Reservasi Indian: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Grant pursued a stated "Peace Policy" as a possible solution to the conflict. The policy included a reorganization of the [[Indian Service]], with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men nominated by churches to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach [[Christianity]] to the native tribes. The [[Society of Friends|Quakers]] were especially active in this policy on reservations. The "civilization" policy was aimed at eventually preparing the tribes for citizenship.

 

 

As the tribes were no longer allowed to hunt in their accustomed manner, they were to be taught the rudiments of [[agriculture]] in order to sustain themselves on their new lands. In many cases, the lands granted to tribes were not ideal for, and in some cases resistant to, cultivation, leaving many tribes who accepted the policy in a state bordering on starvation.

 

 

===Controversy===

The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by [[executive order]]. In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to the [[United States Congress]] in [[1868]] found widespread corruption among the federal Indian agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes.

 

 

By the late [[1870s]], the policy established by Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By [[1877]], President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] began phasing out the policy, and by [[1882]] all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency.

 

 

In [[1887]] the [[United States Congress]] undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the [[Dawes Act]], or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example the [[Umatilla Indian Reservation]], after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the excess land to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until [[1934]], when it was terminated by the [[Indian Reorganization Act]].

 

For the following twenty years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations, and over two million acres (8,000 km&sup2;) of land were returned to various tribes. The Indian Reorganization Act also provided for termination and relocation of certain tribes. This eventually resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal nations.

 

 

Kehidupan di sebagian reservasi Indian sangat buruk. [[Shannon County]] di [[South Dakota]] yang merupakan daerah reservasi untuk suku Indian Pine Ridge, biasanya digambarkan sebagai salah satu ''county'' yang paling miskin di seluruh AS.

 

Pada [[1979]] suku Seminole di [[Florida]] membuka tempat bermain [[bingo]] di reservasinya di [[Florida]]. Pemerintah negara bagian berusaha menutupnya, namun dicegah oleh pengadilan. Pada tahun [[1980-an]], kasus ''California vs. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians'' menetapkan hak daerah reservasi untuk menyelenggarakan kasino. Pada [[1988]], [[Kongres AS]] mengesahkan Undang-undang Perjudian Indian yang mengakui hak suku-suku Indian untuk mendirikan kasino dan fasilitas perjudian di daerah-daerah reservasi mereka sejauh negara bagian di mana mereka berada mempunyai peraturan yang mengesahkan perjudian.

 

 

* [[List of Indian reservations in the United States]]

* [[Native title]], [[law of Australia]] that recognises the continued ownership of land by local [[Indigenous Australians]]

 

 

{{Macam pembagian negara}}

[[Kategori:Pembagian administratif]]

[[Kategori:Suku Indian]]