Serangan Tet: Perbedaan antara revisi

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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Serangan Tet
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|Konflik||[[Perang Indochina Kedua]], <br /> ([[Perang Vietnam]])
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|Waktu||[[30 Januari]] [[1968]]&ndash;awal–awal [[1969]]
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|Tempat||[[Vietnam]] Utara dan Selatan
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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Pasukan yang terlibat
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| width=50%|[[Vietnam Selatan]]<br />[[AS]]<br />Sedikit pasukan sekutu AS
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Utara]]<br />[[Front_Nasional_untuk_pembebasan_VietnamFront Nasional untuk pembebasan Vietnam|Front_Pembebasan_Vietnam]]
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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Komandan
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|AS/AUS/KORS: 1.536 mati, 7.764 luka, 11 hilang
AVRN: 2.788 mati, 8.299 luka, 587 hilang<br />
 
Total: 4.324 mati, 16.063 luka, 598 hilang<br />
 
Total Korban: 20985
|25.000-45.000 mati,<br />30.000-50.000 luka,<br />6.000 ditawan, <br />Total Korban: ~60,000-100,000
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|}
|}
 
'''Serangan Tet''' ([[30 Januari]] [[1968]]&ndash;[[1969]]) adalah serangkaian operasi penyerangan pada masa [[Perang Vietnam]], yang dikoordinasi antara unsur-unsur kekuatan batalyon Pasukan Bersenjata Pembebasan Rakyat (PLAF) atau "[[Viet Cong]]" dari Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam dan unsur-unsur kekuatan divisi dari Tentara Rakyat Vietnam (PAVN), dari [[Vietnam Utara]] melawan Tentara Republik Vietnam (ARVN) dari [[Vietnam Selatan]] ditambah militer AS dan pasukan-pasukan sekutu ARVN lainnya. Operasi ini disebut Serangan Tet karena waktunya bertepatan dengan malam [[30 Januari]] - [[31 Januari]] [[1968]], ''[[Tet|T&#7871;tTết Nguyên &#272;ánĐán]]'' ([[Tahun Baru Imlek]]). Serangan itu dimulai secara spektakular pada perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek, dan operasi-operasi sporadik yang terkait berlangsung hingga 1969.
 
Serangan Tet ini menghasilkan serangan operasional yang menghancurkan bagi pemerintah Vietnam, melumpuhkan PLAF. Namun, meskipun keliru, Serangan Tet ini dianggap sebagai titik balik dari perang di Vietnam; di sini NLF dan PAVN memperoleh kemenangan psikologis dan propaganda besar-besaran sehingga menyebabkan hilangnya dukungan rakyat AS terhadap Perang Vietnam dan akhirnya pasukan-pasukan AS pun ditarik mundur. Baik NLF maupun PAVN tidak mencapai tujuan-tujuan strategis mereka, dan ongkos operasional serangan itu sangat berbahaya dan mahal. Selain itu, sementara pendapat umum rakyat AS tetap mendukung keterlibatan AS di dalam perang itu, rakyat AS sendiri semakin kritis terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan perang tertentu [[Lyndon Johnson]]. BArangkali kelompok yang paling terpengaruhi oleh serangan ini adalah pemerintah [[Nguyen Van Thieu|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] di Republik Vietnam, yang militer dan politiknya mengandalkan dukungan AS sebagaimana yang diperlihatkan oleh mayoritas penduduk Republik itu sendiri.
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==Specific operations==
 
To the south the fighting began on January 29 as a number of NLF units began their attacks prematurely in four provincial towns. The rest of the NLF/PAVN attacks began on the night of January 30&ndash;130–1. All but eight provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, and 58 other major towns were attacked, with major attacks were aimed at [[Ban Me Thuot]], [[Quang Nam]], [[Dalat]], [[My Tho]], [[Can Tho]], [[Ben Tre]], [[Nha Trang]], and [[Kontum]]. It was in [[Huế|Hu&#7871;Huế]], the ancient capital, and [[Saigon]] that the PAVN had significant success.
 
===Saigon===
Around five battalions of NLF had infiltrated the city, and there were a number of separate targets, including the headquarters of the ARVN, the airbase at Bien Hoa, the Presidential Palace, and the American Embassy.[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm]
 
Tân S&#417;nSơn Nh&#7845;tNhất airbase, the headquarters of the ARVN and MACV, was attacked by around 700 soldiers and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. At Bien Hoa airbase twenty aircraft were destroyed. The Communist Vietnamese casualties in these two assaults and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 soldiers but they temporarily took control of large parts of the city.
 
