Sampah makanan: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[FileBerkas:Not avoidable food waste.jpg|thumb|Sampah makanan rumah, seperti [[kulit buah]] dan cangkang [[telur]]]]
'''Sampah makanan''' adalah [[makanan]] yang terbuang dan menjadi [[sampah]]. Definisi '''sampah''' dapat dilihat dari berbagai sisi sehingga berbagai lembaga dan organisasi dapat menggunakan definisi yang berbeda-beda mengenai sampah makanan ataupun makanan yang terbuang.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Food waste to animal feed|last= Westendorf|first= Michael L.
|year= 2000|publisher= [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley-Blackwell]]|isbn= 978-0-8138-2540-3|url= http://books.google.com/?id=3Jikic00BIcC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=|accessdate=2009-08-19}}</ref><ref name="oreo1">{{Cite book|title = Utilization of by-products and treatment of waste in the food industry|last = Oreopoulou|first = Vasso|author2=Winfried Russ|year = 2007|publisher = Springer|isbn = 978-0-387-33511-7|url = http://books.google.com/?id=9G1M9Z8qgJ4C&printsec=frontcover&q=
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|url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/GFL_web.pdf}}</ref>
 
== Penyebab ==
Sampah makanan dapat terbentuk sejak dalam proses produksinya di [[lahan pertanian]], [[pasca panen]], [[pengolahan makanan|pengolahannya]], hingga konsumsinya.
 
=== Produksi makanan ===
Di negara berkembang dengan pertanian komersial dan industri yang maju, sampah makanan dapat terbentuk pada tahap produksinya.<ref name="kantor3">{{Cite journal | last = Kantor | first = Linda | coauthors = Kathryn Lipton, Alden Manchester and Victor Oliveira |date=January–April 1997 | title = Estimating and Addressing America’s Food Losses | url = http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/FoodReview/Jan1997/Jan97a.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2009-08-14}}</ref> Sedangkan negara dengan [[pertanian subsisten]] yang dominan, sampah makanan yang terbentuk tidak dapat diketahui jumlahnya secara pasti namun diperkirakan tidak signifikan karena outputnya yang jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan pertanian industri. Meski demikian, besarnya kehilangan hasil panen ketika dilakukan pemanenan hingga transportasi dapat mencapai angka yang cukup tinggi di negara yang pertaniannya masih relatif kurang maju.<ref>
{{cite book|last = Waters|first = Tony|title = The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace|publisher = Lexington Books|year = 2007|url = http://books.google.com/?id=H1rHCaNFlIwC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Persistence%20of%20Subsistence%20Agriculture%3A%20life%20beneath%20the%20level%20of%20the%20marketplace&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=|accessdate = 2009-08-21|isbn = 978-0-7391-0768-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Food Security | url = http://www.gaia-technology.com/sa/newsletters/newsletter.cfm?newsletterID=136&ID=0 | publisher = [[Scientific Alliance]] | year = 2009 | accessdate = 2009-08-21}}</ref>
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|title= Postharvest food losses in developing countries|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|year=1978|url = http://books.google.com/?id=XjYrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&q=|accessdate = 2009-08-24}}</ref>
 
=== Pengolahan makanan ===
Setelah pasca panen, kualitas [[penyimpanan makanan]] berperan penting dalam mencegah terbuangnya makanan.<ref name="hall">{{Cite book|title = Handling and storage of food grains in tropical and subtropical areas|last = Hall|first = David Wylie|year = 1970|publisher = Food & Agriculture Organisation|isbn = 978-92-5-100854-6|url = http://books.google.com/?id=SHALVB8In4YC&lpg=PA1&dq=machinery%20and%20food%20losses&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=|accessdate = 2009-08-21}}</ref> Penyimpanan makanan menjadi relatif sulit di negara tropis basah karena [[temperatur]] dan [[kelembaban]] tinggi merupakan kondisi yang ideal bagi hama dan mikroorganisme untuk berkembang biak.<ref name="foa1">{{cite web | title = Loss and waste: Do we really know what is involved? | url = http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AC301E/AC301e02.htm | publisher = [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] | accessdate = 2009-08-23}}</ref> Kehilangan secara kualitatif seperti edibilitas, nilai kalori, nilai nutrisi, dan sebagainya lebih sulit dinilai ketimbang kehilangan secara kuantitas.<ref name="hall" /><ref>{{cite journal |last = Lacey
|first = J. |year = 1989 |title = Pre- and post-harvest ecology of fungi causing spoilage of foods and other stored products |journal = Journal of Applied Bacteriology Symposium Supplement |url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121369579/PDFSTART |accessdate = 2009-08-22}}</ref><ref name="foa">{{cite web | title = Post-harvest system and food losses | url = http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AC301E/AC301e03.htm | publisher = [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] | accessdate = 2009-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last = Kader |first = A. A. |year = 2005 |title = Increasing Food Availability by Reducing Postharvest Losses of Fresh Produce |url = http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/datastorefiles/234-528.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate = 2009-08-22}}</ref> Penanganan dan pengemasan dapat menyusutkan volume dan massa juga dapat disebut sebagai ''loss''.<ref name="kantor3" /><ref name="hall" />
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Beberapa tahapan proses tidak dapat menghindari terbentuknya sampah makanan karena alasan keamanan dan ingin mencapai bentuk atau kualitas tertentu dari makanan yang akan diproduksi.<ref name="oreo1" /><ref name="kantor3" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Food industry and the environment in the European Union: practical issues and cost implications|last=Dalzell|first=Janet M.|year=2000|publisher=Springer|isbn=0-8342-1719-8|page=300|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3j-xV3i5iY4C&pg=PA300&lpg=PA300&q=|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |authorlink=International Finance Corporation |year=2007 |title=Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Meat Processing |page = 2 |url=http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_EHSGuidelines2007_MeatProcessing/$FILE/Final+-+Meat+Processing.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2009-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin | url = http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/food_safety/veterinary_checks_and_food_hygiene/f84002_en.htm | publisher = [[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] | year = 2009 | accessdate = 2009-08-29}}</ref>
 
