Myrtus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{For|asteroid|9203 Myrtus}}
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| color = {{tc2|tumbuhan}}
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|image2 = Illustration Myrtus communis0.jpg
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{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berpembuluh|Tracheophyta]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Tumbuhan berbunga|Angiospermae]]}}
{{kladtb|[[Eudikotil]]}}
| ordo = [[Myrtales]]▼
{{kladtb|[[Rosid]]}}
| familia = [[Myrtaceae]]▼
| genus = '''''Myrtus'''''▼
|genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = '''''[[Myrtus communis]]''''' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small><br/>'''''[[Myrtus nivellei]]''''' <small>Batt. & Trab.</small> |
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|type_species=''Myrtus communis''
|type_species_authority=[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by A.P. de Candolle, Note Myrt. 7 (1826)
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[[Berkas:Myrtus communis MHNT.BOT.2007.40.51.jpg|jmpl|''Myrtus communis'']]
'''''Myrtus''''', dengan nama umum '''murad''' ({{lang-en|myrtle}}) merupakan suatu [[genus]] [[tumbuhan bunga]] dalam [[familia]] [[Myrtaceae]]. Pertama kali dipaparkan oleh [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] pada tahun 1753.<ref name=u>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40024747 Tropicos, ''Myrtus'' L.]</ref>
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Genus ''Myrtus'' beranggotakan 2 [[spesies]] yang dikenal sekarang:<ref name=j>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=132268 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
* '''''[[Myrtus communis]]''''' — "Murad umum" (''Common myrtle''); tumbuhan asli di daerah [[Laut Tengah]] di bagian selatan [[Eropa]].
* '''''[[Myrtus nivellei]]''''' — "Murad sahara" (''Saharan myrtle''); tumbuhan asli di [[Afrika Utara]].
== Pemerian ==
=== Murad umum ===
'''''[[Myrtus communis]]''''', atau '''Murad umum''' (juga disebut ''true myrtle''; "murad sejati"), merupakan tumbuhan asli di bagian utara [[Mediterania]] (terutama di pulau [[Sardinia]] dan [[Corsica]], di mana memiliki nama setempat ''murta'').<ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=myrtus+communis Altervista Flora Italiana, Mirto comune, Myrtaceae: ''Myrtus communis'' L.] termasuk foto dan peta distribusi di Eropa.</ref>
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The plant is an [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]], growing to {{convert|5|m|ft}} tall. The [[leaf]] is entire, 3–5 cm long, with a fragrant [[essential oil]].
The star-like [[flower]] has five petals and sepals, and numerous [[stamen]]s. Petals usually are white.
The fruit is a round [[berry]] containing several [[seed]]s, most commonly blue-black in colour. A variety with yellow-amber berries is also present. The seeds are dispersed by [[bird]]s that eat the berries.
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=== Murad sahara ===
'''''[[Myrtus nivellei]]''''' atau '''Murad sahara''', ([[:en:Tuareg language|bahasa Tuareg]]: ''tefeltest''), tumbuh [[:En:endemism|endemik]] di pengunungan [[Gurun Sahara]] tengah.<ref name="uicnmed">[http://www.uicnmed.org/nabp/database/HTM/PDF/p47.pdf
It occurs in small areas of sparse relict woodland at montaine elevations above the central Saharan desert plains.<ref name="uicnmed"/>
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Several [[botanist]]s {{who|date=November 2013}} do not consider ''Myrtus nivellei'' sufficiently distinct to be treated as a separate species.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} It is listed as an [[conservation status|endangered species]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
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== Penggunaan ==
=== Pembiakan ===
''Myrtus communis'', dibiakkan luas sebagai suatu [[tanaman hias]] dalam bentuk [[perdu]] di [[kebun]] dan [[taman]]. Sering menjadi [[tanaman pagar]], di mana daun-daun kecilnya dicukur rapi.
Jika lebih jarang dicukur, bunganya lebat pada akhir musim panas. Membutuhkan musim panas yang lama dan terik untuk menghasilkan bunga, dan perlu dilindungi dari ''frost'' musim dingin.
