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Baris 1: '''Reformasi Protestan''' adalah sebuah gerakan yang timbul di [[abad ke-16]] sebagai suatu rangkaian upaya untuk melakukan pembaruan terhadap [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] di [[Eropa Barat]]. Reformasi utama dimulai oleh [[Martin Luther]] dan [[95 dalil]]nya. Reformasi ini berakhir dengan pembagian dan pendirian institusi-institusi baru, di antaranya [[Gereja Lutheran]], [[Gereja-gereja Reformasi]], dan [[Anabaptis]]. ~~Dia~~Gerakan ini juga menimbulkan [[Reformasi Katolik]] di dalam Gereja Katolik Roma. Rancangan teologis dan latar belakangnya disusun pada [[Konsili Trente]] (1548–1563), ketika [[Roma]] memukul balik gagasan-gagasan fundamental yang dibela oleh para [[Reformator]], seperti Luther. == Sejarah dan awal == === Akar dan pendahulu [[abad ke-14]] dan [[abad ke-15]] === * Gerakan Anti-~~hirarkikal~~hirarki: [[Cathar]]isme, [[Waldensian]]isme, dan lainnya * [[Kepausan di Avignon]] ("Pembuangan Gereja di Babel"), [[Avignon]], [[Skisma Barat\|Skisma Besar]] * [[Jan Hus]], [[John Wycliffe]], [[William Tyndale]] Baris 16 ⟶ 17: Gejolak historis biasanya melahirkan banyak pemikiran baru tentang bagaimana masyarakat seharusnya ditata. Hal inilah yang mengakibatkan tercetusnya [[Reformasi Protestan]]. Setelah runtuhnya lembaga-lembaga biara dan [[skolastisisme]] di Eropa pada akhir abad pertengahan, yang diperparah oleh [[Pembuangan ke Babel]] dari [[Kepausan di Avignon]], [[Skisma Barat\|Skisma Besar]], dan kegagalan pembaruan oleh [[Gerakan Konsiliar]], pada abad ke-16 mulai matang perdebatan budaya yang besar mengenai pembaruan keagamaan dan kemudian juga nilai-nilai keagamaan yang dasariah. Para ahli sejarah pada umumnya mengasumsikan bahwa kegagalan untuk mereformasi (terlalu banyak kepentingan pribadi, kurangnya koordinasi di kalangan koalisi pembarua), akhirnya menyebabkan gejolak yang lebih besar atau bahkan revolusi, karena sistemnya akhirnya harus disesuaikan atau runtuh, dan kegagalan [[Gerakan Konsiliar]] melahirkan Reformasi Protestan di Eropa bagian barat. Gerakan-gerakan reformis yang frustrasi ini merentang dari [[nominalisme]], ibadah modern, hingga [[humanisme]] yang terjadi berbarengan dengan kekuatan-kekuatan ekonomi, politik dan demografi yang ikut menyebabkan ketidakpuasan yang kian meningkat terhadap kekayaan dan kekuasaan kaum [[agamawan]] [[elit]], membuat masyarakat semakin peka terhadap kehancuran finansial dan moral dari gereja [[Renaisans]] yang sekular. ~~<!--Setelah runtuhnya lembaga-lembaga biara dan [[skolastisisme]] di Eropa pada akhir abad pertengahan, yang diperparah oleh [[Pembuangan Gereja ke Babel]]~~ Akibat-akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh [[wabah pes]] mendorong penataan ulang secara radikal ekonomi dan akhirnya juga masyarakat Eropa. Namun demikian, di kalangan pusat-pusat kota yang bermunculan, bencana yang terjadi pada abad ke-14 dan awal abad ke-15, dan kekurangan tenaga kerja yang ditimbulkannya, merupakan dorongan kuat bagi diversifikasi ekonomi dan inovasi teknologi. Following the breakdown of monastic institutions and [[scholasticism]] in late medieval Europe, accentuated by the “[[Babylonian Captivity]]” of the [[Avignon Papacy]], the [[Western Schism\|Great Schism]], and the failure of conciliar reform, the sixteenth century saw the fermenting of a great cultural debate about religious reforms and later fundamental religious values. Historians would generally assume that the failure to reform (too many vested interests, lack of coordination in the reforming coalition) would eventually lead to a greater upheaval or even revolution, since the system must eventually be adjusted or disintegrate, and the failure of the Conciliar movement led to the Protestant Reformation in the European West. These frustrated reformist movements ranged from [[nominalism]], modern devotion, to [[humanism]] occurring in conjunction with economic, political and demographic forces that contributed to a growing disaffection with the wealth and power of the [[elite]] [[clergy]], sensitizing the population to the financial and moral corruption of the secular [[Renaissance]] church. The outcome of the [[Black Death]] encouraged a radical reorganization of the economy and eventually European society. In the emerging urban centers, however, the calamities of the fourteenth and early fifteenth century, and the resultant labor shortages, provided a strong impetus for economic diversification and technological innovations. <!--Following the [[Black Death]], the initial loss of life due to famine, plague, and pestilence, contributed to an intensification of capital accumulation in the urban areas, and thus a stimulus to trade, industry, and burgeoning urban growth in fields as diverse as banking (the [[Fugger]] banking family in [[Augsburg]] being the most prominent), textiles, [[Weapon\|armaments]], especially stimulated by the [[Hundred Years War]], and mining of iron ore due, in large part, to the booming armaments industry. Accumulation of surplus, competitive [[overproduction]], and heightened competition to maximize economic advantage, contributed to civil war, aggressive [[militarism]], and thus centralization. As a direct result of the move toward centralization, leaders like [[Louis XI of France]] (1461-1483), the “spider king,” sought to remove all constitutional restrictions on the exercise of their authority. In [[England]], [[France]], and [[Spain]] the move toward centralization begun in the thirteenth century was carried to a successful conclusion. But as recovery and prosperity progressed, enabling the population to reach its former levels in the late <b>fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,</b> the combination of both a newly abundant labor supply as well as improved productivity, were mixed blessings for many segments of Western European society. Despite tradition, landlords started the move to exclude [[peasant]]s from [[common land]]s. With trade stimulated, landowners increasingly moved away from the [[Manorialism\|manorial]] economy. Woolen manufacturing greatly expanded in [[France]], [[Germany]], and the [[Netherlands]] and new textile industries began to develop.

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