=== Penjualan ===
[[Pengemasan makanan]] bertujuan untuk mengurangi makanan yang terbuang dengan menjaga kualitasnya hingga sampai ke [[konsumen]].<ref name="defrapack">{{cite web |title = Making the most of packaging, A strategy for a low-carbon economy |url = http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/producer/packaging/documents/excec-summary-pack-strategy.pdf |format=PDF| publisher = [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]] |year = 2009 |accessdate = 2009-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Robertson|first = Gordon L.|title = Food packaging: principles and practice|publisher = CRC Press
|year = 2006|url = http://books.google.com/?id=NFRR6GayR74C&pg=PA1&dq=#v=onepage&q=|accessdate = 2009-09-27|isbn = 978-0-8493-3775-8}}</ref> Namun kemasan juga menjadikan upaya mendaur ulang sampah makanan lebih sulit karena biasanya makanan dibuang bersama dengan kemasannya, atau makanan yang terbuang terkontaminasi bahan kemasan sehingga tidak bisa dijadikan bahan baku pakan ternak.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Review of Food Waste Depackaging Equipment | url = http://www.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Food_waste_depackaging_equipment_FINAL_REPORT_April_09.1db473c1.6989.pdf |format=PDF| publisher = [[Waste and Resources Action Programme]] (WRAP) | year = 2009 | accessdate = 2009-09-27}}</ref>
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[[Toko]] dapat membuang sejumlah besar makanan, biasanya yang telah melewati [[usia simpan]]nya atau yang telah kedaluwarsa. Tergantung kebijakan toko, makanan dapat dikembalikan ke produsen atau ke fasilitas daur ulang. Toko juga terkadang mengalami masalah manajemen penyimpanan produk sehingga harus membuang sebagian. Jika yang harus dibuang adalah makanan yang masih layak dikonsumsi, toko dapat menyumbangkannya ke [[lembaga amal]]. Kebijakan pemilik toko, terutama dalam hal pemesanan juga berpengaruh dalam menentukan seberapa besar makanan yang terbuang dari sisi produksi. Jika toko tidak mampu menyerap hasil panen [[petani]] atau produsen sesuai dengan perjanjian, maka kemungkinan besar petani atau produsen akan membuang hasil panennya tersebut.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal: The True Cost of What the Global Food Industry Throws Away|first = Tristram|last = Stuart|publisher = Penguin|year = 2009|isbn = 0-14-103634-6}}</ref>
 
== Penanganan ==
 
=== Tempat pembuangan akhir ===
Tempat pembuangan akhir merupakan solusi termudah dan termurah dalam menangani sampah makanan, namun menyebabkan masalah lingkungan yang tertinggi diantaranya menjadi sarang serangga penyebar penyakit, [[bau]], dapat mencemari [[air tanah]], dan mampu menciptakan [[gas rumah kaca]] akibat [[dekomposisi]] bahan organik dari sampah makanan. Di Inggris, sampah makanan menyumbang 19% total sampah yang dibuang ke TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir).<ref name="From Farm to Fridge to Garbage Can">[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/01/from-farm-to-fridge-to-garbage-can/?ref=science From Farm to Fridge to Garbage Can]. // The New York Times, 1.11.2010</ref> Demi mencegah hal ini, seluruh restoran di kota New York dilarang membuang sampah makanan ke TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir).<ref>{{cite news|title=Turning Food Waste Into Fuel Takes Gumption And Trillions Of Bacteria|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=287310897|agency=NPR|author=Joel Rose|date=2014-03-11}}</ref>
 
=== Pakan hewan ===
Berbagai hewan dapat memakan makanan sisa yang dibuang manusia, tidak terkecuali hewan peliharaan dan hewan ternak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.mcmurrayhatchery.com/2011/10/04/feeding-your-chickens-table%C2%A0scraps/ |title=Feeding Your Chickens Table Scraps &#124; McMurray Hatchery Blog |publisher=Blog.mcmurrayhatchery.com |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2012-10-21}}</ref> Meski demikian, tidak semua sisa makanan manusia cocok untuk hewan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chicken Feed: How to Feed Chickens |url=http://keeping-chickens.me.uk/getting-started/chicken-feed |title=Feeding Chickens: What to feed chickens to keep them healthy &#124; Keeping Chickens: A Beginners Guide |publisher=Keeping Chickens |accessdate=2012-10-21}}</ref> Ayam dan unggas lainnya secara tradisional dilepaskan di area lahan yang baru dipanen dan bangunan penggilingan biji-bijian untuk mencari sesuatu yang dapat dimakan.
 
