Revolusi Iran: Perbedaan antara revisi
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←Membuat halaman berisi 'thumb|right|Tunjuk perasaan membawa potret [[Ayatollah Khomeini sebagai tanda sokongan mereka terhadap beliau.]] {{Sejarah Iran}} '''Revo...' |
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{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Revolusi Islam Iran
{{Sejarah Iran}}▼
|image=[[Berkas:1979 Iranian Revolution.jpg|250px]]
|caption=Protes di alun-alun Azadi, Teheran, 1979
|partof=
|place=[[Iran]]
|date=7 Januari 1978 – 11 Februari 1979
|result=
Kemenangan Dewan Revolusi
*Kejatuhan [[Shah Iran|Shāh]] [[Mohammed Reza Pahlavi|Mohammed Rezā Pahlavi]]
*Berakhirnya [[Dinasti Pahlavi]]
*Dibentuknya [[Republik Islam]] [[Iran]]
*[[Krisis energi 1979]]
*[[Perang Iran–Irak]]
|combatant1={{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[dinasti Pahlavi|Negara Imperial Iran]]<br>
* [[SAVAK]]
* [[Garda Imperial Iran]]
|combatant2={{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1964).svg}} [[Iran|Republik Islam Iran]]
* Dewan Revolusi Iran
|commander1={{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
|commander2={{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1964).svg}} [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1964).svg}} [[Mehdi Bazargan]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|strength3=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
▲|}}{{Sejarah Iran}}
[[Berkas:Mass demonstration in Iran, date unknown.jpg|jmpl|Demonstrasi massal di College Bridge, Teheran]]
'''Revolusi Islam''' (juga dikenal dengan sebutan '''Revolusi Islam''',<ref name="Chamber">{{en}} [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php Revolusi Islam], Majelis Iran.</ref><ref name="Encarta">{{en}} [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html Revolusi Islam Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html |date=2009-10-28 }}, MS Encarta.</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html Revolusi Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227000031/http://internews.org/visavis/BTVPagesTXT/Theislamicrevolution.html |date=2009-02-27 }}, Internews.</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.iranian.com/revolution.html Revolusi Bangsa Iran].</ref><ref name="Jubilee">{{en}} [http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf Profil Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060806025221/http://www.jubileecampaign.org/home/jubilee/iran_profile.pdf |date=2006-08-06 }}, [[PDF]].</ref><ref>{{en}} ''The Shah and the Ayatollah: Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution'' (Hardcover), ISBN 0-275-97858-3, oleh Fereydoun Hoveyda, saudara dari [[Amir Abbas Hoveyda]].</ref> {{Lang-fa|انقلاب اسلامی|translit=Enghelābe Eslāmi}}) adalah revolusi yang mengubah Iran dari [[Monarki]] di bawah [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], menjadi [[Republik Islam]] yang dipimpin oleh [[Ayatullah Agung]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], pemimpin revolusi dan pendiri dari Republik Islam.<ref name="Britannica">{{en}} [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981 Encyclopædia Britannica].</ref> Sering disebut pula "''revolusi besar ketiga dalam sejarah''," setelah [[Revolusi Prancis|Prancis]] dan [[Revolusi Bolshevik]].<ref>Marvin Zonis quoted in Wright, ''Sacred Rage'' 1996, hal.61</ref>
Walaupun beberapa orang berpendapat bahwa revolusi masih berlangsung, rentang-waktu terjadinya revolusi terjadi pada [[7 Januari]] [[1978]] dengan demonstrasi besar pertama,<ref>{{en}} [http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html Revolusi Bangsa Iran].</ref> dan ditutup dengan disetujuinya [[konstitusi]] [[teokrasi]] baru - di mana Khomeini menjadi [[Pemimpin Tertinggi Iran|Pemimpin Tertinggi]] negara - pada [[Desember]] [[1979]]. Sebelumnya, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] meninggalkan [[Iran]] dan menjalani pengasingan pada [[16 Januari]] [[1979]] setelah pemogokan dan demonstrasi melumpuhkan negara, dan pada [[1 Februari]] [[1979]] Ayatullah Khomeini kembali ke [[Teheran]] yang disambut oleh beberapa juta [[Bangsa Iran]].