Bahasa Persia: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k +az de en eo es fa fr ja nl sv |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
| (235 revisi perantara oleh 84 pengguna tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 1:
{{distinguish|Bahasa Partia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Persia
| nativename = {{lang|fa|فارسی}} ({{transl|fa|fārsi}});
| pronunciation = {{IPA-fa|fɒːɾˈsiː||Farsi.ogg}}
| state = Iran, Afganistan (sebagai [[bahasa Dari|Dari]]) Tajikistan (sebagai [[bahasa Tajik|Tajik]]), Uzbekistan (sebagai Tajik), Irak, Turkmenistan, Rusia, Azerbaijan
| region = [[Asia Barat]], [[Asia Tengah]], [[Asia Tenggara]]
| speakers = kurang lebih 97–110 juta
| rank = 29
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[bahasa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]]
| fam3 = [[Rumpun bahasa Iran|Iran]]
| fam4 = [[Rumpun bahasa Iran Barat|Iran Barat]]
| fam5 = [[Rumpun bahasa Iran Barat Daya|Iran Barat Daya]]
| ancestor = [[Bahasa Persia Kuno|Persia Kuno]]
| ancestor2 = [[Bahasa Persia Pertengahan|Persia Pertengahan]]
| ancestor3 = Persia Baru Awal
| standards = [[Bahasa Persia Iran|Persia Iran]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Afganistan|Persia Afganistan]]<br>[[Bahasa Tajik|Persia Tajik]]
| dialects = [[Bahasa Persia Iran|Persia Iran]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Afganistan|Persia Afganistan]]<br>[[Bahasa Tajik|Persia Tajik]] <br>[[Bahasa Persia Bukhari|Bukhari]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Pahlavi|Pahlavi]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Hazara|Hazara]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Aimak|Aimak]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Yahudi|Persia Yahudi]]<br>[[Dehwari]]<br>[[Bahasa Persia Tat|Tat]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /><br>[[Bahasa Persia Tat Yahudi|Tat Yahudi]]<ref name="Windfuhr" /><br>[[Bahasa Persia Tat Armenia|Tat Armenia]]<ref name="Windfuhr">Windfuhr, Gernot: ''The Iranian Languages'', Routledge 2009, p. 418.</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Bangsa Persia]]
| script = [[Abjad Persia]] (Iran dan Afganistan)<br>[[Alfabet Tajik]] (Tajikistan)<br>[[Abjad Ibrani]]<br>[[Braille Bahasa Persia]]
| nation = {{flag|Iran}} (sebagai [[Bahasa Persia Iran|Bahasa Persia]])<br>{{flag|Afganistan}} (sebagai [[Bahasa Dari]])<br>{{flag|Tajikistan}} (sebagai [[Bahasa Tajik]])<br>{{flag|Rusia}} (sebagai [[Bahasa Persia Tat|Tat]])<ref>[[Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan]]: Chapter I, Article 11: "The state languages of the Republic of Dagestan are Russian and the languages of the peoples of Dagestan."</ref>
| agency = [[Akademi bahasa dan sastra Persia]]{{br}}[[Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Afganistan]]{{br}}[[Institut Bahasa dan Sastra Rudaki]]
| iso1 = fa
| iso2b = per
| iso2t = fas
| iso3 = fas
| lc1 = pes
| ld1 = [[Bahasa Persia Iran|Persia Iran]]
| lc2 = prs
| ld2 = [[Bahasa Dari|Dari]]
| lc3 = tgk
| ld3 = [[Bahasa Tajik|Tajik]]<!--Kode ini dan kode berikut bukan bagian dari bahasa makro per SIL-->
| lc4 = aiq
| ld4 = [[Dialek Aimaq|Aimaq]]
| lc5 = bhh
| ld5 = [[Bahasa Persia Bukhara|Bukhori]]
| lc7 = haz
| ld7 = [[Bahasa Persia Hazara|Hazaragi]]
| lc8 = jpr
| ld8 = [[Bahasa Persia Yahudi|Persia Yahudi]]
| lc9 = phv
| ld9 = [[Bahasa Persia Pahlavani|Pahlavani]]
| lc10 = deh
| ld10 = [[Bahasa Persia Dehwari|Dehwari]]
| lc11 = ttt
| ld11 = [[Bahasa Persia Tat|Tat]]
| lc12 = jdt
| ld12 = [[Bahasa Persia Tat Yahudi|Tat Yahudi]]
