Pandangan agama tentang masturbasi: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[John T. Noonan Jr.]] mengatakan bahwa kaum Gnostik yang dideskripsikan oleh Epifanius mempraktikkan "tindakan-tindakan seksual non prokreatif" sebagai pusat dalam ritus-ritus keagamaan mereka. Epifanius menyebut praktik-praktik tersebut, yang meliputi coitus interruptus, masturbasi, dan tindakan homoseksual, sebagai "ritus-ritus dan upacara-upacara iblis".<ref name="Noonan">{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Noonan, Jr.|first1=John T.|title=Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists|date=2012|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674070267|pages=95–98|edition=Enlarged}}</ref> [[Shenoute]] (348-466), tokoh Bizantin lainnya yang dipandang sebagai seorang santo dalam [[Gereja Ortodoks Oriental]], memandang masturbasi sebagai suatu pelanggaran seksual<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Schroeder|first1=Caroline T.|title=Monastic Bodies: Discipline and Salvation in Shenoute of Atripe|date=2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812203380|page=36}}</ref> dan suatu "aktivitas seksual terlarang yang sesungguhnya".<ref>{{en}} {{cite book|last1=Krawiec|first1=Rebecca|title=Shenoute and the Women of the White Monastery: Egyptian Monasticism in Late Antiquity|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198029616|pages=26,189}}</ref>

 

 

Namun, seorang teolog Katolik pembangkang bernama Charles E. Curran mengklaim bahwa "para bapa Gereja praktis memilih diam dalam hal pertanyaan sederhana mengenai masturbasi".<ref>{{en}} {{cite book |last1=Mielke|first1=Arthur J.|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 4. Christian Perspectives on Sex and Pornography|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=T08zZBoY7uYC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=the+fathers+of+the+Church+are+pratically+silent+on+the+simple+question+of+masturbation&source=bl&ots=cdFIiqvfi4&sig=akjGs5zbQ2bDuMuxU5f527kYIuM&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=3b8IVOXIDMvZarnUgfAD&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20fathers%20of%20the%20Church%20are%20pratically%20silent%20on%20the%20simple%20question%20of%20masturbation&f=false|title=Christians, Feminists, and the Culture of Pornography|publisher=University Press of America|page=59|isbn=9780819197658|oclc=878553779}}</ref> Arthur J. Mielke menyatakan pandangan [[James A. Brundage]] dengan kata-kata: "tema-tema mengenai masturbasi dan fantasi seksual tidak penting bagi para penulis pagan ataupun Kristen hingga abad keempat atau kelima" (saat terjadinya kebangkitan [[monastisisme]]).<ref>Mielke (1995: 60)</ref> Kenyataannya, Brundage sendiri menyatakan dalam bukunya bahwa para penulis itu tidak terlalu menaruh banyak perhatian pada hal-hal tersebut,<ref name="Brundage2009_p109">{{en}} {{cite book|last=Brundage|first=James A.|authorlink=James A. Brundage|title=Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiGe-Zf0nTIC&pg=PA109|accessdate=10 October 2016|date=15 February 2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-07789-5|page=109}}</ref> serta "hanya menaruh sedikit perhatian pada praktik-praktik masturbasi dan homoseksual",<ref>Brundage (2009), p. 174.</ref> tanpa menyatakan "tidak penting".

{{main article|Islam dan masturbasi}}

 

 

=== Yudaisme ===

[[Maimonides]] menyatakan bahwa [[Tanakh]] tidak secara eksplisit melarang masturbasi.<ref name=myjewishlearning/> Menurut tradisi, kisah biblis mengenai [[Onan]] ditafsirkan oleh kaum Yahudi sebagai pengeluaran sperma di luar vagina dan kecaman daripadanya,<ref name=jewfaq/> serta menerapkan kisah ini untuk masturbasi,<ref name=jewfaq/> kendati Tanakh tidak secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa Onan melakukan masturbasi.<ref name=jewfaq>{{en}} [http://www.jewfaq.org/sex.htm Judaism 101: Kosher Sex] Jewish law clearly prohibits male masturbation. This law is derived from the story of Onan (Gen. 38:8-10), who practiced coitus interruptus as a means of birth control to avoid fathering a child for his deceased brother. G-d killed Onan for this sin. Although Onan's act was not truly masturbation, Jewish law takes a very broad view of the acts prohibited by this passage, and forbids any act of ha-sh'cha'tat zerah (destruction of the seed), that is, ejaculation outside of the vagina. In fact, the prohibition is so strict that one passage in the Talmud states, "in the case of a man, the hand that reaches below the navel should be chopped off." (Niddah 13a). The issue is somewhat less clear for women. Obviously, spilling the seed is not going to happen in female masturbation, and there is no explicit Torah prohibition against female masturbation. Nevertheless, Judaism generally frowns upon female masturbation as "impure thoughts."</ref> Berdasarkan kisah Onan tersebut, [[Yudaisme]] tradisional mengutuk masturbasi yang dilakukan oleh kaum pria.<ref name=myjewishlearning>{{en}} Maimonides, ''Commentary to the Mishnah, Sanhedrin'' 7:4, apud {{cite book|last1=Dorff|first1=Elliot N.|author-link1=Elliot N. Dorff|year=2003|origyear=1998|chapter=Chapter Five. Preventing Pregnancy |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lp9zk0IGZpgC&pg=PA117&dq=maimonides+masturbation&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=M3YLVITRHMfwaPiGgYgH&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=maimonides%20masturbation&f=false|title=Matters of life and death : a Jewish approach to modern medical ethics|edition=First paperback|location=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=Jewish Publication Society|page=117 |isbn=0827607687|oclc=80557192|quote=Jews historically shared the abhorrence of male masturbation that characterized other societies.² Interestingly, although the prohibition was not debated, legal writers had difficulty locating a biblical based for it, and no less an authority than Maimonides claimed that it could not be punishable by the court because there was not an explicit negative commandment forbidding it.³}}</ref>

 

{{quote|Namun, ejakulasi [[semen (reproduksi)|semen]] hanya menyebabkan satu hari kenajisan yang memerlukan pembasuhan dan pembersihan (15:16-18), terlepas dari apakah tindakan tersebut berlangsung selama persetubuhan (yang sah) atau oleh diri sendiri, (masturbasi) secara sengaja atau juga ([[mimpi basah|emisi nokturnal]]) secara tidak sengaja.|[[Jacob Milgrom]]|Leviticus 17-22, pp. 1567-1568, apud [[Robert A. J. Gagnon]], "A critique of Jacob Milgrom's views on Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13"}}