Perjantanan di Yunani Kuno: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Berkas:WallPaintingTomb Paestum Italy GreekColony sm.jpg|thumbjmpl|300px|Pasangan orang yang melakukan perjantanan di simposium, seperti yang digambarkan pada lukisan dinding makam dari koloni Yunani Paestum di Italia]]

'''Perjantanan di Yunani kuno''' adalah hubungan sosial yang diakui antara orang dewasa dan seorang laki-laki yang lebih muda biasanya yang masih di usia remaja.<ref>C.D.C. Reeve, ''Plato on Love:'' Lysis, Symposium, Phaedrus, Alcibiades ''with Selections from'' Republic'' and'' Laws (Hackett, 2006), p. xxi [http://books.google.com/books?id=E1lQNf2EfEUC&pg=PP25&dq=paiderastia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=30#v=onepage&q=paiderastia&f=false online]; Martti Nissinen, ''Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective'', translated by Kirsi Stjerna (Augsburg Fortress, 1998, 2004), p. 57 [http://books.google.com/books?id=-sHSNPG85tUC&pg=PA57&dq=%22It+is+common+knowledge+that+a+particular+form+of+homoerotic+relations%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22It%20is%20common%20knowledge%20that%20a%20particular%20form%20of%20homoerotic%20relations%22&f=false online]; Nigel Blake ''et al.'', ''Education in an Age of Nihilism'' (Routledge, 2000), p. 183 [http://books.google.com/books?id=lgkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA183&dq=paiderastia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=27#v=onepage&q=paiderastia&f=false online.]</ref> Ini adalah karakteristik dari [[Yunani kuno|Kuno]] dan [[Yunani klasik|periode Klasik]].<ref>Nissinen, ''Homoeroticism in the Biblical World'', p. 57; William Armstrong Percy III, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," in ''Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West'' (Binghamton: Haworth, 2005), p. 17. Sexual variety, not excluding ''paiderastia'', was characteristic of the [[Hellenistic era]]; see [[Peter Green (historian)|Peter Green]], "Sex and Classical Literature," in ''Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient Culture and History'' (University of California Press, 1989, 1998), p. 146 [http://books.google.com/books?id=zlFXc9N19yUC&pg=PA146&dq=%22Heterosexual+activities+did+not+supplant+paiderastia%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22Heterosexual%20activities%20did%20not%20supplant%20paiderastia%22&f=false online.]</ref> Beberapa ahli menemukan asal-usulnya dalam [[ritual inisiasi]], terutama ritus peralihan di [[Kreta]], di mana dikaitkan dengan pintu masuk ke dalam kehidupan militer dan agama [[Zeus]].<ref>Robert B. Koehl, "The Chieftain Cup and a Minoan Rite of Passage," ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 106 (1986) 99–110, with a survey of the relevant scholarship including that of [[Arthur Evans]] (p. 100) and others such as H. Jeanmaire and R.F. Willetts (pp. 104–105); Deborah Kamen, "The Life Cycle in Archaic Greece," in The Cambridge Companion to Archaic Greece (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 91–92. [[Kenneth Dover]], a pioneer in the study of Greek homosexuality, rejects the initiation theory of origin; see "Greek Homosexuality and Initiation," in ''Que(e)rying Religion: A Critical Anthology'' (Continuum, 1997), pp. 19–38. For Dover, it seems, the argument that Greek ''paiderastia'' as a social custom was related to rites of passage constitutes a denial of homosexuality as natural or innate; this may be to overstate or misrepresent what the initiatory theorists have said. The initiatory theory does not claim to account for the existence of homosexuality, but for formal ''paiderastia''.</ref>