| sil = PRS
| lingua = {{longitem|58-AAC (Persia)<br />{{nowrap| > 58-AAC-c (Persia Tengah)}}}}
| image = Farsi.svg
| imagesize = 100px
| imagecaption = (''Fārsi'' ditulis dalam kaligrafi Persia ([[Nasta'līq]])
| map = Persian Language Location Map.svg{{!}}border
| map2 = Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.svg{{!}}border
| mapcaption = Kawasan dengan jumlah orang yang signifikan yang bahasa pertamanya adalah Bahasa Persia (termasuk dialek)
| mapcaption2 = Wilayah tempat bahasa Persia sebagai bahasa resmi (berwarna merah)
}}
'''Bahasa Persia''' ({{lang|fa|فارسی}} {{transl|fa|fārsi}}; {{lang|tg|форсӣ}} {{transl|tg|forsī}}) adalah salah satu [[bahasa]] dari [[rumpun bahasa Iran]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wahyuni|first=Imelda|date=2017|url=http://digilib.iainkendari.ac.id/2132/1/11.%20Genealogi%20Bahasa%20Arab%20%28Perkembangannya%20sebagai%20Bahasa%20Standar%29-Imelda-2017.Pdf.pdf|title=Genealogi Bahasa Arab: Perkembangannya Sebagai Bahasa Stamdar|location=Sleman|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-602-453-585-8|pages=34|url-status=live}}</ref> Dituturkan di [[Iran]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Afganistan]] dan [[Uzbekistan]]. Jumlah penutur totalnya sekitar 75 juta orang. Di [[Iran]], penutur asli bahasa ini mencakup sekitar 60% penduduknya. Bahasa Dari Afghani telah banyak bercampur dengan bahasa-bahasa seperti Mongolia.<ref>https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/opinion/Collective-resolve-of-regional-and-international-actors-a-glimmer-of-hope-for-Afghans-Air-Chief-Marshal-Bulathsinghala/172-282040</ref>
== Nama ==
Istilah ''Persia'' diserap dari [[bahasa Latin]]: ''{{lang|la|Persia}}'', yang diserap dari [[bahasa Yunani Kuno]]: ''Persís'' ({{lang|grc|Περσίς}}),<ref>{{LSJ|*persi/s|Περσίς|ref}}.</ref> merupakan bentuk [[helenisasi]] dari {{transl|peo|Pārsa}} ({{lang|peo|𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿}}) dalam [[bahasa Persia Kuno]] yang berarti "[[Persis|Persia]]" (suatu wilayah di Iran, yang mencakup hampir seluruh [[Provinsi Fars]]).
''Farsi'' merupakan [[endonim]] untuk bahasa ini, dan umum juga digunakan dalam bahasa-bahasa lain. Meskipun begitu, [[Akademi Bahasa dan Sastra Persia]] menyatakan bahwa kata ''Farsi'' sebaiknya tidak digunakan dalam bahasa-bahasa asing, dan menyarankan memakai kata yang lebih umum atau telah mapan dalam bahasa-bahasa lain karena sebagai tanda peran bahasa Persia yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap bahasa-bahasa lain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranian.com/Features/Dec97/Persian/ |title=Persian or Farsi? |publisher=Iranian|date=16 December 1997|accessdate=23 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persiandirect.com/articles/2004/july/id_00003.htm|title=Fársi: 'Recently appeared language!'|publisher=Persiandirect|accessdate=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191652/http://www.persiandirect.com/articles/2004/july/id_00003.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persiandirect.com/articles/2004/july/id_00001.htm|title=Persian or Fársi?|publisher=Persiandirect|accessdate=23 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915195418/http://www.persiandirect.com/articles/2004/july/id_00001.htm|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=متنِ اعلامِ نظرِ شورای فرهنگستانِ زبان و ادبِ فارسی دربارهی کاربردِ Farsi به جای Persian در مکاتباتِ وزارتِ امورِ خارجه|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature|date=Spring 1995|volume=1|issue=1|page=152|url=http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/image/naame01.pdf|editor1-first=Aḥmad|editor1-last=Samī‘ī Gīlānī|location=Tehran|language=Persian|access-date=2012-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035325/http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/image/naame01.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
