Daftar keturunan Nuh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{redirect|Table of Nations|a list of countries|list of sovereign states}}
[[
[[
'''Daftar keturunan Nuh''' ({{lang-en|Generations of Noah}}) juga '''Tabel Bangsa-bangsa''' ({{lang-en|Table of Nations}}''' ({{Kej|10|9}} dalam [[Alkitab Ibrani]] atau [[Perjanjian Lama]] di [[Alkitab]] [[Kristen]]) merupakan suatu silsilah keturunan putra-putra [[Nuh]] serta penyebarannya ke berbagai tanah dan negeri setelah [[Air bah (Nuh)|Air Bah]],{{sfn|Rogers|2000|p=1271}} berfokus pada kelompok masyarakat utama pada zaman penulisan catatan tersebut. Istilah "bangsa-bangsa" merupakan terjemahan kata Ibrani "[[:en:goy|goy]]", yang kemudian pada tahun 400 M pada terjemahan Alkitab bahasa Latin, [[Vulgata]] ditulis sebagai "nationes" / "nationibus", selanjutnya menjadi "nations" dalam bahasa Inggris, tetapi tidak mempunyai konotasi politik yang sama dengan arti kata saat ini.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nation: The History of a Word|authors=Guido Zernatto and Alfonso G. Mistretta|journal=The Review of Politics|volume=6|issue=3|date=July 1944|pages=351–366|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=1404386|doi=10.1017/s0034670500021331}}</ref>
Daftar yang terdiri dari 70 nama untuk pertama kalinya memperkenalkan sejumlah [[:en:ethnonym|etonim]] dan [[:en:toponym|toponim]] yang penting dalam [[geografi]] alkitabiah<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06428c.htm "Biblical Geography," Catholic Encyclopedia]: "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated."</ref> seperti ketiga putra Nuh: [[Sem]], [[Ham]] dan [[Yafet]], yang menurunkan [[Semit|rumpun bangsa Semit]], [[:en:Hamites|Hamit]] dan [[:en:Japhetites|Yafetit]], juga cucu-cucu Nuh tertentu yaitu [[Elam]],
<!--
As Christianity took over the Roman world, it adopted the idea that all the world's peoples were descended from Noah. But the tradition of Hellenistic Jewish identifications of the ancestry of various peoples, which concentrates very much on the Mediterranean world and the [[Near East]] and is described below, became stretched. Northern peoples important to the Late Roman and medieval world, such as the [[Celts]], [[Slavs]], [[Germans]] and [[Norsemen]] were not covered, nor were others of the world's peoples. A variety of arrangements were devised by scholars, with for example the [[Scythians]], who do feature in the tradition, being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe.<ref>Johnson, James William, "The Scythian: His Rise and Fall", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr., 1959), pp. 250-257, University of Pennsylvania Press, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2707822 JSTOR]</ref>
Baris 14:
=== Kitab Kejadian ===
[[
[[Kejadian 1]][[Kejadian 11|–11]] disusun dari lima pernyataan ''toledot'' atau "silsilah"<!-- ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth," is the fourth. Events before the [[Genesis flood narrative]], the central toledot, correspond to those after: the post-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the [[Genesis creation narrative]], and like [[Adam]], Noah has three sons who will populate the world. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are 70 names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain with Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. The symbolic force of these numbers is underscored by the way the names are frequently arranged in groups of seven, suggesting that the Table is a symbolic means of implying universal moral obligation.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|p=4,155–156}}
Baris 151:
The [[Genesis flood narrative|Flood story]] tells how Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth.
*[[Shem]]'s name means "name" or "fame". Through Eber he became the ancestor of [[Abraham]] and thus of the Israelites.{{sfn|Strawn|2000a|p=1205}} In the view of some 17th-century European scholars (e.g., [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]]), the people of China, eastern Persia and "the Indias" descended from Shem.<ref name=mungello179>{{Cite book |title=Curious land: Jesuit accommodation and the origins of Sinology
|authorlink=David E. Mungello|first=David E. | last=Mungello |pages=179, 336–337|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year= 1989|isbn=0-8248-1219-0|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC&printsec=frontcover&q=Noah#v=snippet&q=Shem&f=false;|quote= there are more references in that book on the early Jesuits' and others' opinions on Noah's Connection to China |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Both Webb and the French Jesuits belonging to the [[Figurism|Figurist]] school (late 17th-early 18th century) went even further, identifying the legendary
* [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]] is the forefather of Cush, Egypt, and Put, and of Canaan, whose lands include portions of Africa, Arabia, Syria-Palestine and Mesopotamia. The etymology of his name is uncertain; some scholars have linked it to terms connected with divinity, but a divine or semi-divine status for Ham is unlikely.{{sfn|Strawn|2000b|p=543}}
* [[Japheth]] is apparently the youngest son, although his line is given first.{{sfn|Rogers|2000|p=673}} His name is associated with the mythological Greek Titan Iapetos, and his sons include Javan, the Greek-speaking cities of [[Ionia]].{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|p=158}} In Genesis 9:27 it forms a pun with the Hebrew root ''yph'': "May God make room [the ''[[hiphil]]'' of the yph root] for Japheth, that he may live in Shem's tents and Canaan may be his slave."{{sfn|Thompson|2014|p=102}}
== Interpretasi Etnologi ==
=== Catatan Flavius Yosefus ===
[[
The 1st-century Jewish-Roman historian [[Josephus]], in ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' Book 1, chapter 6, was among the first of many who attempted to assign known ethnicities to some of the names listed in Genesis chapter 10.