[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|General [[Nguyen Ngoc Loan]] executing Viet Cong Captain [[Nguyen Van Lem]]: Eddie Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]]
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==Aftermath==
[[Image:Vietcong2.jpg|thumb|A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits [[interrogation]] following capture in the attacks on [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. (T&#7893;ngTổng ti&#7871;ntiến công T&#7871;tTết M&#7853;uMậu Thân)]]In total, the United States estimated that 45,000 PLAF and PAVN soldiers were killed, though this figure may be significantly lower due to the nature of overclaims. About 6,000 were captured, with the number of wounded being unclear. The USA, AVRN, and allied Australian and South Korean forces suffered 4,324 killed, 16,063 wounded, and 598 missing.
 
===Effect on the NFL and DRVN side===
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"As I anticipated, the enemy's main attack was centered on the two northern provinces of South Vietnam. There the two major battles of the Tet Offensive developed, at the old imperial capital at Hue in Thua Tien province and at the Marine base at Khe Sanh in Quang Tri province. . . . Unlike the fighting further south, the enemy reinforced its initial success by committing the NVA 5th and 324B Divisions into the ensuing battle. A further indication that the northern provinces were the focus of the enemy's main attack was the formation in Hue of a revolutionary government."[General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" Vietnam, Feb 1993, 62-70.] </blockquote> -->
 
=== Dampak terhadap politik dalam negeri AS ===
Hari-hari setelah diterbitkannya laporan ''[[New York Times]]'' mengenai permintaan pasukan tambahan, Presiden Johnson mengalami kekalahan telak pada [[New Hampshire Primary]] [[Partai Demokrat AS]], hanya sedikit melebihi [[Senator AS]] [[Eugene McCarthy]]. Tak lama sesudah itu, Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] mengumumkan bahwa ia akan ikut bertarung memperebutkan nominasi Partai Demokrat, hingga semakin menegaskan melorotna dukungan terhadap pemerintahan Johnson setelah Serangan Tet ini. Meskipun sebagian pihak menegaskan bahwa kurangnya dukungan terhadap Johnson menunjukkan bahwa publik berusaha tidak terlibat dengan Vietnam, yang lainnya mengatakan bahwa kehilangan dukungannya disebabkan karena ia tidak mau melaksanakan perang itu secara efektif. Pada 31 Maret, Johnson mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak ingin mencalonkan diri lagi, dan bahwa pengeboman terhadap Vietnam Utara dihentikan.
 
=== Trivia ===
Pengeboman hebat oleh AS terhadap Ben Tre menghasilkan ungkapan terkenal, "kita perlu menghancurkan kota itu untuk menyelamatkannya." Namun ucapan ini tidak pernah dipastikan sumbernya. Pada tahun 2003, kolumnis [[Mona Charen]] dan peneliti Perang Vietnam [[B. G. Burkett]] menyimpulkan bahwa Ben Tre telah dihancurkan oleh pasukan Viet Cong yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Dan mereka menyebutkan kemungkinan bahwa [[Peter Arnett]], seorang wartawan, sebagai sumber kutipan itu, karena tentara yang kemungkinan sekali dikutip oleh Arnett tampaknya ingat ketika ia mengatakan, "Sayang sekali kota itu dihancurkan."
 
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_085200_tetoffensive.htm Reader's Companion to American History]
*[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/bishop.html Pers dan Serangan Tet] {{en}}
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*[http://www.command-post.org/oped/2_archives/012327.html Pranala kepada artikel kenangan oleh [[Arnaud de Borchgrave]], Koresponden Utama ''Newsweek'' di Vietnam pada Tet]
 
== Referensi ==
 
* Dave Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet: US-Vietnam in Perspective (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978)
*General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" ''Vietnam'', Feb 1993, 62-70.
*[[Steven Hayward]], ''The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Liberal Order, 1964-1980''. (Prima. 544 pages, October 2001) ISBN 076151337X0-7615-1337-X
* [[Peter Braestrup]], ''Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington'' (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), 471.
*William M. Darley War Policy, Public Support,and the Media Parameters, Summer 2005, pp. 121-34.
 
 
[[Kategori:Perang Vietnam]]