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'''Charles Robert Darwin''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FRGS|FLS|FZS}}<ref name=frs/> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑr|w|ɪ|n}};<ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin "Darwin"] entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.</ref> 12 Februari 1809 – 19 April 1882) adalah seorang [[sejarah alam|naturalis]] dan ahli [[geologi]] Inggris,<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|Browne|2004}}</ref> paling dikenal untuk kontribusinya kepada teori evolusi.{{Ref_label|A|I|none}} Dia menetapkan bahwa semua [[spesies]] dari kehidupan telah diturunkan dari waktu ke waktu dari [[nenek moyang bersama]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Coyne, Jerry A. |title=Why Evolution is True|publisher=Viking|year=2009 |pages=8–11|isbn=978-0-670-02053-9}}</ref> dan dalam publikasi bersama dengan [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] memperkenalkan [[teori ilmiah]] bahwa [[Filogeni|pola percabangan]] [[evolusi]] dihasilkan dari sebuah proses yang dia sebut [[seleksi alam]], di mana [[perjuangan untuk eksistensi]] memiliki efek yang sama dengan [[seleksi buatan]] yang terlibat dalam [[pemuliaan selektif]].<ref name="Larson79-111">{{Harvnb|Larson|2004| pp=79–111}}</ref>
Darwin menerbitkan teori evolusi dengan bukti kuat dalam buku tahun 1859-nya ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'', mengatasi penolakan ilmiah dari konsep awal dari [[transmutasi spesies]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Why Evolution is True |last = Coyne |first=Jerry A. |authorlink=Jerry Coyne |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location= Oxford |isbn=0-19-923084-6 |page=17 |quote=In ''The Origin'', Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution, but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling, but not completely decisive.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Forerunners of Darwin |last=Glass |first=Bentley |authorlink=Bentley Glass |year=1959 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, MD |isbn= 0-8018-0222-9|page=iv |quote=Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness}}</ref> Pada 1870-an, [[komunitas ilmiah]] dan banyak dari masyarakat umum menerima [[evolusi sebagai teori dan fakta|evolusi sebagai fakta]]. Namun, banyak yang menyukai [[Tenggelamnya Darwinisme|penjelasan yang menentang]] dan itu tidak diakui sampai munculnya [[sintesis evolusi modern]] dari tahun 1930-an sampai tahun 1950-an bahwa konsensus yang luas dikembangkan di mana seleksi alam adalah mekanisme dasar evolusi.<ref name=JvW>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008}}</ref><ref name=b3847>{{harvnb|Bowler|2003|pp=178–179, 338, 347}}</ref> Dalam bentuk yang dimodifikasi, penemuan ilmiah Darwin adalah teori pemersatu [[ilmu kehidupan]], menjelaskan [[Keanekaragaman hayati|keanekaragaman kehidupan]].<ref>[http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography.] ''darwin-online.org.uk''. Retrieved 2006-12-15<br />{{Harvnb|Dobzhansky|1973}}</ref><ref>As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "''The Origin of Species'' has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." {{cite book |title=On the origin of species by means of natural selection |editor=Carroll, Joseph |year=2003 |publisher=Broadview |location= Peterborough, Ontario|isbn= 1-55111-337-6|page=15 |url= }}</ref>
Minat awal Darwin di alam membuatnya mengabaikan [[pendidikan kedokteran]] di [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|Universitas Edinburgh]]; sebaliknya, ia membantu untuk menyelidiki [[invertebrata]] laut. Studi di [[Universitas Cambridge]] ([[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]) mendorong semangat untuk [[ilmu alam]].<ref name=whowas>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html About Charles Darwin]}}</ref> [[Pelayaran kedua HMS Beagle|Pelayaran lima tahunnya]] pada {{HMS|Beagle}} mengukuhkan dia sebagai ahli geologi terkemuka yang observasi dan teorinya mendukung ide [[uniformitarian]] [[Charles Lyell]], dan publikasi [[The Voyage of the Beagle|jurnal tentang pelayaran]] itu membuatnya terkenal sebagai penulis populer.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 210, 284–285}}</ref>
Bingung dengan distribusi geografis satwa liar dan [[fosil]] yang ia kumpulkan dalam pelayaran, Darwin memulai penyelidikan rinci dan pada 1838 menyusun teorinya tentang seleksi alam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=263–274}}</ref> Meskipun ia membahas ide-idenya dengan beberapa naturalis, ia butuh waktu untuk penelitian dan pekerjaan geologinya memiliki prioritas.<ref>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|pp=184, 187}}</ref> Ia menuliskan teorinya pada tahun 1858 ketika Alfred Russel Wallace mengirimnya esai yang menggambarkan ide yang sama, mendorong segera publikasi bersama dari [[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection|kedua teori mereka]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Beddall | first1 = B. G. | title = Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection | journal = Journal of the History of Biology| volume = 1 | issue = 2| pages = 261–323 | year = 1968 | doi = 10.1007/BF00351923| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/n1gh3n4474th3385/fulltext.pdf| format = PDF}}</ref> Karya Darwin mendirikan penurunan dengan modifikasi evolusioner sebagai penjelasan ilmiah yang dominan dari diversifikasi di alam.<ref name = JvW/> Pada tahun 1871 ia memeriksa [[evolusi manusia]] dan [[seleksi seksual]] dalam ''[[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]]'', diikuti oleh ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]''. Penelitiannya pada tanaman diterbitkan dalam serangkaian buku, dan dalam buku terakhirnya, ia memeriksa [[cacing tanah]] dan efeknya pada tanah.<ref>{{Harvnb|Freeman|1977}}</ref>
Darwin menjadi terkenal secara internasional, telah digambarkan sebagai salah satu tokoh paling berpengaruh dalam sejarah manusia,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200|title=Special feature: Darwin 200|accessdate=2 April 2011 | work=New Scientist}}</ref> dan keunggulannya sebagai ilmuwan dihormati dengan pemakaman di [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=DarwinsBurial>{{Harvnb|Leff|2000|loc=[http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html Darwin's Burial]}}<br/>{{Harvnb|van Wyhe|2008b|pp=60–61}}</ref>
== Kehidupan ==
'''<small>IV</small>.''' {{Note_label|D|IV|none}} See, for example, the song "A lady fair of lineage high" from [[Gilbert and Sullivan]]'s ''[[Princess Ida]]'', which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes.