Spesies dan
=== Makanan ===
''Myrtus communis'' digunakan di pulau [[Sardinia]] dan [[Corsica]] untuk menghasilkan minuman keras beraroma yang disebut [[:en:Mirto (drink)|''Mirto'']] dengan cara [[:en:macerating|maserasi]] dalam [[alkohol]]. ''Mirto'' merupakan salah satu minuman khas Sardinia, tersedia dalam dua varietas: ''mirto rosso'' (merah) dihasilkan dari maserasi buah (''berries''), dan ''mirto bianco'' (putih) dihasilkan dari buah kuning, bahkan daun-daun, yang kurang lazim ditemukan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://it.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Liquore_di_mirto |
Buah-buahnya (''berries''), utuh atau digiling, telah digunakan sebagai pengganti [[merica]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://theepicentre.com/spice/myrtle/ |title= Myrtle |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=
=== Obat-obatan ===
[[
Murad menempati posisi utama dalam tulisan-tulisan [[Hippocrates]], [[Plinius yang Tua|Plinius]], [[:en:Dioscorides|Dioscorides]], [[Galen]], dan penulis-penulis Arab.<ref>Pharmacographia Indica (1891 edition), London</ref>
Di beberapa negara, terutama di Eropa and Tiongkok, ada tradisi untuk menggunakan bahan ini dalam pengobatan infeksi hidung (''sinus infections''). Suatu tinjauan sistematik obat-obatan tanaman yang digunakan untuk mengobati [[:en:rhinosinusitis|rhinosinusitis]] menyimpulkan bahwa bukti manfaat tanaman obat dalam pengobatan rhinosinusitis jumlahnya terbatas, dan tidak cukup bukti dari ''Myrtus'' untuk memastikan signifikansi hasil klinik.<ref>{{cite journal |
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===In myth and ritual===-->
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;Classical
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In Rome, Virgil explains that “the poplar is most dear to Alcides, the vine to Bacchus, the myrtle to lovely Venus, and his own [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] to Phoebus.”<ref>Virgil, [[Eclogue]] VII.61-63.</ref> At the [[Veneralia]], women bathed wearing crowns woven of myrtle branches, and myrtle was used in wedding rituals. In the [[Aeneid]], myrtle marks the grave of the murdered [[Polydorus (son of Priam)|Polydorus]] in Thrace. Aeneus' attempts to uproot the shrub cause the ground to bleed, and the voice of his dead brother warns him to leave. The spears which impaled Polydorus have been magically transformed into the myrtle which marks his grave.<ref>[http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/VirgilAeneidIII.htm#_Toc536528096 ''Aeneid III, 19-68''], accessed 13 March 2014</ref>
In the Mediterranean, myrtle was symbolic of love and immortality.
;Jewish
In [[Jewish liturgy]], it is one of the four sacred plants of [[Sukkot]], the [[Feast of Tabernacles]] representing the different types of personality making up the community - the myrtle having fragrance but not pleasant taste, represents those who have good deeds to their credit despite not having knowledge from [[Torah]] study. Three branches are held by the worshippers along with a [[citron]], a [[Palm tree|palm]] leaf, and two [[willow]] branches. In [[Jewish mysticism]], the myrtle represents the phallic, masculine force at work in the universe. For this reason myrtle branches were sometimes given the bridegroom as he entered the nuptial chamber after a wedding (Tos. Sotah 15:8; Ketubot 17a). Myrtles are both the symbol and scent of [[Garden of Eden|Eden]] (BhM II: 52; Sefer ha-Hezyonot 17). The [[Hechalot]] text Merkavah Rabbah requires one to suck on a myrtle leaves as an element of a theurgic ritual. Kabbalists link myrtle to the sefirah of Tiferet and use sprigs in their Shabbat (especially Havdalah) rites to draw down its harmonizing power as the week is initiated (Shab. 33a; Zohar Chadash, SoS, 64d; Sha’ar ha-Kavvanot, 2, pp. 73–76).<ref>[[List of plants in the Bible]]</ref>
Myrtle leaves were added to the water in the last (7th) rinsing of the head in the traditional Sephardic tahara manual (teaching the ritual for washing the dead).
;Contemporary
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==Garden history==-->
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===Rome===
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The name "myrtle" is also used in common names (vernacular names) of unrelated plants in several other genera, such as: "Crape myrtle" (''[[Lagerstroemia]]'' species and hybrids, [[Lythraceae]]); "Wax myrtle" (''[[Myrica|Morella]]'' species, [[Myricaceae]]); and "Creeping myrtle" (''[[Vinca]]'' species, [[Apocynaceae]]).
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==Referensi==▼
{{Reflist|2}}▼
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category multi|Myrtus|Myrtus communis}}
* [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Myrt_com.html Myrtle (''Myrtus communis'' L.)], from Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages
* [http://www.myrtus-communis.de www.myrtus-communis.de] (German)
* [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Myrtus&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Myrtus in Flora Europaea]
▲== Referensi ==
▲{{Reflist|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q165152}}
[[Kategori:Myrtus| ]]
[[Kategori:
[[Kategori:Flora Mediterrania]]
[[Kategori:Flora Eropa]]
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