Bahasa Persia tergolong anak cabang bahasa [[bahasa Indo-Iran]]. Para pakar bahasa dan sejarawan yakin bahwa perkembangan bahasa Persia melewati tahapan-tahapan sebagai berikut:
* [[Bahasa Persia Kuno]] (k. 600–300 SM).<ref>{{cite web |title=Everyday text shows that Old Persian was probably more commonly used than previously thought |date=June 15, 2007 |publisher=University of Chicago News Office (archived) |url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070615.oldpersian.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016070202/http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070615.oldpersian.shtml |archive-date=2017-10-16 }}</ref>
* [[Bahasa Persia Pertengahan]] (k. 300 SM–651 M).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Noda |first=Keigou |year=1983 |title=Ergativity in Middle Persian |journal=Gengo Kenkyu |volume=84 |pages=105–125 |doi=10.11435/gengo1939.1983.84_105 }}</ref>
* [[Bahasa Persia Baru]] (651–sekarang).{{sfn|Lazard|1975|p=596}}
== Dialek dan ragam ==
{{further|Bahasa Persia Baku}}
Bahasa Persia memiliki tiga dialek baku:
*[[Bahasa Persia Iran|Persia Iran]] (atau "Persia Barat") dituturkan di [[Republik Islam Iran]] dan minoritas di [[Irak]] serta negara-negara pesisir [[Teluk Persia]].
*[[Bahasa Persia Afganistan|Persia Afganistan]] (juga disebut "Persia Timur", atau "Dari") dituturkan di [[Afganistan]].
*[[Bahasa Tajik|Persia Tajik]] (juga hanya disebut "Tajik") dituturkan di [[Tajikistan]] dan [[Uzbekistan]]. Dialek ini ditulis dalam [[alfabet Kiril]].
Ada juga beberapa dialek lokal dari Iran, Afghanistan, dan Tajikistan yang sedikit berbeda dari bahasa Persia Baku. [[Bahasa Persia Hazara|Dialek Hazara]] (di Afganistan tengah dan Pakistan), [[Bahasa Persia Tat|Dialek Tat]] dan ragam [[Bahasa Persia Tat Yahudi|Tat Yahudi]] di pegunungan [[Kaukasus]], Darwazi (in Afganistan dan Tajikistan), [[Bahasa Persia Basseri|Basseri]] (di Iran bagian selatan), dan [[Bahasa Persia Teheran|dialek Teheran]]. Penutur Persia Afganistan dan Tajik memiliki kesalingpahaman yang tertinggi, dibandingkan terhadap dialek Persia di Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf |title=Persian, Dari and Tajik |first=William |last=Beeman |work=[[Brown University]] |access-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025210857/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_817_17g_Beeman.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN | last1 = Aliev | first1 = Bahriddin | last2 = Okawa | first2 = Aya | author-link = | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-link = | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2010 | isbn = }}</ref>
==
{{utama|Abjad Persia|Aksara Tajik|Aksara paku Persia Kuno|Abjad Pahlavi}}
Sebelum masuknya Islam, masyarakat Persia menggunakan dua versi huruf pada masa [[Pahlavi]], yakni huruf yang dimodifikasi dari [[Bahasa Aram]], dan versi satunya merupakan huruf asli setempat yang disebut 'Dindapirak' atau dalam bahasa Persia Modern disebut 'Din dabireh' (huruf suci).
Bahasa Persia modern menggunakan huruf Arab dengan tambahan 4 huruf untuk menuliskan 'zh', 'ch', 'p', dan 'g'.