'''<small>V</small>.''' {{Note_label|E|V|none}} [[Genetics|Geneticists]] studied human heredity as [[Mendelian inheritance]], while [[eugenics]] movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this as impractical [[pseudoscience]]. A shift from voluntary arrangements to "negative" eugenics included [[compulsory sterilisation]] laws in the United States, copied by [[Nazi Germany]] as the basis for [[Nazi eugenics]] based on virulent racism and "[[racial hygiene]]".<br />({{Cite news | last = Thurtle| first =Phillip| date =17 December 1996| title =the creation of genetic identity| periodical =SEHR| volume = 5| issue =Supplement: Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism| url =http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-supp/text/thurtle.html| accessdate =11 November 2008| ref = harv}}{{Cite news| last = Edwards| first =A. W. F.| date = 1 April 2000 | title =The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
| periodical = Genetics| volume = 154| issue =April 2000| pages = 1419–1426| url =http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/4/1419#The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism| accessdate =11 November 2008| pmid = 10747041| pmc = 1461012| ref = harv}}<br />{{cite web | last = Wilkins | first = John | title = Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics | url = http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php | accessdate =11 November 2008}})
'''<small>VI</small>.''' {{Note_label|F|VI|none}} Darwin did not share the then common view that other races are inferior, and said of his [[taxidermy]] tutor [[John Edmonstone]], a freed black slave, "I used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent man".<ref name=eddy/>
{{reflist|20em}}
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| editor-first = Aviezer
| title =A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography
| series =Blackwell Companions to Philosophy
| pages =405–415
| publication-place =Chichester
| publisher=Wiley-Blackwell
| isbn =1-4051-4908-6|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal
| last = van Wyhe
| first = John
| title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?
| journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society
| volume = 61
| issue =2| pages = 177–205
| date = 27 March 2007
| doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171
| url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1
| accessdate =7 February 2008|ref=harv
}}
* {{cite web
| last =van Wyhe
| first = John
| year = 2008
| title =Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch
| publisher=Darwin Online
| url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html
| accessdate =17 November 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
| last =van Wyhe
| first =John
| publication-date =1 September 2008
| year =2008b
| title =Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution
| publication-place =London
| publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd
| isbn =0-233-00251-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book
| last =von Sydow
| first = Momme
| year = 2005
| contribution =Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science
| contribution-url =http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf
| editor-last = Knight
| editor-first =David M.
| editor2-last = Eddy
| editor2-first =Matthew D.
| title =Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900
| location = Burlington
| publisher=Ashgate
| pages =141–156
| isbn =0-7546-3996-7
| accessdate =16 December 2008|ref=harv}}
* {{cite web
| last = Yates
| first = Simon
| year = 2003
| title =The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood
| publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]]
| url =http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html
| accessdate =15 December 2006|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{sisterlinks|s=Author:Charles Robert Darwin|wikt=Darwinian|species_author=Charles Robert Darwin|m=no|mw=no|voy=no|b=General Biology/Gallery of Biologists/Charles Darwin|v=no}}
{{Library resources box
|label=Charles Darwin
}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Darwin,+Charles | name=Charles Darwin}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Charles Robert Darwin}}
* {{Librivox author |id=166}}
* [http://darwin.amnh.org/ Darwin Manuscript Project]
* {{NRA|P7461}}
* {{Cite EB1911| wstitle=Darwin, Charles Robert}}
* View books owned and annotated by [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary Charles Darwin] at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library.
* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss Digitised Darwin Manuscripts] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]]
| 