and envelop the 1st Ukrainian Front before destroying it. They were to anticipate an attack south by the [[German Third Panzer Army|III Panzer Army]] and to be ready to be the southern arm of a pincer attack which would envelop the 1st Belorussian Front which would be destroyed by SS-General [[Felix Steiner]]'s [[German eleventh SS Panzer Army|XI SS Panzer Army]] advancing from north of Berlin. Later in the day, when Steiner made it plain that he did not have the divisions to do this, Heinrici made it clear to Hitler's staff that unless the IX Army retreated immediately it was about to be enveloped by the Soviets. He stressed it was already too late for it to move north-west to Berlin and would have to retreat west. Heinrici went on to say that if Hitler did not allow it to move west he would ask to be relieved of his command.
 
Serangan balasan kemudian dilakukan oleh [[Grup Tentara Vistula]] yang baru dibentuk di bawah komando [[Reichsführer-SS]] [[Heinrich Himmler]], yang akhirnya gagal pada [[24 Februari]] [[1945]], dan Uni Soviet terus bergerak maju ke [[Pomerania]] dan membersihkan sisi kanan Sungai Oder. Di sebelah selatan, tiga kali usaha Jerman menggagalkan pengepungan kota [[Budapest]] telah gagal dan Budapest akhirnya jatuh pada tanggal [[13 Februari]] [[1945]] ke tangan Soviet. Lalu Jerman kembali melakukan serangan balasan. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] memaksakan suatu tugas yang tidak mungkin untuk menduduki kembali sungai [[Danube]]. Pada tanggal [[16 Maret]] serangan itu gagal dan Tentara Merah kembali melakukan penyerangan pada hari yang sama. Pada [[30 Maret]] mereka memasuki [[Austria]] dan menduduki [[Wina]] pada [[13 April]] [[1945]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matters|first=Military History|date=2020-05-13|title=The Battle of Berlin {{!}} Military History Matters|url=https://www.military-history.org/cover-feature/the-battle-of-berlin.htm|website=www.military-history.org|language=en-US|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref>
On [[April 22]] at his afternoon situation conference Hitler fell into a tearful rage when he realised that his plans of the day before were not going to be realised. He declared that the war was lost, he blamed the generals and announced that he would stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself. In an attempt to coax Hitler out of his rage, General [[Alfred Jodl]] speculated that the [[German Twelfth Army|XII Army]] which was facing the Americans could move to Berlin because the Americans already on the [[Elbe]] river were unlikely to move further east. Hitler immediately grasped the idea and within hours General [[Walther Wenck]] was ordered to dis-engage the Americans and move the XII Army north-east to support Berlin. It was then realised that if the IX Army moved west it could link up with the XII Army. In the evening Heinrici was given permission to make the link up.
 
Saat itu hanya kurang dari seperdua belas [[bahan bakar]] yang tersedia dari jumlah dibutuhkan [[Wehrmacht]]. Produksi [[pesawat tempur]] dan [[tank]] menurun tajam dan kualitasnya hanya tinggal separuhnya dibandingkan dengan tahun [[1944]].
[[Image:Berlin bunker.jpg|thumb|250px|AA bunker in Berlin Zoo, after battle]]
 
Sangat jelas bahwa kekalahan Jerman akan terjadi dalam beberapa minggu, tetapi pertempuran semakin bergejolak. [[Nasionalisme]], persyaratan menyerah tanpa syarat yang tidak diterima pihak Sekutu, dan usaha mengulur waktu agar pengungsi bisa diselamatkan ke daerah barat sebelum datangnya [[Tentara Merah]] membuat pasukan Jerman bertempur hingga akhir. Hitler sendiri bersikeras untuk bertahan di dalam kota.
Away from the map room in the Berlin [[Fuhrerbunker]] with its fantasy attacks of phantom divisions, the Soviets were getting on with winning the war. The 2nd Belorussian Front had established a bridgehead on the east bank of the Oder over 15 [[km]] deep and was heavily engaged with the III Panzer Army. The IX Army had lost Cottbus and was being pressed from the east. A Soviet tank spearhead was on the river Havel to the east of Berlin and another had at one point penetrated the inner defensive ring of Berlin.
 