* Gomer: "those whom the Greeks now call [[Galatia]]ns, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites".
** Aschanax (Ashkenaz): "Aschanaxians, who are now called by the Greeks Rheginians".
** Riphath: "Ripheans, now called [[Paphlagonia]]ns".
** Thrugramma (Togarmah): "Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named [[Phrygians]]".
* Magog: "Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called [[Scythians]]".
* Madai: "the Madeans, who are called [[Medes]], by the Greeks".
* Javan: "Ionia, and all the [[Grecians]]".
** Elisa: "Eliseans... they are now the [[Aeolians]]".
** Tharsus (Tarshish): "Tharsians, for so was [[Cilicia]] of old called". He also derives the name of their city Tarsus from Tharsus.
** Cethimus (Kittim): "The island Cethima: it is now called [[Cyprus]]". He also derives the Greek name of their city, which he spells ''[[Kition|Citius]]'', from Cethimus.
* Thobel (Tubal): "Thobelites, who are now called Iberes".
* Mosoch (Meshech): "Mosocheni... now they are [[Cappadocia]]ns." He also derives the name of their capital [[Kayseri|Mazaca]] from Mosoch.
* Thiras (Tiras): "Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into [[Thracians]]".
* Chus (Cush): "Ethiopians... even at this day, both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called [[Kingdom of Kush|Chusites]]".
** Sabas (Seba): Sabeans
** Evilas (Havilah): "Evileans, who are called [[Gaetuli|Getuli]]".
** Sabathes (Sabta): "Sabathens, they are now called by the Greeks [[Atbarah River|
** Sabactas (Sabteca): Sabactens
** Ragmus (Raamah): Ragmeans
*** Judadas (Dedan): "Judadeans, a nation of the western Ethiopians".
*** Sabas (Sheba): Sabeans
* Mesraim (Misraim): [[Egypt]], which he says is called ''Mestre'' in his country.
** "Now all the children of Mesraim, being eight in number, possessed the country from Gaza to Egypt, though it retained the name of one only, the Philistim; for the Greeks call part of that country ''Palestine''. As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself, Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names; for the Ethiopic war which we shall describe hereafter, was the cause that those cities were overthrown."
* Phut: [[Libya]]. He states that a river and region "in the country of Moors" was still called ''Phut'' by the Greeks, but that it had been renamed "from one of the sons of Mesraim, who was called Lybyos".
* Canaan: [[Judea]], which he called "from his own name Canaan".
** Sidonius (Sidon): The city of Sidonius, "called by the Greeks ''Sidon''".
** Amathus (Hamathite): "Amathine, which is even now called Amathe by the inhabitants, although the Macedonians named it Epiphania, from one of his posterity."
** Arudeus (Arvadite): "the island Aradus".
** Arucas (Arkite): "Arce, which is in Libanus".
** "But for the seven others [sons of Canaan], Chetteus, Jebuseus, Amorreus, Gergesus, Eudeus, Sineus, Samareus, we have nothing in the sacred books but their names, for the Hebrews overthrew their cities".
* Elam: "[[Elamites]], the ancestors of the Persians".
* Ashur: "[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], and their city [[Niniveh]] built by Ashur.
* Arphaxad: "Arphaxadites, who are now called [[Chaldea]]ns".
** Sala
*** Heber (Eber): "from whom they originally called the Jews [[Hebrews]]".
**** Phaleg (Peleg): He notes that he was so named "because he was born at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for ''Phaleg'' among the Hebrews signifies division".
**** Joctan
***** "Elmodad, Saleph, Asermoth, Jera, Adoram, Aizel, Decla, Ebal, Abimael, Sabeus, Ophir, Euilat, and Jobab. These inhabited from [[Cophen]], an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it."
* Aram: "Aramites, which the Greeks called [[Syrians]]".
** Uz: "Uz founded [[Lajat|Trachonitis]] and [[Damascus]]: this country lies between Palestine and [[Coele-Syria|Celesyria]]".
** Ul (Hul): [[Armenia]]
** Gather (Gether): [[Bactria]]ns
** Mesa (Mesh): "Mesaneans; it is now called [[Charax Spasinu]]".
* Laud (Lud): "Laudites, which are now called [[Lydians]]".