Kebiasaan sosial bernama ''paiderastia'' oleh orang Yunani yang kedua secara ideal dan dikritik dalam sastra kuno dan filsafat<!--this is a point too fundamental to cite fully here; it will be discussed at length in a section-->,<ref>For examples, see Kenneth Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality'' (Harvard University Press, 1978, 1898), p. 165, note 18, where the eschatological value of ''paiderastia'' for the soul in Plato is noted; Paul Gilabert Barberà, "John Addington Symonds. ''A Problem in Greek Ethics''. Plutarch's ''Eroticus'' Quoted Only in Some Footnotes? Why?" in ''The Statesman in Plutarch's Works'' (Brill, 2004), p. 303 [http://books.google.com/books?id=cruTUAFuWWMC&pg=PA303&dq=paiderastia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=100&as_brr=3&cd=41#v=onepage&q=paiderastia&f=false online]; and the pioneering view of [[Havelock Ellis]], ''Studies in the Psychology of Sex'' (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis, 1921, 3rd ed.), vol. 2, p. 12 [http://books.google.com/books?id=-tgTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=paiderastia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=paiderastia&f=false online.] For [[Stoicism|Stoic]] "utopian" views of ''paiderastia'', see Doyne Dawson, ''Cities of the Gods: Communist Utopias in Greek Thought'' (Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 192 [http://books.google.com/books?id=HwsWp43OWjsC&pg=PA192&dq=paiderastia&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=26#v=onepage&q=paiderastia&f=false online.]</ref>, namun tidak adanya formalitas dalam epos-epos [[Homer]], dan tampaknya telah dikembangkan di akhir abad ke-7 SM sebagai aspek budaya homososial YunanirefYunani,<ref>Thomas Hubbard, "Pindar's ''Tenth Olympian'' and Athlete-Trainer Pederasty," in ''Same–Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity'', pp.&nbsp;143 and 163 (note 37), with cautions about the term "homosocial" from Percy, p.&nbsp;49, note 5.</ref> , yang ditandai juga dengan ketelanjangan atletik dan artistik, pernikahan yang ditunda untuk bangsawan, simposium, dan pengasingan sosial perempuan.<ref>Percy, "Reconsiderations about Greek Homosexualities," p. 17 [http://books.google.com/books?id=ejPZu3Ktu5cC&pg=PA17&dq=%22While+certain+pre-Archaic+artifacts+have+been+interpreted+as+evidence%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22While%20certain%20pre-Archaic%20artifacts%20have%20been%20interpreted%20as%20evidence%22&f=false online] ''et passim''.</ref> Pengaruh perjantanan begitu meluas bahwa itu telah disebut "model budaya utama untuk hubungan bebas antara warga negara."<ref>Dawson, ''Cities of the Gods'', p. 193. See also George Boys-Stones, "Eros in Government: Zeno and the Virtuous City," ''Classical Quarterly'' 48 (1998), 168–174: "there is a certain kind of sexual relationship which was considered by many Greeks to be very important for the cohesion of the city: sexual relations between men and youths. Such relationships were taken to play such an important role in fostering cohesion where it mattered — among the male population — that [[Lycurgus of Sparta|Lycurgus]] even gave them official recognition in his constitution for Sparta" (p. 169).</ref>

* Hubbard, Thomas K. ''Homosexuality in Greece and Rome''. [[University of California Press]], 2003.[http://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc348hubbard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051206061508/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc348hubbard/ |date=2005-12-06 }}

* Lear, Andrew, and Eva Cantarella. ''Images of Ancient Greek Pederasty: Boys Were Their Gods''. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 978-04152236760-415-22367-6.

* [[Martha Nussbaum|Nussbaum, Martha]]. ''Sex and Social Justice''. [[Oxford University Press]], 1999.

* Percy, William A. ''Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece''. University of [[Illinois]] Press, 1996.

* [[Bernard Sergent|Sergent, Bernard]]. ''Homosexuality in Greek Myth''. Beacon Press, 1986.

[[Kategori:SeksualitasPerjantanan]]

[[Kategori:HomoseksualLGBT di Yunani Kuno]]