Republik Texas: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 162:
=== Bergabung dengan Amerika Serikat ===
{{Main|Aneksasi Texas}}
Pada [[28 Februari]] [[1845]], [[Congress of the United States|US Congress]] passed a bill that would authorize the [[United States]] to annex the Republic of Texas. On March 1, [[President of the United States|US President]] [[John Tyler]] signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. Faced with imminent American annexation of Texas, [[Charles Elliot]] and Alphonse de Saligny, the British and French ministers to Texas, were dispatched to Mexico City by their governments. Meeting with Mexico's foreign secretary, they signed a "Diplomatic Act" in which Mexico offered to recognize an independent Texas with boundaries that would be determined with French and British mediation. Texas President [[Anson Jones]] forwarded both offers to a specially elected convention meeting at Austin, and the American proposal was accepted with only one dissenting vote. The Mexican proposal was never put to a vote. Following the previous decree of President Jones, the proposal was then put to a vote throughout the republic.
[[File:Texas Statehood 1945 Issue-3c.jpg|thumb|left|185px|<center>Texas statehood</center><center>100th anniversary issue of 1945</center>]]
[[Image:Texas proposed boundaries.svg|thumb|right|Proposals for Texas's north and west boundaries in 1850 debate]]
On October 13, 1845, a large majority of voters in the republic approved both the American offer and the proposed constitution that specifically endorsed [[slavery]] and emigrants bringing slaves to Texas.<ref>[http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1845/a8 Constitution of Texas (1845)]</ref> This constitution was later accepted by the US Congress, making Texas a US state on the same day annexation took effect, December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a [[territory of the United States|territorial]] phase).<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/texan04.htm The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas – From Independence to Annexation]</ref> One of the motivations for annexation was the huge debts which the Republic of Texas government had incurred. As part of the [[Compromise of 1850]], in return for $10,000,000 in Federal bonds, Texas dropped claims to territory which included parts of present-day [[Colorado]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Wyoming]].
The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the [[Missouri Compromise Line]] would be [[Slave and free states|free states]]). Though the resolution did not make exceptions to the constitution,<ref>[http://www.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/annexation/march1845.html Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States]</ref> the U.S. Constitution neither requires Congressional consent to the creation of new states to be ''ex post'' to applications nor to expire. To show the strength of the latter caveat, [[Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution|the 27th Amendment]] was submitted in the 18th century, yet was not ratified until the 1990s; thus, congressional consent via the resolution to new states would not expire, or require renewal. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. Consequently, the lands in Texas owned by the federal government are those which were subsequently purchased by it. This also means the state government has control over [[oil reserves]] which were later used to fund the state's public university system through the [[Permanent University Fund]].<ref>[http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/annexation/part5/question8.html Texas Annexation : Questions and Answers], Texas State Library & Archives Commission.</ref> In addition, the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 [[nautical league]]s (9 nautical miles, 10.357 statute miles, 16.668 km) rather than three nautical miles (3.45 statute miles, 5.56 km) as with other states.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/feature_articles/2005/offshore/offshore.pdf Overview of US Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity]</ref><ref>http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/363/1/</ref>
== Presiden dan Wakil Presiden ==
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