<ref name="Britannica Khomeini">[http://www.britanniaca.com/eb/article-9045329 Ruhollah Khomeini], Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref> Kejatuhan terakhir [[Dinasti Pahlavi]] segera terjadi setelah [[11 Februari]] di mana [[Angkatan Bersenjata Iran]] menyatakan dirinya netral setelah [[gerilyawan]] dan pasukan pemberontak mengalahkan tentara yang loyal kepada Shah dalam pertempuran jalanan. Iran secara resmi menjadi [[Republik Islam]] pada [[1 April]] [[1979]] ketika sebagian besar Bangsa Iran menyetujuinya melalui referendum nasional.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892 Republik Islam Iran], Encyclopedia Britannica.</ref>
Revolusi ini memiliki keunikan tersendiri karena mengejutkan seluruh dunia.<ref>Amuzegar, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' (1991), p.4, 9-12</ref> Tidak seperti berbagai revolusi di dunia, Revolusi Iran tidak disebabkan oleh kekalahan dalam perang, krisis moneter, pemberontakan petani, atau ketidakpuasan militer;<ref>Arjomand, ''Turban'' (1988), p. 191.</ref> menghasilan perubahan yang sangat besar dengan kecepatan tinggi ;<ref>Amuzegar, Jahangir, ''The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution,'' SUNY Press, p.10</ref> mengalahkan sebuah rezim, walaupun rezim tersebut dilindungi oleh angkatan bersenjata yang dibiayai besar-besaran dan pasukan keamanan;<ref>Harney, ''Priest'' (1998), p. 2.</ref><ref>Abrahamian ''Iran'' (1982), p. 496.</ref> dan mengganti monarki kuno dengan ajaran teokrasi yang didasarkan atas [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists]] (atau ''velayat-e faqih''). Hasilnya adalah sebuah Republik Islam "yang dibimbing oleh ulama berumur 80 tahun yang diasingkan ke luar negeri dari Qom," sebagaimana seorang cendekiawan menyatakan, "jelas sebuah kejadian yang harus dijelaskan. ..."<ref name="Benard 1984 18">{{en}} Benard, ''"Pemerintahan Tuhan"'' (1984), p. 18.</ref>
Revolusi ini terjadi kepada dua peringkat. Peringkat pertama bermula pada pertengahan 1977 hingga tahun 1979 yang dipimpin oleh pihak liberal, golongan haluan kiri dan kumpulan agama. Kesemua mereka memberontak menentang Shah Iran. Peringkat kedua yang turut dikenali sebagai ''Revolusi Islam'' menyaksikan naiknya [[Ayatollah]] menjadi pemimpin revolusi.
== Sebab-sebab terjadinya revolusi ==
Penjelasan dari pertanyaan, "Mengapa revolusi terjadi?" Dapat dilihat di bawah ini:
=== Kesalahan-kesalahan Shah ===
* Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] menjalankan pemerintahan yang brutal, korup, dan boros. Kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang terlalu ambisius menyebabkan inflasi tinggi, kelangkaan, dan perekonomian yang tidak efisien.<ref name = "Harney 1998">Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.</ref><ref name="Iran">''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, p.437</ref> Kebijakan Shah yang kuat untuk melakukan [[westernisasi]] dan kedekatan dengan kekuatan barat ([[Amerika Serikat]]) berbenturan dengan identitas Muslim Syi'ah Iran<ref>Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), pp. 259, 261.</ref> Hal ini termasuk pengangkatannya oleh Kekuatan Sekutu dan bantuan dari CIA pada 1953 untuk mengembalikannya ke kekuasaan, menggunakan banyak penasihat dan teknisi militer dari Militer Amerika Serikat dan pemberian kekebalan diplomatik kepada mereka. Ia, seperti ayahnya, [[Shah Reza Pahlevi]] merupakan orang yang [[sekuler]], berbeda dengan cara pandang rakyat Iran pada umumnya yang sangat menghormati agama ([[Syiah]]) dalam kehidupan mereka sehari-hari. Semua hal tersebut membangkitkan nasionalisme Iran, baik dari pihak religius dan sekuler.<ref name = "Khomeini">{{en}} [http://www.irib.ir/worldservice/imam/speech/16.htm Khomeini's speech against capitalism], IRIB World Service.</ref> menganggap Shah sebagai boneka barat;<ref>Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' (2001).</ref><ref name = "Shirley 1997 207">Shirley, ''Know Thine Enemy'' (1997), p. 207.</ref>.