[[Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II|Pihak Sekutu]] di Blok Barat sebenarnya berniat menurunkan pasukan penerjun payung untuk mengambil alih Berlin, tetapi kemudian membatalkannya. [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] melihat bahwa tidak ada gunanya mengorbankan pasukan untuk menyerang kota yang sudah pasti akan diambil alih pihak Soviet. Selain itu, perintah ini tidak masuk akal jika mempertimbangkan jumlah pasukan yang tersisa dan cadangan makanan yang tersedia untuk mendukung keberadaan pasukan di dalam kota.
On [[April 23]] the Soviet 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Fronts continued to tighten the encirclement, including severing the last link that the German IX Army had with the city. Elements of the 1st Ukrainian Front continue to move to the west and they start to engage the German XII Army moving towards Berlin. Hitler appointed General [[Helmuth Weidling]] defence commandant of Berlin. By [[April 24]] elements of the 1st Belorussian Front and 1st Ukrainian Fronts had completed the encirclement of the city.
 
== Penyerangan Jerman Timur ==
The next day on [[April 25]] the 2nd Belorussian Front broke through III Panzer Army's line around the bridgehead south of Stettin and crossed the Rando Swamp. They were now free to move west towards the [[British 21st Army Group]] and north towards the Baltic port of [[Stralsund]]. The Soviet [[Soviet 58th Guards Division|58th Guards Division]] of the [[Soviet 5th Guards Army|5th Guards Army]] made contact with the [[US 69th Infantry Division]] of the [[U.S. First Army|First Army]] near [[Torgau]], Germany on the [[Elbe]] River.
 
Serangan pihak Soviet ke daerah yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama [[Jerman Timur]] (DDR, ''Deutsche Demokratische Republik'') memiliki dua alasan. Pertama adalah kecurigaan [[Josef Stalin|Stalin]] terhadap tujuan Pihak Sekutu Barat untuk mengambil alih wilayah yang belum diinjak tentara Soviet, maka maka Soviet terus menyerang ke arah barat agar bisa mengambil alih wilayah di timur dan menghentikan gerak [[Sekutu Barat]] yang bergerak ke timur. Keduanya memiliki pikiran hampir serupa karena penguasaan atas wilayah tersebut tidak bisa dilakukan secepatnya kecuali jika Berlin telah diambil alih oleh salah satu blok. Pertimbangan lain adalah Berlin sendiri memiliki banyak aset strategis, contohnya Hitler sendiri dan program pengembangan bom atom Jerman.
===The battle of Berlin===
 
Pada [[9 April]] [[1945]], [[Kaliningrad#Third Reich|Königsberg]] di [[Prussia Selatan]] akhirnya jatuh ke tangan Tentara Merah. Hal ini membebaskan gerak pasukan [[Marsekal]] [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] ([[2nd Belorussian Front]], Front Kedua Belarusia atau 2BF) dari barat ke timur lembah Sungai [[Oder]] . Selama dua minggu pertama bulan April, Soviet berhasil melakukan gerak penempatan kembali front mereka. Marsekal [[Georgy Zhukov]] berkonsentrasi di [[1st Belorussian Front]] (Front Pertama Belarusia atau 1BF) yang ditugaskan di sepanjang Sungai Oder dari [[Frankfurt an der Oder|Frankfurt]] di daerah selatan hingga ke wilayah Baltik, sampai wilayah di front [[Seelow Heights]]. Front 2BF bergerak menuju posisi yang telah dikuasai 1BF di bagian utara Seelow Heights. Saat penempatan ulang ini, beberapa kantong kosong terjadi, menyebabkan [[Pasukan Jerman Ke-II]], yang telah terkepung di Danzig, berhasil keluar dan menyeberangi Sungai Oder.
[[Image:BattleBerlinMap.jpg|thumb|right| A map of the Soviet final offensive in Berlin]]
 
Di selatan Marsekal [[Ivan Konev]] membawa [[Front Pertama Ukrainia]] (1UF) keluar dari [[bagian luar Silesia]] ke arah barat laut menuju Sungai [[Lusatian Neisse|Neisse]].
The forces available for the city's defense included several severely depleted [[German Army|Army]] and [[Waffen-SS]] divisions, supplemented by the police, boys in the compulsory Hitler Youth, and the Volkssturm which consisted of elderly men, many of whom had been in the army as young men and some were veterans of [[World War I]].
 
