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{{Taxobox
{{Redirect|Mandrake root|the Deep Purple song|Mandrake Root}}
| color = {{tc2|tumbuhan}}
{{Redirect|Mandragora}}▼
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{taxobox
|name = Dudaim<br>''Mandrake''
|image = Mandrake-roots.jpg
|caption = Akar kembar Dudaim
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
{{kladtb|[[Asterid]]}}
|ordo = [[Solanales]]
|familia = [[Solanaceae]]
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|subdivision_ranks = Spesies
|subdivision =
* ''[[Mandragora officinarum]]''<br />
* ''[[Mandragora turcomanica]]''<br />
* ''[[Mandragora caulescens]]''
}}
'''Dudaim''' ({{lang-en|mandrake}}) merupakan nama umum untuk jenis [[tumbuhan]] yang tergolong [[genus]] '''''Mandragora''''', khususnya [[spesies]] ''[[Mandragora officinarum]]'' atau ''[[Mandragora autumnalis]]'', yang termasuk ke dalam [[familiaFamili (biologi)|famili]] ''[[:en:nightshade|]]''nightshade'']] ([[Solanaceae]]). Dudaim mengandung zat [[alkaloid]] [[:en:tropane alkaloid|''tropane'']] ''[[:en:deliriant|]]''deliriant'']] [[halusinogen]] seperti [[atropine|atropin]], [[scopolamine]], [[:en:List of compounds with carbon number 17|apoatropine]], dan [[hyoscyamine]]. Akarnya kadang juga mengalami [[wikt:bifurcation|bifurcations]] sehingga memberi penampakan seperti tubuh [[manusia]], akar ini sejak dulu digunakan dalam [[:en:magic (paranormal)|ritual sihir atau magis]], sampai sekarang seperti dijumpai pada tradisi [[:en:contemporary pagan|contemporary pagan]] seperti [[''Wicca]]'' dan [[''Odinism]]''.
 
== Pemerian ==
Akarnya sering bercabang-cabang. <!--AkarDi iniatas tanah oftentumbuhan branched.ini This root gives off at the surface ofmempunyai thedaun groundkhas (''a rosette of ovate-oblong to ovate, wrinkled, crisp, sinuate-dentate to entire [[leaf|leaves]]''), panjangnya {{convert|5|to|40|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, somewhatagak resemblingmirip thosetumbuhan of the tobacco plant[[tembakau]]. <!--A number of one-flowered nodding [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] spring from the neck bearing whitish-green or purple flowers, nearly {{convert|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} broad, which produce globular, orange to red [[berry|berries]], resembling small tomatoes.--> Buah dan bijinya beracun.<ref>[http://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=10 Mandrake in wildflowers of Israel]</ref>
 
== Efek ==
* Kandungan bahan kimia [[alkaloid]] dalam akar tumbuhan ini meliputi [[atropin]], [[scopolamineskopolamine]], dan [[hyoscyamine]]. Zat-zat ini bersifat [[antikolinergik]], [[halusinogen]], dan [[hipnotik]].
* Sifat antikolinergik dapat menyebabkan "[[:en:asphyxia|asphyxiaasfiksia]].
* Jika akar dudaim dimakan, dapat menimbulkan efek samping seperti [[muntah]]-muntah dan [[diare]]. Kandungan alkaloid bervariasi di antara berbagai tumbuhan dan dapat mengakibatkan keracunan tak disengaja.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Piccillo, G.A.; Mondati, E.G.M.; Moro, P.A.|year=2002|title=Six clinical cases of ''Mandragora autumnalis'' poisoning: diagnosis and treatment|journal=European Journal of Emergency Medicine |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=342–347 | url = http://journals.lww.com/euro-emergencymed/Fulltext/2002/12000/Six_clinical_cases_of_Mandragora_autumnalis.10.aspx|doi=10.1097/00063110-200212000-00010}}</ref>
 