=== Kompos ===
Sampah makanan dapat terdegradasi dengan mudah sehingga dapat di[[kompos]]kan untuk dijadikan [[pupuk]].<ref>[http://www.antiochne.edu/ssj/CompostingCaseStudy.pdf Vermicomposting study for reducing food waste]</ref><ref>[http://www.swlf.ait.ac.th/UpdData/Presentations/Thai/8%20Vermicomposting%20of%20Food%20Wastes.pdf Vermicomposting for reducing food waste]</ref><ref>[http://www.redwormcomposting.com/worm-farming/restaurant-food-waste-vermicomposting/ Vermicomposting for reducing food waste in restaurants]</ref>
 
=== Daur ulang ===
Limbah [[minyak goreng]] sisa restoran umumnya ada dalam jumlah besar, terutama yang menjalankan proses memasak secara ''deep frying''. Limbah tersebut tidak dapat digunakan kembali secara langsung, namun dapat diolah untuk dijadikan [[biodiesel]] dan [[sabun]],<ref>{{cite web | publisher=CDM - Executive Board | title=Production of biodiesel based on waste oils and/or waste fats from biogenic origin for use as fuel | url=http://www.mct.gov.br/upd_blob/0016/16059.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=2007-09-05}}</ref> juga [[lipid]] untuk nutrisi tambahan pakan ternak, [[kosmetik]], dan [[deterjen]].<ref>Murphy, Denis J. ''Plant lipids: biology, utilisation, and manipulation''. Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.</ref>
 
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== Bahan bacaan terkait ==
* {{Cite book|title = Stop spild af mad - en kogebog med mere|first = Selina|last = Juul|publisher = Gyldendal|year = 2011|isbn = 87-02-10152-1}}
* {{Cite book|title = American Wasteland - How America Throws Away Nearly Half of Its Food (And What We Can Do About It)|first = Jonathan|last = Bloom|publisher = Perseus Books Group|year = 2010|isbn = 0-7382-1364-0}}
* {{Cite book|title = Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal|first = Tristram|last = Stuart|publisher = Penguin|year = 2009|isbn = 0-14-103634-6}}
* {{Cite journal |last= LeGood |first= Paul |authorlink= |author2=Andrew Clarke |date=November 2006 |title= Smart and Active Packaging to Reduce Food Waste |journal= |volume= |issue= |page= 32 |id= |url= http://amf.globalwatchonline.com/epicentric_portal/binary/com.epicentric.contentmanagement.servlet.ContentDeliveryServlet/AMF/smartmat/Smartandactivepackagingtoreducefoodwaste.pdf |accessdate=2009-04-28 | format = PDF}}
* {{Cite book|title = The Use-It-Up Cookbook: A Guide for Minimizing Food Waste|first = Lois Carlson|last = Willand|publisher = Practical Cookbooks|year = 1979|isbn = 0-9614556-0-8}}
* {{Cite news|last= Venkat|first= Kumar|authorlink=|date=September 2011|title= The Anatomy of Food Waste|journal=|volume=|issue=|pages=|id=|url= http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/09/28/the-anatomy-of-food-waste|accessdate=2011-10-04}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|Food waste}}
* [http://www.feeding5k.org/ Feeding the 5000] - Global food waste campaign
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* [http://www.stopspildafmad.dk/inenglish.html Stop Wasting Food movement] - Denmark's largest non-profit consumer movement against food waste
* [http://www.tastethewaste.com Taste the Waste] - international campaign and film project
* [http://www.lastminutemarket.it/media_news/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/JOINT-DECLARATION-FINAL-english.pdf Joint Declaration Against Food Waste] - an international document which is disclosed to the European Parliament and the United Nations and contains proposals for sustainable use of food and commitment to the global reduction of food waste by at least 50% by 2025 and also suggests that reduction of food waste should be a new UN Millennium Development Goal.
* [http://www.save-food.org SAVE FOOD] - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s first international congress on food waste SAVE FOOD in collaboration with Messe Düsseldorf
* [http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/GFL_web.pdf FAO report 'Global Food Losses and Food Waste'] - United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)'s report 'Global Food Losses and Food Waste'
* [http://www.cleanmetrics.com/pages/ClimateChangeImpactofUSFoodWaste.pdf The Climate Change Impact of US Food Waste] - CleanMetrics Corp.'s report on the climate change impact of US food waste, based on a life-cycle assessment study using USDA food waste data
* [http://www.foodwastestats.com Food Waste Stats]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-28092034 Food waste reduction could help feed world's starving], article on [[BBC News]] website
 
[[Kategori:Makanan]]