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*Extravagance, corruption and elitism (both real and perceived) of the Shah's policies and of his [[royal court]];<ref>Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), pp. 236, 260.</ref><ref name = "Harney 1998">Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), pp. 37, 47, 67, 128, 155, 167.</ref>
*His failure to cultivate supporters in the [[Shi'a]] religious leadership to counter Khomeini's campaign against him;<ref>Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 136.</ref><ref name = "Arjomand 1998 192">Arjomand ''Turban'' (1998), p. 192.</ref>
*Focusing of government surveillance and repression on the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]], the communist [[Tudeh Party of Iran]], and other leftist groups, while the more popular religious opposition organized, grew and gradually undermined the authority of his regime;<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 178.</ref><ref name = "Hoveyda 2003 22">Hoveyda ''Shah'' (2003) p. 22.</ref><ref name = "Abrahamian 1982 533-4">Abrahamian, ''Iran'' (1982), pp. 533–4.</ref>
*[[Despotism|Authoritarian tendencies]] that violated the [[Iran Constitution of 1906]],<ref>Mackay, ''Iranians'' (1998), p. 219.</ref><ref name = "Katouzian 1981">Katouzian (1981), [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0814745784 The Political Economy of Modern Iran]: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979.</ref> including repression of dissent by [[security services]] like the [[SAVAK]],<ref>Kapuscinski, ''Shah of Shahs'' (1985).</ref> followed by [[appeasement]] and appearance of weakness as the revolution gained momentum;<ref name = "Taheri 1985 234-5">Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985) pp. 234–5.</ref><ref name = "Harney 1998 65">Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), p. 65.</ref>
* Failure of his overly ambitious 1974 economic program to meet expectations raised by the oil revenue windfall. Bottlenecks, shortages and inflation were followed by austerity measures, attacks on alleged price gougers and black-markets, that angered both the bazaar and the masses;<ref>Graham, ''Iran'' (1980), pp. 19, 96.</ref>
*His antagonizing of formerly apolitical Iranians, especially merchants of the bazaars, with the creation of a [[single party]] political monopoly (the ''[[Rastakhiz]]'' Party), with compulsory membership and dues, and general aggressive interference in the political, economic, and religious concerns of people's lives;<ref>Abrahamian, ''Iran Between Two Revolutions'' (1982) pp. 442–6.</ref>
* His overconfident neglect of [[governance]] and preoccupation with playing the world statesman during the oil boom,<ref>Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985) p. 205.</ref> followed by a loss of self-confidence and resolution<ref name = "Taheri 1985 234-5" /> and a weakening of his health from [[cancer]]<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 188.</ref> as the revolution gained momentum;
*Underestimation of the strength of the opposition — particularly religious opposition — and the failure to offer either enough carrots or sticks. Efforts to please the opposition were "too little too late,"<ref>Graham, ''Iran'' (1980) p. 231.</ref> but no concerted counter-attack was made against the revolutionaries either.<ref name = "Taheri 1985 234-5" />
*Failure to prepare and train security forces for dealing with protest and demonstration crowd control without excessive violence<ref>Graham, ''Iran'' (1980) p. 228.</ref> (troops used live ammunition, not Plexiglas shields or water cannons),<ref>Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998).</ref> and use of the military officer corps more as a powerbase to be pampered than as a force to control threats to security;<ref name = "Graham 1980 235">Graham, ''Iran'' (1980), p. 235.</ref>
*The personalised nature of the Shah's government, where prevention of any possible competitor to the monarch trumped efficient and effective government and led to the crown's cultivation of divisions within the army and the political elite,<ref>Arjomand, ''Turban'' (1998), pp. 189–90.</ref> and ultimately to a lack of support for the regime by its natural allies when needed most (thousands of upper and middle class Iranians and their money left Iran during the beginning of the revolution).<ref>Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 233.</ref>
===Failures and successes of other political forces===
*Overconfidence of the secularists and modernist Muslims, of liberals and leftists in their power and ability to control the revolution;<ref>Schirazi, ''The Constitution of Iran'' (1997), pp. 293–4.</ref>
* Shrewdness of the Ayatollah Khomeini in winning the support of these liberals and leftists when he needed them to overthrow the Shah by underplaying his hand and avoiding issues (such as rule by clerics or "guardianship of the jurists") he planned to implement but knew would be a deal breaker for his more secular and modernist Muslim allies;<ref>Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 200.</ref>
*Cleverness and energy of Khomeini's organizers in Iran who outwitted the Shah's security forces and won broad support with their tactical ingenuity — amongst other things, convincing Iranians that the Shah's security was more brutal than it was;<ref name = "Graham 1980 235" />
*The Ayatollah Khomeini's self-confidence, charisma, and most importantly his ability to cast himself as following in the footsteps of the beloved Shi'a Imam [[Husayn ibn Ali]], while portraying the Shah as a modern day version of Hussein's foe, the hated tyrant [[Yazid I]];<ref>Brumberg, ''Reinventing Khomeini'' (2001), pp. 44, 74–5.</ref> and so to be seen by millions as a savior figure,<ref name = "Taheri 1985 238">Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 238.</ref> and inspiring hundreds to feats of martyrdom fighting the regime.
* Policies of the American government, which helped create an image of the Shah as American "puppet" with their high profile and the 1953 subversion of the government on his behalf, but helped trigger the revolution by pressuring the Shah to liberalize, and then finally may have heightened the radicalism of the revolution by failing to read its nature accurately (particularly the goals of Khomeini), or to clearly respond to it.<ref>Harney, ''The Priest'' (1998), p. 177.</ref><ref name = "Graham 1980 233">Graham, ''Iran'' (1980) p. 233.</ref><ref name = "Zabih 1982 16">Zabih, ''Iran'' (1982), p. 16.</ref>-->
== Catatan kaki ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Kategori:Revolusi Iran| ]]
[[Kategori:Iran]]
[[Kategori:Perang kemerdekaan]]
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