== Catatan Alkitab ==
Dua rujukan pada {{lang|he|דודאים}} ''(dûdã'im'')— arti harfiahnya "tumbuhan cinta" — ditemukan dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] ([[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]). [[Septuaginta]] menerjemahkan דודאים (''dûdã'im'') sebagai {{lang|grc|μανδραγόρας}} (''mandragoras''), dan [[Vulgata]] mengikuti Septuaginta. Sejumlah terjemahan dalam berbagai bahasa di kemudian hari tetapi mengikuti Septuaginta (dan Vulgata) dalam penggunaan makna kata ''mandrake'' sebagai tumbuhan yang dirujuk dalam [[Kejadian 30#Buah Dudaim|Kejadian 30:14–16]] dan [[Kidung Agung 7#Ayat 13|Kidung Agung 7:13]]. Sebagian lain mengikuti teladan [[Alkitab Luther]] dengan memberikan terjemahan yang lebih harfiah.
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In [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 30:14, [[Reuben (Bible)|Reuben]], the eldest son of [[Jacob]] and [[Leah]] finds mandrake in a field. [[Rachel]], Jacob's infertile second wife and Leah's sister, is desirous of the {{lang|he|דודאים}} and barters with Leah for them. The trade offered by Rachel is for Leah to spend that night in Jacob's bed in exchange for Leah's {{lang|he|דודאים}}. Leah gives away the plant to her barren sister, but soon after this ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 30:14–22), Leah, who had previously had four sons but had been infertile for a long while, became pregnant once more and in time gave birth to two more sons, [[Issachar]] and [[Zebulun]], and a daughter, [[Dinah]]. Only years after this episode of her asking for the mandrakes did [[Rachel]] manage to become pregnant. The predominant traditional Jewish view is that {{lang|he|דודאים}} were an ancient folk remedy to help barren women [[Conception (biology)|conceive]] a child.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
 
{{Quote|
<sup>'''14'''</sup> And Reuben went in the days of wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them unto his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes.
 
<sup>'''15'''</sup> And she said unto her, Is it a small matter that thou hast taken my husband? and wouldest thou take away my son's mandrakes also? And Rachel said, Therefore he shall lie with thee to night for thy son's mandrakes.
 
<sup>'''16'''</sup> And Jacob came out of the field in the evening, and Leah went out to meet him, and said, Thou must come in unto me; for surely I have hired thee with my son's mandrakes. And he lay with her that night.|the [[Bible]]|[[King James Version]], Genesis 30:14–16<ref>{{cite web|title=Genesis 30:14–16 (King James Version)|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2030:14-16&version=KJV|publisher=Bible Gateway|accessdate=6 January 2014}}</ref>}}
 
A number of other plants have been suggested by biblical scholars,{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} ''e.g.'', most notably, [[ginseng]], which looks similar to the mandrake root and reputedly has fertility enhancing properties, for which it was picked by Reuben in the Bible; [[blackberries]], ''Zizyphus lotus'', the ''sidr'' of the Arabs, the [[banana]], [[lily]], [[citron]], and [[ficus|fig]]. Sir Thomas Browne, in ''[[Pseudodoxia Epidemica]]'', ch. VII, suggested the ''dudai'im'' of Genesis 30:14 is the opium poppy, because the word ''duda'im'' may be a reference to a woman's breasts.
 
The final verses of [[Song of Songs]] (Song of Songs 7:12–13), are:
{{Quote|{{lang|he|לְכָ֤ה דֹודִי֙ נֵצֵ֣א הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה נָלִ֖ינָה בַּכְּפָרִֽים׃ נַשְׁכִּ֙ימָה֙ לַכְּרָמִ֔ים נִרְאֶ֞ה אִם פָּֽרְחָ֤ה הַגֶּ֙פֶן֙ פִּתַּ֣ח הַסְּמָדַ֔ר הֵנֵ֖צוּ הָרִמֹּונִ֑ים שָׁ֛ם אֶתֵּ֥ן אֶת־דֹּדַ֖י לָֽךְ׃}} }}
 
{{Quote|
<sup>'''12'''</sup> Let us get up early to the vineyards; let us see if the vine flourish, whether the tender grape appear, and the pomegranates bud forth: there will I give thee my loves.
 