Ketiga front Soviet ini berjumlah 2,5 juta orang (termasuk 78,556 prajurit dari [[Pasukan Polandia Pertama]]), 6.250 tank, 7.500 pesawat, 41.600 meriam [[artileri]] dan [[mortir]], 3.255 [[truk]] bermuatan peluncur [[roket]] [[Katyusha]] (disebut juga dengan nama ''Orgen Stalin''), dan 95.383 motor tempur, kebanyakan buatan Amerika Serikat.
To the west the [[German 20th Motorized Infantry Division|XX Infantry Division]], to the north the [[German 9th Parachute Division|IX Parachute Division]], to the north-east [[German Panzer Division Muncheberg|Panzer Division ''Müncheberg'']], [[11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland|XI SS ''Panzergrenadier'' Division ''Nordland'']] were to the south-east,(east of [[Templehof Airport]]) and [[18th Motorized Infantry Division|IIXX Infantry Division]], the reserve, were in the central district. <!-- See :Image:BattleBerlinMap.jpg on this page PBS-->
 
Jenderal [[Gotthard Heinrici]] menggantikan Himmler sebagai komandan grup Vistula pada [[20 Maret]]. Heinrici adalah salah satu ahli strategi bertahan di pasukan Jerman dan memulai rencana pertahanan. Ia berpendapat bahwa serangan utama Soviet pasti akan terjadi melalui Sungai Oder dan di sepanjang utara hingga barat ''autobahn''. Ia memutuskan untuk tidak mempertahankan lembah di sekitar Sungai Oder dengan lebih dari sekadar pertahanan kamuflase. Sebaliknya, ia memerintahkan insinyur untuk membentengi Seelow Heights yang memberikan akses pengawasan Sungai Oder di bagian yang dilewati ''autobahn''. Ia mulai mengurangi kekuatan di garis lain untuk berkonsentrasi di [[Dataran Tinggi Seelow|Seelow Heights]].
Berlin's fate was sealed, but the resistance continued. The Soviet advance to the city centre was along these main axes: from the south-east, along the Frankfurter Allee (ending and stopped at the [[Alexanderplatz]]); from the south along Sonnen Allee ending north of the Belle Alliance Platz, from the south ending near the Potsdamer Platz and from the north ending near the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]]. The Reichstag, the Moltke bridge, Alexanderplatz, and the Havel bridges at Spandau were the places were the fighting was heaviest, with house-to-house and [[mêlée|hand-to-hand combat]]. The foreign contingents of the SS fought particularly hard, because they were ideologically motivated and they believed that they would not live if captured.
 
Pasukan Jerman kemudian merekayasa rencana membanjiri wilayah Oder, yang telah basah di musim semi menjadi rawa dengan melepaskan air dari bendungan utama. Di belakangnya, mereka membangun tiga lingkaran pertahanan yang menjangkau daerah lembah dari daerah luar Berlin. Garis ini diperkuat dengan parit anti-tank, penempatan senjata anti-tank, dan jaringan besar pagar serta bungker.
On [[April 28]] Heinrici rejected Hitler's command to hold Berlin at all costs, so he was relieved of his command and replaced by General [[Kurt Arthur Benno Student|Kurt Student]] the next day.
 
=== Pertempuran Oder-Neisse ===
On [[April 30]], as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married [[Eva Braun]] and then committed [[suicide]] by taking [[cyanide]] and shooting himself. General Weidling, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviets on [[May 2]].
 
[[Berkas:Destruction in a Berlin street.jpg|jmpl|Wajah kota Berlin setelah pertempuran berakhir.]]
===The battle of Halbe===
Dini hari tanggal [[16 April]] [[1945]], serangan ke Berlin dibuka oleh bombardir hebat dari 16.000 artileri dan roket Katyusha oleh Soviet sepanjang hari. Tidak lama kemudian sebelum fajar, Front 1BF menyerang dengan menyeberangi Sungai Oder. Front 1UF menyerang melalui Neisse juga sebelum fajar. Front 1BF memiliki kekuatan lebih besar, tetapi memiliki penugasan lebih sulit dan harus menghadapi kekuatan terbesar Jerman.
 
Serangan awal Front 1BF menjadi bencana. Heinrici mengantisipasi serangan ini dan menarik pasukan bertahannya dari pagar garis pertahanan pertama tepat sebelum Soviet menghujani mereka dengan artileri. Sinar pencari dari 143 lampu yang sebenarnya dimaksudkan untuk membutakan pasukan bertahan tertahan oleh kabut pagi dan malah memperlihatkan siluet pasukan Soviet. Lumpur rawa yang terjadi terbukti menjadi tempat persembunyian efektif dan serangan balik Jerman membuat korban di pihak Soviet menjadi bertambah banyak.
''Main article: [[Battle of Halbe]].''
 
