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{{about|kota di Mesir|genus kacang polong|Oxyrhynchus (genus)}}
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'''Oxyrhynchus''' ({{lang-el|Ὀξύρρυγχος}}; "hidung runcing"; bahasa Mesir kuno: '''Pr-Medjed'''; [[bahasa Koptik]] '''Pemdje'''; [[bahasa Arab]] Mesir modern '''el-Bahnasa''') adalah sebuah kota di [[Mesir Hulu]], yang terletak kira-kira 160 km di sebelah selatan-barat daya [[Kairo]], dalam governorat [[Al Minya Governorate|Al Minya]]. Juga merupakan situs arkeologi besar, salah satu yang terpenting yang pernah diketemukan. Selama abad ke-20, area sekitar Oxyrhynchus terus diekskavasi, menghasil koleksi berlimpah naskah [[papirus]] bertarikh zaman [[Ptolemaios]] dan [[Aegyptus (provinsi Romawi)|Romawi]] dalam sejarah [[Mesir kuno]]. Di antara naskah-naskah yang ditemukan di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai manuskrip drama karya [[Menander]], fragment-fragmen [[naskah Alkitab]], ''[[Injil Tomas]],'' dan kitab karya [[Euclid]] "''Elemen''".
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== Sejarah ==
Oxyrhynchus terletak di sebelah barat jalur utama [[sungai Nil]], pada [[Bahr Yussef]] ("Kanal Yusuf"), sebuah cabang sungai Nil yang berakhir di [[Danau Moeris]] dan [[oasis]] [[Fayum]]. Pada zaman [[Mesir kuno]], ada kota di tempat itu yang bernama '''[[Pr (hieroglyph)|Per]]-Medjed''',<ref name="where">{{cite web|url=http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/oxyrhynchus/whereis.html|title=Where is Oxyrhynchus?|publisher=Oxyrhynchus Online|date=|accessdate=1 June 2007}}</ref> yang menjadi
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In [[Hellenistic]] times, Oxyrhynchus was a prosperous regional capital, the third-largest city in [[Egypt]]. After Egypt was [[Christianization|Christianized]], it became famous for its many [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[monastery|monasteries]].<ref name="where" /> It remained a prominent, though gradually declining, town in the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] periods. After the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt|Arab invasion of Egypt around 641]], the canal system on which the town depended fell into disrepair, and Oxyrhynchus was abandoned. Parsons says it was still important in 942.-->
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For more than 1,000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1,000 years.
Because Egyptian society under the Greeks and Romans was governed bureaucratically, and because Oxyrhynchus was the capital of the 19th [[Nome (Egypt)|nome]], the material at the Oxyrhynchus dumps included vast amounts of paper. Accounts, tax returns, census material, invoices, receipts, correspondence on administrative, military, religious, economic, and political matters, certificates and licenses of all
The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is built on top of it, but it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theatre with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a [[hippodrome]], four public baths, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], and two small ports on the Bahr Yussef. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as [[barracks]], since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to [[Serapis]], [[Zeus]]-[[Amun]], [[Hera]]-[[Isis]], [[Atargatis]]-[[Bethnnis]] and [[Osiris]]. There were also [[Greek temple]]s to [[Demeter]], [[Dionysus]], [[Hermes]], and [[Apollo]]; as well as [[Roman temple]]s to [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter Capitolinus]] and [[Mars (god)|Mars]]. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a [[Diocese|bishopric]], and the modern town still has several ancient [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic Christian]] churches.