== Kosakata ==
{| class="wikitable"
![[Bahasa Proto-Indo-Iran|Proto-Indo-Iran]] || [[Bahasa Persia Kuno|Persia Kuno]] || [[Bahasa Persia Pertengahan|Persia Pertengahan]] || [[Bahasa Persia Baku|Persia Modern]] || arti
|-
| *Hasura MazdʰaH || Auramazdā (𐎠𐎢𐎼𐎶𐏀𐎭𐎠) || Ohrmazd 𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣 || Hormazd هرمزد || [[Ahura Mazda]] (dewa tertinggi)
|-
| *[[Aswa|Haĉwas]] || aspa || asp || asb اسب/asp اسپ || kuda
|-
| *kaHmas || kāma (𐎣𐎠𐎶) || kām || kām کام || hasrat
|-
| *daywas || [[daiva|daiva (𐎭𐎡𐎺)]] || dēw || div دیو || iblis
|-
| *ĵrayas || drayah (𐎭𐎼𐎹) || drayā || daryā دریا || laut
|-
| *ĵʰastas || dasta (𐎭𐎿𐎫) || dast 𐭩𐭣𐭤 || dast دست || tangan
|-
| *[[bhaga|bʰagas]] || bāji || bāj || bāj باج/باژ || biaya
|-
| *bʰraHtā || brātar (𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠) || brâdar || barādar برادر || saudara laki-laki
|-
| *bʰuHmiš || būmi (𐏏) || būm 𐭡𐭥𐭬 || būm بوم || wilayah, tanah
|-
| *martyas || martya (𐎶𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹) || mard || mard مرد || orang
|-
| *māHas || māha (𐎶𐎠𐏃) || māh 𐭡𐭩𐭥𐭧 || māh ماه || bulan
|-
| *wasr̥ || vāhara || wahār || bahār بهار || musim semi
|-
| *stʰuHnaH || stūnā (𐎿𐎬𐎢𐎴𐎠) || stūn || sotūn ستون || berdiri (kolom)
|-
| *ĉyaHtas || šiyāta (𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎠𐎫)|| šād || šād شاد || bahagia
|-
| *Hr̥tas || [[asha|arta]] || ard || ord ارد || ketertiban, kebenaran
|-
| *dʰrawgʰas || [[druj|druj (𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥)]] || drugh || dorugh دروغ || berbohong
|-
| *ĉwáHdʰaH || spada || spah 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 || sepah سپاه || pasukan
|-
|}
== Lihat pula ==
{{InterWiki|code=fa}}
* [[Bahasa Avesta]]
* [[Daftar kata serapan dari bahasa Persia dalam bahasa Indonesia]]
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{reflist}}
Perbatasan pindah agama
=== Daftar pustaka ===
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{citation|last=Brandenstein|first=Wilhelm|title=Handbuch des Altpersischen|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|year=1964}}
* {{citation|last=Hinz|first=Walther|title=Altpersischer Wortschatz|location=Nendeln, Liechtenstein|publisher=Kraus<!-- Reprint -->|year=1966}}
* {{cite book | last = Frye | first = Richard Nelson | title = Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft: Alter Orient-Griechische Geschichte-Römische Geschichte. Band III,7: The History of Ancient Iran | publisher = C.H.Beck | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3406093975 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye }}
* {{citation|last=Kent|first=Roland G.|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon|location=New Haven|publisher=American Oriental Society|year=1953}}
* {{cite book | last = Kuhrt | first = A. | title = The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 978-1136016943 }}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran |volume=4 |last=Lazard |first=G. |authorlink= |chapter=The Rise of the New Persian Language |pages=595–633}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=7 |fascicle=1 |last=Lazard |first=G. |title=Darī |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dari |pages=34–35 }}
* {{citation|chapter=Iranian languages|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=7|year=1996|publisher=Mazda|location=Costa Mesa|last=Sims-Williams|first=Nicholas}}: <!-- pages= -->238-245
* {{citation|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|chapter=Altpersisch|editor=R. Schmitt|title=Compendium linguarum Iranicarum|publisher=Reichert|location=Wiesbaden|year=1989}}: <!-- pages=-->56–85
* {{cite book | last = Schmitt | first = Rüdiger | title = The Old Persian Inscriptions of Naqsh-i Rustam and Persepolis | publisher = Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum by School of Oriental and African Studies | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0728603141 }}
* {{citation|last=Schmitt|first=R.|chapter=Old Persian|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|editor=Roger D. Woodard|edition=illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0521684941|pages=76–100}}
* {{citation|contribution=Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts|contribution-url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-vi-iranian-languages-and-scripts|first=Prods Oktor|last=Skjærvø|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|year=2006|volume=13|title-link=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
