Uposatha: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k Bot: Penggantian teks otomatis (-Pranala Luar +Pranala luar) |
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
||
Baris 1:
Hari '''Uposatha''' ({{lang-sa|Upavasatha}}) merupakan hari dimana umat Buddha melakukan perenungan dan pengamatan yang sudah dilakukan sejak masa kehidupan Buddha Gautama dan masih dipraktikkan hingga hari ini.<ref>For a description of the contemporary practice of the Uposatha in Thailand, see Khantipalo (1982a), which is also excerpted in this article below.
Kariyawasam (1995), ch. 3, also underlines the continuity of the ancient ''uposatha'' practice in Sri Lanka: "The ''poya'' [Sinhala for ''uposatha''] observance, which is as old as Buddhism itself, has been followed by the Sinhala Buddhists up to the present day, even after the Christian calendar came to be used for secular matters. Owing to its significance in the religious life of the local Buddhists, all the full-moon days have been declared public holidays by the government."</ref><ref>The uposatha day is sometimes likened to the Judeo-Christian notion of the Sabbath.
For an example of the Uposatha being equated with Sabbath by a modern Buddhist master, see Mahasi (''undated''), p. 2, where he writes: "For lay people, these rules [of discipline] comprise the [[The Eight Precepts|eight precepts]] which Buddhist devotees observe on the Sabbath days (uposatha) and during periods of meditation."
== Hari Pengamatan ==
Tergantung dengan budaya dan tanggalnya, hari uposatha biasa dilakukan dari tanggal 2 sampai dengan 6 setiap bulannya.
=== Negara-negara beraliran Theravada ===
Secara umum, Uposatha dilakukan sekali dalam seminggu di negara-negara Theravada, sesuai dengan empat fase bulan: bulan baru, bulan purnama, dan dua kali bulan separuh. Di beberapa komunitas, seperti di Sri Lanka, hanya bulan baru dan bulan purnama para umat melakukan perenungan hari Uposatha. Pada masa sebelum penjajahan, hari Uposatha merupakan hari libur di Myanmar. Akan tetapi sejak masa penjajahan, hari Minggu telah menggantikan peranan hari Uposatha. Selama hari Uposatha, para biksu dan biksuni akan berkumpul dan mengulangi Patimokkha (sebuah kumpulan Vinaya).
=== Negara-negara beraliran Mahayana ===
Di beberapa negara-negara [[Mahayana]] yang menggunakan penanggalan Cina, hari Uposatha dilakukan enam kali dalam sebulan, yaitu pada tanggal 8, 14, 15, 23, dan dua hari terakhir pada setiap bulannya. Di Jepang, enam hari ini dikenal dengan sebutan {{nihongo|'''roku sainichi'''|六斎日|Enam Hari Puasa}}.
=== Nama-nama bulan purnama di Hari Uposatha ===
Nama-nama Pali untuk hari Uposatha berdasarkan bahasa Sansekerta ''[[Nakshatra|nakśatra]]'' (Pali: ''nakkhatta'').<ref>See [[Nakshatra]], [[Hindu calendar]], ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' by Monier Williams, s.v. 'nakśatra'.</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
Baris 119:
== Lihat Juga ==
* [[Penanggalan Buddhis]]
* [[Puja (Buddhism)]]
* [[Vassa]]
== Notes ==
Baris 128:
== Referensi ==
* [[A. P. Buddhadatta Mahathera|Buddhadatta Mahathera, A. P.]] (2002). ''Concise Pali-English Dictionary''. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0605-0.
* [[Access to Insight|Bullitt, John T.]] (2005). ''Uposatha Observance Days''.
* Dhammayut Order in the United States of America (1994). ''A Chanting Guide.'' Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammayut/chanting.html.
* Harvey, Peter (1990). ''An introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history and practices''. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
* Kariyawasam, A.G.S. (1995). ''Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka'' (The Wheel Publication No. 402/404). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Retrieved 2007-10-22 from "Access to Insight" (1996 transcription) at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/kariyawasam/wheel402.html.
* Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1982a). ''Lay Buddhist Practice: The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence'' (The Wheel No. 206/207). Kandy, Sri Lanka:Buddhist Publication Society. Also transcribed (1995) and available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel206.html.
* Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1982b). ''Visakhuposatha Sutta: The Discourse to Visakha on the Uposatha with the Eight Practices'' [AN 8.43]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an08/an08.043.khan.html.
* [[Mahasi Sayadaw]] (''undated''). ''Practical Vipassana Exercises''.
* Ñanavara Thera (Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya) & Bhikkhu Kantasilo (trans.) (1993). ''Uposatha Sila: The Eight-Precept Observance''. Thailand:The Office of the Secretary of the Supreme Patriarch. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/uposatha.html.
* [[Narada Maha Thera|Narada Thera]] (trans.) (1985). ''Maha-mangala Sutta: Blessings'' [Sn 2.4]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.04.nara.html.
* [[Nyanaponika Thera]] and [[Bhikkhu Bodhi]] (trans. and ed.) (1999). ''Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from the Anguttara Nikaya''.
* [[Piyadassi Thera]] (trans.) (1999a). ''Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Discourse on Loving-kindness'' [Sn 1.8]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.piya.html.
* Piyadassi Thera (trans.) (1999b). ''Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse'' [Sn 2.1]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.01.piya.html.
* [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|Rhys Davids]],T.W. & Hermann Oldenberg (trans.) ([1881]). ''Vinaya Texts (Part I)''. Oxford:Clarendon Press.
* Rhys Davids, T.W., and William Stede, ''The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary'', 1921–25. [[Pali Text Society]], London : Chipstead. The entry on "Uposatha" is available on-line at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:4011.pali. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
* [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]] (trans.) (1993). ''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion'' [SN 56.11]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). ''Buddhavagga: Awakened'' [ [[Dhammapada|Dhp]] XIV]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/dhp/dhp.14.than.html.
* Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). ''Muluposatha Sutta: The Roots of the Uposatha'' [AN 3.70]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.070.than.html.
* Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). ''The Ten Recollections: A Study Guide''. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/recollections.html.
* Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). ''Anapanasati Sutta: Mindfulness of Breathing'' [MN 118]. Available on-line at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.118.than.html.
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.buddhanet.net/festival.htm "Buddhist Ceremonies: Festivals and Special Days"], on www.buddhanet.net
* [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2011.html "Calendar of Uposatha Days" (2011)], [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2010.html (2010)], [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/uposatha2009.html (2009)] on www.accesstoinsight.org.
* [http://www.buddhistgateway.com/library/rituals/ "The Rituals and Festivals of the Buddhist Life"], by Robert C. Lester (1987), on buddhistgateway.com.
{{LayTheravadaPractices2}}
| |||