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== Ekskavasi ==
{{main|Papirus Oxyrhynchus}}
Pada tahun 1882, Mesir masih menjadi wilayah nominal [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah]], kemudian di bawah kekuasaan [[Britania Raya]], dan arkeolog dari Inggris mulai mengadakan eksplorasi sistematik di negeri itu. Karena Oxyrhynchus tidak dianggap situs Mesir kuno yang penting, tempat itu diabaikan sampai tahun 1896, ketika dua ekskavator muda, [[Bernard Pyne Grenfell|Bernard Grenfell]] dan [[Arthur Hunt]], keduanya dari [[The Queen's College, Oxford|Queen's College]], [[Oxford University|Oxford]], mulai mengadakan ekskavasi di sana. "Impresi pertama saya dalam meneliti situs ini kurang menyenangkan," tulis Grenfell. "Gundukan-gundukan sampah ternyata hanyalah gundukan-gundukan sampah saja."<ref name=luijendijk>Quoted in A.M. Luijendijk, "Sacred Scriptures as Trash: Biblical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus" ''Vigiliae Christianae'', 2010.</ref> Namun, segera mereka menyadari apa yang mereka temukan. Kombinasi unik iklim dan keadaan lingkungan menyebabkan Oxyrhynchus merupakan tempat yang tiada bandingnya untuk menyimpan naskah-naskah dunia kuno. "Aliran papirus kemudian menjadi arus deras," Grenfell mengingat-ingat. "Hanya membalikkan tanah dengan sepatu bot
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Being classically educated Englishmen, Grenfell and Hunt were mainly interested in the possibility that Oxyrhynchus might reveal the lost masterpieces of classical Greek literature. They knew, for example, that the ''[[Constitution of Athens]]'' by [[Aristotle]] had been discovered on Egyptian papyrus in 1890. This hope inspired them and their successors to sift through the mountains of rubbish at Oxyrhynchus for the next century. Their efforts were amply rewarded: it has been estimated that over 70% of all the literary papyri so far discovered come from Oxyrhynchus, both copies of well-known standard works (many in versions significantly closer to the originals than those that had been transmitted in medieval manuscripts) and previously unknown works by the greatest authors of antiquity.
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There were also extensive remains of the ''Hypsipyle'' of [[Euripides]], fragments of the comedies of [[Menander]], and a large part of the ''[[Ichneutae]]'' of [[Sophocles]].<ref>Sophocles' ''Ichneutae'' was adapted, in 1988, into a play entitled ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]'', by British poet and author [[Tony Harrison]], featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.</ref> Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''. Another important find was the historical work known as the ''[[Hellenica Oxyrhynchia]]'', whose author is unknown but may be [[Ephorus]] or, as many currently think, [[Cratippus of Athens|Cratippus]]. A life of [[Euripides]] by [[Satyrus the Peripatetic]] was also unearthed, while an ''[[epitome]]'' of seven of the 107 lost books of [[Livy]] was the most important literary find in [[Latin language|Latin]].
The classical author who has most benefited from the finds at Oxyrhynchus is the Athenian playwright Menander (
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Di antara naskah-naskah [[Kristen]] di Oxyrhynchus dijumpai fragmen-fragmen Injil-injil yang tidak termasuk [[Kanon Alkitab]] misalnya ''Oxyrhynchus 840'' (abad ke-3 M) dan ''[[Papirus Oxyrhynchus 1224]]'' (abad ke-4 M). Teks-teks lain melestarikan bagian-bagian dari ''[[Matius 1|Injil Matius pasal 1]]'' (abad ke-3: ''P2'' dan ''P401''),
Ada beberapa situs on-line yang memuat daftar isi dan pemerian singkat dari setiap papirus atau fragmen.<ref>[http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm Search by table of contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602124711/http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm |date=2009-06-02 }}; {{cite web|url=http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=POxy&ct=0&l=en&w=utf-8|title=Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database|publisher=Imaging Papyri Project|date=|accessdate=25 May 2007}} Daftar isi setiap fragmen.</ref>
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==The project today==
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Since the 1930s, work on the papyri has continued. For the past twenty years, it has been under the supervision of Professor Peter Parsons of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. Seventy-five large volumes of the ''[[Oxyrhynchus Papyri]]'' have been published,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm|title=Publications: Full List|publisher=Egypt Exploration Society|date=|accessdate=30 March 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080128122817/http://www.ees.ac.uk/publications/fulllist.htm |archivedate = 28 January 2008}}</ref> and these have become an essential reference work for the study of Egypt between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. They are also extremely important for the history of the [[early Christian Church]], since many Christian documents have been found at Oxyrhynchus in far earlier versions than those known elsewhere. At least another forty volumes are anticipated.
