Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref name=cald03>{{Cite journal |last=Caldeira |first=K. |coauthors=Wickett, M. E. |year=2003 |title=Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH |url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |issue=6956 |pages=365–365 |doi=10.1038/425365a |pmid=14508477 |bibcode=2001AGUFMOS11C0385C |ref=harv}}</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref name=millero95>{{Cite journal |last=Millero|first=Frank J. |year=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O | archiveurl = | archivedate = | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=661–677 |doi= 10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O|pmid= |bibcode= 1995GeCoA..59..661M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Feely04>{{cite journal |last=Feely |first=R. A. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans |journal=Science |volume=305 |year=2004 |month=July |pages=362–366 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F |doi = 10.1126/science.1097329 |pmid=15256664 |issue=5682 |ref=harv}}</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hydronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref name=jacob05>{{cite journal | last=Jacobson | first=M. Z. | year=2005 | title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres | volume=110 | doi=10.1029/2004JD005220 | url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml | pages=D07302 | bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J | ref=harv}}</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref name="pmid18536730">{{Cite journal |author=Hall-Spencer, J. M. |coauthors=Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; ''et al.'' |title=Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=454 |issue=7200 |pages=96–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18536730 |doi=10.1038/nature07051 |bibcode=2008Natur.454...96H |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="scor-int">[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref name=Zachos2005>{{cite journal | author = Zachos, J.C. | coauthors = Röhl, U.; Schellenberg, S.A.; Sluijs, A.; Hodell, D.A.; Kelly, D.C.; Thomas, E.; Nicolo, M.; Raffi, I.; Lourens, L. J.; McCarren, H.; Kroon, D. | title = Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum | year = 2005 | journal = Science | volume = 308 | pages = 1611–1615 | doi = 10.1126/science.1109004 | issue = 5728 | pmid = 15947184 | ref = harv }}</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

 

{{Portal|Lingkungan}}

* [[Pompa biologis]]

* [[Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara]]

 

{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

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* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=threatening-ocean-life How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out] [[Scientific American]] August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and [[Carl Safina]]

* [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13539 Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide], report by the [[Royal Society]] (UK)

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQMZfCKuFIQ Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science], Andrew Dickson, [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]]

* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs

* [http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm Ocean acidification virtual lab]

* [http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science], a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the [[United States National Research Council]] (released April 2011)

* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/ Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.] IMBER/SOLAS

* [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team]

* [http://epoca-project.eu/ European Project of Ocean Acidification] (EPOCA), a 4-year-long [[European Union|EU]] initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)

* [http://bioacid.ifm-geomar.de/index.htm Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification] (BIOACID), a [[Germany|German]] initiative funded by [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|BMBF]]