Frustrasi oleh perkembangan yang lebih lambat dari keinginan Stalin, Zhukov meenurunkan pasukan cadangan, yang sebelumnya dimaksudkan untuk mendukung gerak merangsek maju. Pada sore harinya, pasukan berhasil maju sejauh enam kilometer di beberapa area, tetapi garis pertahanan Jerman tetap tidak tersentuh. Di selatan, Zhukov dengan Front 1UF terpaksa melaporkan bahwa [[Pertempuran Seelow Heights]] tidak berjalan sesuai rencana. Stalin, untuk menyemangati Zhukov, mengatakan padanya bahwa ia akan memberikan izin kepada Konev untuk menggerakkan pasukan tank menuju Berlin dari arah selatan.
To the south of Berlin, during the battle of Berlin and for a number of days afterwards, the German IX Army fought a desperate action to break out of the pocket which they were in so that they could link up with the German XII Army and then to cross the river Elbe and surrender to the Americans.
 
Pada hari kedua, jumlah anggota Front 1BF dikurangi untuk menambah dukungan bagi pasukan yang terlibat pertempuran langsung. Taktik Soviet untuk menggunakan serangan masif terbukti memberi kerugian yang sangat banyak daripada yang diperhitungkan.
==Conclusion==
 
Pada awal malam tanggal [[17 April]] 1945 front Jerman di belakang Zhukov masih tersisa, tetapi hampir hancur. Di selatan, [[Pusat Grup Pasukan]] yang dikomandani [[Jenderal]] [[Ferdinand Schorner]] tidak bisa bertahan dengan bantuan persembunyian. Bagian ''flank'' [[Pasukan Panser Jerman Ke-IV|Pasukan Panzer Jerman Ke-IV]] di utara terdesak secara jumlah oleh serangan Front 1UF. Ia memutuskan untuk tetap menyimpan cadangan dua divisi panser daripada menggunakannya untuk mendukung Pasukan Panser Ke-IV. Di sinilah titik balik pertempuran terjadi, di mana saat malam, posisi Grup Vistula dan sektor selatan Pusat Grup Pasukan menjadi terpisah. Kecuali mereka bisa mengusahakan bergabung dengan Pasukan Panser Jerman Ke-IV, mereka akan dihabisi. Sebagai efek keberhasilan serangan Konev atas pertahanan pasukan Schorner yang buruk, membuat pertahanan pasukan Heinrichi yang brilian menjadi sia-sia.
The battle ended after a week of heavy fighting because the Germans ran out of men and material. The German supply dumps were located outside the outer defence line (the Inner Ring) and were captured quite early in the battle by the Soviets. In the battle for the city the Soviets lost about 2,000 armoured vehicles, in good part due to an effective shoulder-firing rocket known as a "Panzerfaust" and mass numbers of which were supplied to German civilians, though countermeasures such as armor and wire skirts were being deployed. The Germans had only a few tanks.
 
Pada [[18 April]], kedua Front Soviet berhasil membuat perkembangan berarti, tetapi kerugian yang dialami Soviet terlalu besar dari yang seharusnya. Menjelang malam, Front 1BF berhasil mendesak ke garis pertahanan terakhir Jerman dan Front 1UF yang berhasil menguasai [[Forst]] bersiap untuk perang terbuka.
In most areas of the city, vengeful Soviet troops (usually rear echelon units) looted, raped many women and murdered some civilians for several weeks. Initially this behaviour was tolerated by many Red Army officers, but as the invasion turned into occupation the army authorities and the [[NKVD]] put a stop to it. In 1945, some 4,000 Soviet officers were tried for crimes against civilians. The Soviets sustained 20-25,000 dead in the city and 81,000 for the entire operation. Another 280,000 were reported wounded or sick during the operational period. The Germans sustained as many as 450,000 killed, wounded or missing, civilians included.
 
Pada [[19 April]] Front 1BF berhasil merusak garis akhir pertahanan Seelow Heights dan tinggal sedikit pasukan Jerman yang menghalangi mereka dari Berlin. Sisa [[Pasukan Jerman Ke-IX]] yang mempertahankan area tersebut dan sisa Pasukan Panser Jerman Ke-IV berada dalam bahaya menghadapi penghancuran oleh Front 1UF.
Following Hitler's wishes in [[Last will and testament|his last will and testament]], on his death Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] became the new ''[[Reichspräsident#Nazi Era (Führer/Reichspräsident)|Reichspräsident]]'' and [[Joseph Goebbels]] the new ''[[Reichskanzler#Reichskanzler|Reichskanzler]]''. However Goebbels' suicide on [[May 1]], [[1945]] left the new head of state to orchestrate negotiations of national surrender on his own. All German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the [[Allies]] on [[8 May]] [[1945]]. [[The end of World War II in Europe|The war in Europe was over]], and with it went the [[Third Reich]]. Hitler's "thousand-year Reich" had lasted for twelve years at a cost of 50 million deaths across Europe.
 