* {{citation|last=Tolman|first=Herbert Cushing|title=Ancient Persian Lexicon and the Texts of the Achaemenidan Inscriptions Transliterated and Translated with Special Reference to Their Recent Re-examination|location=New York/Cincinnati|publisher=American Book Company|year=1908}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIfAAAAMAAJ|title=Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson|year=1917|publisher=American book company|pages=251|volume=Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu3VOxbgDNsC|title=Historical grammar of the ancient Persian language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson|year=1917|publisher=American book company|pages=251|volume=Volume 8 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQsVAAAAYAAJ|title=Grammar of the Old Persian language: with the inscriptions of the Achaemenian kings and vocabulary|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1892|publisher=Ginn|pages=55|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IisOAAAAIAAJ|title=A guide to the Old Persian inscriptions|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1893|publisher=American book company|pages=186|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiVgAAAAMAAJ|title=Cuneiform supplement (autographed) to the author's Ancient Persian lexicon and texts: with brief historical synopsis of the language|author=Edwin Lee Johnson|editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1910|publisher=American Book Co.|pages=122|volume=Volume 7 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iRgAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..|author=translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=American Book Company|pages=134|volume=Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPlfAAAAMAAJ|title=Ancient Persian lexicon and the texts of the Achaemenidan inscriptions transliterated and translated with special reference to their recent re-examination, by Herbert Cushing Tolman ..|author=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=American Book Company|pages=134|volume=Volume 6 of Vanderbilt oriental series
|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AYVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock|author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Translated by Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=Vanderbilt University|edition=reprint|pages=39|volume=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies ATLA monograph preservation program Volume 3384 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program|isbn=9780790531892|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7JFAQAAIAAJ|title=The Behistan inscription of King Darius: translation and critical notes to the Persian text with special reference to recent re-examinations of the rock|author=Darius I (King of Persia)|editor=Herbert Cushing Tolman|year=1908|publisher=Vanderbilt university|pages=39|volume=Volume 1, Issue 1 of Vanderbilt University studies|access-date=2011-07-06}}
* {{citation|last=Skjærvø|first=Prods Oktor|title=An Introduction to Old Persian|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|year=2005<!--2005-08-02-->|publisher=Harvard|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/OldPersian/opcomplete.pdf}}
* {{citation|last=Peterson|first=Joseph H.|year=2006|title=Old Persian Texts|url=http://www.avesta.org/op/op.htm|location=Herndon, VA|publisher=avesta.org}}
* {{citation|last=Harvey|first=Scott L.|title=Old Iranian Online|url=https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/aveol}}
* {{citation|chapter=Cases in Iranian languages and dialects|year=1995|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|volume=5|pages=25–37|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|last=Windfuhr|first=Gernot L.|chapter-url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104230552/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a008.html|archive-date=2007-11-04}}
* {{citation|chapter=From the Persepolis Fortification Archive Project, 1: An Old Persian Administrative Tablet from the Persepolis Fortification|year=1995|title=Arta|volume=2007:1|location=Paris|publisher=Achemenet.com|last=Stolper|first=Matthew W. & Jan Tavernier|chapter-url=http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/2007/06/old-persian-text-in-persepolis.html}}
* {{citation|last=Schmitt|first=R.|chapter=Old Persian|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas|editor=Roger D. Woodard|edition=illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0521684941|pages=76–100}}
* {{Citation |last=Asatrian |first=Garnik| title= Etymological Dictionary of Persian| series= [[Indo-European Etymological Dictionary|Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 12]] |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2010 |isbn= 978-90-04-18341-4| url=<!--broken or incorrect link: http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=227&pid=24857-->}}
{{Refend}}
{{Bahasa Persia}}
{{Rumpun bahasa Iran}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Persia, bahasa}}
[[Kategori:Bahasa Persia| ]]
[[Kategori:Rumpun bahasa Iran Barat]]
| |||