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Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of [[Aeschylus]], although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.
In 1966, the publication of the papyri was formally adopted as a Major Research Project of the [[British Academy]], jointly managed by [[Oxford University]] and [[University College London]] and headed by Parsons. The project's chief researcher and administrator is Dr [[Nikolaos Gonis]]. The Academy provided funding until 1999; the project then enjoyed a grant from the [[Arts and Humanities Research Board]], which funded ongoing work until 2005. Today some 100,000 papyrus fragments are housed at the [[Sackler Library]], Oxford, with their indexes, archives and photographic record; it is the biggest hoard of classical manuscripts in the world. About 2,000 items are mounted in glass
The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying [[papyrology]] at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the ''[[Gospels]]'' and of the ''[[Book of Revelation]],'' early witnesses to the texts of [[Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Demosthenes]], and [[Euripides]], previously unknown texts of [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] and [[Menander]] and of the [[epigram]]matist [[Nicarchus]]. Other subjects covered include specimens of [[Greek music]] and documents relating to [[Magical thinking|magic]] and [[astrology]].
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== Lihat pula ==
* [[el-Bahnasa]]
* [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]]
* [[Heracles Papyrus]]
* [[Oxyrhynchus Gospels]]
* [[Papirus Oxyrhynchus]]
* [[Villa of the Papyri]]
* ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]''
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== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{cite book|first=Peter|last=Parsons|title=City of the Sharp-nosed Fish: Greek Lives in Roman Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsharpnosed0000pars|publisher=Orion|year=2007|isbn=978-0-297-64588-7}}
* [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/154802863&referer=brief_results The Oxyrhynchus Logia and the Apocryphal]. (2007). Gardners Books. ISBN 978-1-4304-5596-7
== Pranala luar ==
{{commons category|Oxyrhynchus}}
* [http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/ Oxyrhynchus Online]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3318/04.html PBS NOVA scienceNOW feature on papyrus imaging (streaming video)]
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm Report on the recent Egyptian-Spanish archaeological mission to the site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025001322/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/he1.htm |date=2005-10-25 }}
* [http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp Oxford University Classics Department Oxyrhynchus Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031121200301/http://www.classics.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/oxy.asp |date=2003-11-21 }}
* [http://gnosis.org/naghamm/thomas_poxy.htm Oxyrhynchus and the Gospel of Thomas]
* [http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/news/independent.html Article on new discoveries in the papyri] from ''[[The Independent]] on Sunday'', April 17, 2005
* [http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html University of Michigan Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125125146/http://www.lib.umich.edu/MPC/Geographica/Oxyrhynchus_Frameset.html |date=2012-01-25 }}
=== Volume [[:Category:Papirus Oxyrhynchus|Papirus Oxyrhynchus]] ===
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr01grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. I, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt02grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. II, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;cc=cdl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=cdl241 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. III, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr04gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt5oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. V, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspappt06grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VI, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt7oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VII, edited with translations and notes by
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr08grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. VIII, edited with translations and notes by Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt9oxyrhynchuspa00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. IX, edited with translations and notes by
* [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;idno=cdl242 The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection.
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1000grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. X, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapt12grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchusppt1300grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIII, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/pt14oxyrhynchusp00grenuoft The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XIV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
* [http://www.archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr15gren The Oxyrhynchus papyri vol. XV, edited with translations and notes by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt] at the Internet Archive
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[[Kategori:Papirologi]]
[[Kategori:Tempat kuno di Mesir]]
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