== NoteReferensi ==
{{Reflist}}
#{{catatan|Praha}}The last major battle was the [[Prague Offensive]] on [[May 6]]-[[May 11]], [[1945]], when the Soviet Army with the help of Polish, Romanian and Czechoslovak forces defeated the parts of [[Army Group Centre]] which continued to resist in [[Czechoslovakia]]. The operation involved about 3,000,000 personnel from both sides.
#{{catatan|abomb}} Beevor see [[References]]
 
== Bacaan tambahan ==
==References==
* [[Antony Beevor|Beevor, Antony]]. ''Berlin: the Downfall, 1945'', ISBN 06708869550-670-88695-5
* '''Krivosheev, G. F.''' ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century'', Greenhill Books, 1997.
* '''Read, Anthony.''' ''The Fall of Berlin'', London: Pimlico, 1993. ISBN 07126069550-7126-0695-5
* [[Cornelius Ryan|Ryan, Cornelius]]. ''The Last Battle'', ISBN 06848032910-684-80329-1
* '''Ziemke, Earl F.''' ''Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich'', NY:Ballantine Books, London:Macdomald & Co, 1969.
* '''Anonymous''' ''A Woman in Berlin: Six Weeks in the Conquered City'' Translated by Anthes Bell, ISBN 08050754020-8050-7540-2
 
==See alsoLihat pula ==
* [[Menara Flak]]
 
== Catatan kaki ==
==External links==
{{notelist|1|notes=
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml BBC article]
{{efn |name=StudentTippelskirch
*[http://www.berlinphotos.co.uk/ww2index.htm Photos of World War 2 Berlin Locations today]
|Heinrici digantikan oleh Jenderal [[Siswa Kurt]] pada 28 April. Jenderal Kurt von Tippelskirch ditunjuk sebagai pengganti sementara Heinrici sampai Siswa dapat tiba dan mengambil alih kendali. Siswa ditangkap oleh Inggris dan tidak pernah tiba{{harv|Dollinger|1967|p=228}}.
*[http://www.onwar.com/maps/wwii/eastfront2/1berlin45.htm Map of the battle]
}}
*[http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/berlin.htm The battle and buildup]
{{efn |name=Weidling
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,707835,00.html "They raped every German female from eight to 80" Antony Beevor]
|Weidling menggantikan Oberstleutnant [[Ernst Kaether]] sebagai komandan Berlin yang hanya menjabat satu hari setelah mengambil alih komando dari Reymann.
}}
{{efn |name=SovietEsts
|Perkiraan awal Soviet telah menempatkan kekuatan total pada 1&nbsp;juta orang, tapi ini terlalu tinggi {{harv|Glantz|1998|pp=258–259}}.
}}
{{efn |name=GermanTroops
|Sejumlah besar dari 45.000 adalah pasukan [[LVI Panzer Corps]] yang berada di awal bagian pertempuran Angkatan Darat IX Jerman di [[Battle of the Seelow Heights|Seelow Heights]].
}}
{{efn |name=GermanCasualties
|Perkiraan Jerman (Müller) berdasarkan data arsip yang tidak lengkap: 92.000 untuk Seelow, Halbe dan di dalam Berlin; 100.000 untuk seluruh wilayah Berlin. Untuk informasi tentang asal-usul proyek "Das Deutsch Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg" di bawah Kantor Penelitian Sejarah Militer Bundeswehr, lihat {{harvnb|Ziemke|1983|pp=398–407}}.
}}}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
[[Category:Perang Jerman-Soviet]]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml BBC article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614140112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml |date=2006-06-14 }}
[[Category:1945]]
* [http://www.berlinphotos.co.uk/ww2index.htm Photos of World War 2 Berlin Locations today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050410214122/http://www.berlinphotos.co.uk/ww2index.htm |date=2005-04-10 }}
* [http://www.onwar.com/maps/wwii/eastfront2/1berlin45.htm Map of the battle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621153022/http://www.onwar.com/maps/wwii/eastfront2/1berlin45.htm |date=2007-06-21 }}
* [http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/berlin.htm The battle and buildup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060317173320/http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/berlin.htm |date=2006-03-17 }}
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,707835,00.html "They raped every German female from eight to 80" Antony Beevor]
 
[[Kategori:Perang Jerman-Soviet]]
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[[Kategori:Konflik dalam tahun 1945]]
[[fr:Bataille de Berlin]]
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[[it:Battaglia di Berlino]]
[[Kategori:Pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Jerman]]
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[[pt:Batalha de Berlim]]
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[[sv:Slaget om Berlin]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Pertempuran_Berlin"