<sup>'''13'''</sup> The mandrakes give a smell, and at our gates are all manner of pleasant fruits, new and old, which I have laid up for thee, O my beloved.|the [[Bible]]|[[King James Version]], Song of Songs 7:12–13<ref>{{cite web|title=Song of Songs 7:12–13 (King James Version)|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Song%20of%20Songs%207:12-13&version=KJV|publisher=Bible Gateway|accessdate=6 January 2014}}</ref>}}-->
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==Magic and witchcraft==
[[File:Mandragora Tacuinum Sanitatis.jpg|thumb|250px|''Mandragora'', from ''[[Tacuinum Sanitatis]]'' (1474).]] [[File:Duda.JPG|thumb|250px|''Mandragora'' plant]]
According to the legend, when the root is dug up, it screams and kills all who hear it. Literature includes complex directions for harvesting a mandrake root in relative safety.
For example [[Josephus]] (''circa'' 37–100 AD) of Jerusalem gives the following directions for pulling it up:
<blockquote>A furrow must be dug around the root until its lower part is exposed, then a dog is tied to it, after which the person tying the dog must get away. The dog then endeavours to follow him, and so easily pulls up the root, but dies suddenly instead of his master. After this, the root can be handled without fear.<ref name="Hastings2004">{{cite book|author=James Hastings|title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Volume III: (Part I: Kir -- Nympha)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4RbvnQEACAAJ|accessdate=28 May 2014|date=October 2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-4102-1726-4}}</ref></blockquote>
 
Excerpt from Chapter XVI, "[[Witchcraft]] and [[Spell (paranormal)|Spells]]", of ''Transcendental Magic: Its Doctrine and Ritual'' by nineteenth-century occultist and ceremonial magician [[Eliphas Levi]].
 
The following is taken from [[Jean Baptiste Pitois|Paul Christian]]'s ''The History and Practice of Magic'':<ref>pp. 402-403, by Paul Christian. 1963</ref>
 
<blockquote>Would you like to make a Mandragora, as powerful as the [[homunculus]] (little man in a bottle) so praised by [[Paracelsus]]? Then find a root of the plant called [[Bryonia|bryony]]. Take it out of the ground on a Monday (the day of the moon), a little time after the [[vernal equinox]]. Cut off the ends of the root and bury it at night in some country churchyard in a dead man's grave. For 30 days, water it with cow's milk in which three bats have been drowned. When the 31st day arrives, take out the root in the middle of the night and dry it in an oven heated with branches of [[verbena]]; then wrap it up in a piece of a dead man's [[shroud|winding-sheet]] and carry it with you everywhere.</blockquote>
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== Sastra ==
Penggunaan dalam sastra kebanyakan bernuansa gelap:
* [[Machiavelli]] menulis pada tahun 1518 suatu drama ''Mandragola'' (''[[:Enen:The Mandrake|The Mandrake]]'') di mana ceritanya berkisar dari penggunaan cairan duadim atau ''mandrake'' untuk merayu wanita.
* [[Shakespeare]] merujuk empat kali kepada ''mandrake''; dua kali di antaranya dengan nama ''mandragora''.<ref>Karya Shakespeare:
:"... Not poppy, nor '''mandragora''',
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* In ''[[The Republic]]'' by [[Plato]], mandrake is used in an image whereby men use it to drug a ship captain, and take control of the ship (488 c4).-->
 
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Pustaka tambahan ==
* Heiser, Charles B. Jr (1969). Nightshades, The Paradoxical Plant, 131-136. W. H. Freeman & Co. SBN 7167 0672-5.
* Thompson, C. J. S. (reprint 1968). The Mystic Mandrake. University Books.
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Mandragora}}{{wikispecies|Mandragora}}
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/mandrake/ Erowid Mandrake Vault]
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Mandrake}}
* [http://www.fairytalechannel.org/2008_07_17_archive.html Translation of Grimm's Saga No. 84 The Mandrake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019102925/http://fairytalechannel.org/2008_07_17_archive.html |date=2014-10-19 }}
 
<!--{{Herbal Sedatives}}
{{Hallucinogens}}
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{{Cholinergics}}-->
{{Taxonbar|from=Q212742}}
 
[[Kategori:Tumbuhan obat]]
Baris 118 ⟶ 84:
[[Kategori:Delirian]]
[[Kategori:Tumbuhan beracun]]
[[Kategori:Tumbuhan di Alkitab]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Kejadian]]
[[Kategori:Kitab Kidung Agung]]
▲{{Redirect|[[Kategori:Mandragora}}]]
[[Kategori:Umbi]]
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