=== Catatan Hippolytus ===
[[
[[Hippolytus of Rome]], in his ''Diamerismos'' (c. 234, existing in numerous Latin and Greek copies),<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=N0FucWLGmS8C ''Die Chronik des Hippolytus'']</ref> made another attempt to assign ethnicities to the names in Genesis 10. It is thought to have been based on the [[Book of Jubilees]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UeUWRckMDkQC&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref>
Perbedaan dengan versi Yosefus adalah:
* Gomer – Cappadocians
** Ashkenaz – Sarmatians
** Riphath – Sauromatians
** Togarmah – Armenians
* Magog – Galatians, [[Celts]]
* Javan
** Elishah – [[Sicels]] (''Chron Pasc'': Trojans and Phrygians)
** Tarshish – Iberians, Tyrrhenians
** Kittim – Macedonians, Romans, Latins
* Tubal – "Hettali" (?)
* Meshech – Illyrians
* Misraim
** Ludim – Lydians
** Anamim – [[Pamphylia]]ns
** Pathrusim – [[Lycia]]ns (var.: Cretans)
** Caphtorim – Cilicians
* Put – [[Troglodytae|Troglodytes]]
* Canaan – [[Afri]] and Phoenicians
** Arkite – [[Tripolitania]]ns
* Lud – [[Halizones]]
* Arpachshad
** Cainan – "those east of the Sarmatians" (one variant)
*** Joktan
**** Elmodad – Indians
**** Saleph – Bactrians
**** Hazamaveth, Sheba – Arabs
**** Adoram – [[Carmania (satrapy)|
**** Uzal – [[Aria (satrapy)|
**** Abimael – [[Hyrcania]]ns
**** Obal – Scythians
**** Ophir – Armenians
**** Deklah – [[Gedrosia]]ns
* Aram – "Etes" ?
** Hul – Lydians (var: [[Colchis|Colchians]])
** Gether – "Gaspeni" ?
** Mash – [[Mossynoeci]] (var: Mosocheni)
The ''[[Chronography of 354]]'', the ''[[Panarion]]'' by [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 375), the ''[[Chronicon Paschale]]'' (c. 627), the ''History of Albania'' by the Georgian historian [[Movses Kaghankatvatsi]] (7th century), and the ''Synopsis of Histories'' by [[John Skylitzes]] (c. 1057) follow the identifications of Hippolytus.
=== Catatan Hieronimus ===
[[Jerome]], writing c. 390, provided an 'updated' version of Josephus' identifications in his ''Hebrew Questions on Genesis''.
* Thubal, son of Japheth: "[[Iberians]], who are also the [[Spaniards]] from whom derive the [[Celtiberians]], although certain people suppose them to be the Italians."
* Gether, son of Aram: "[[Acarnania|Acarnanii]] or [[Caria]]ns"
* Mash, son of Aram: [[Lydia|Maeones]]
=== In Isidore of Seville and later authors ===
The scholar [[Isidore of Seville]], in his ''[[Etymologiae]]'' (c. 600), repeats all of Jerome's identifications, but with these minor changes:<ref>{{cite book |author=Isidorus (Hispalensis) |authorlink=Isidore of Seville |editor=Stephen A. Barney |title=Etymologiae (English translation) |url= |accessdate= |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=9781139456166 |pages=192–193}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C&pg=PA192#v=snippet&q=Eber%20Joktan%20Sheleph&f=false page 192] [https://books.google.com/books?id=3ep502syZv8C&pg=PA193#v=snippet&q=Magog%20Ashkenaz&f=false page 193]</ref>
* Joktan, son of Eber: [[Indian people|Indians]]
* Saleph, son of Joktan: [[Bactria]]ns
* Magog, son of Japheth: "Scythians and [[Goths]]"
* Ashkenaz, son of Gomer: "[[Sarmatians]], whom the Greeks call Rheginians".
Isidore's identifications for Japheth's sons were repeated in the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' attributed to [[Nennius]]. Isidore's identifications also became the basis for numerous later mediaeval scholars, remaining so until the [[Age of Discovery]] prompted newer theories, such as that of [[Benito Arias Montano]] (1571), who proposed connecting Meshech with [[Moscow]], and Ophir with [[Peru]].
Baris 270:
While Genesis 10 was covered extensively by numerous Christian, Jewish and Muslim scholars over many centuries, the phrase "Table" of nations only appeared and became popular in English from the 1830s.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}
=== Other interpretations: Descendants of Japheth ===
[[
{{Main|Japhetites}}
The Greek [[Septuagint]] (LXX) text of Genesis includes an additional son of Japheth, "Elisa", between Javan and Tubal; however, as this name is found in no other ancient source, nor in I Chronicles, he is almost universally agreed to be a duplicate of Elisha, son of Javan. The presence of Elisa and of Cainan son of Arpachshad (below) in the Greek Bible accounts for the traditional enumeration among early Christian sources of 72 names, as opposed to the 70 names found in Jewish sources and Western Christian sources.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}
* [[Gomer]]: the [[Cimmerians]], a people from the northern Black Sea, made incursions into Anatolia in the eighth and early seventh centuries BCE before being confined to Cappadocia.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=147}}
** [[Ashkenaz]]: A people of the Black and Caspian sea areas, much later associated with German and East European Jews.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=103}} The Ashkuza, who lived on the upper [[Euphrates]] in [[Armenia]] expelled the Cimmerians from their territory, and in Jeremiah 51:27 were said to march against Babylon along with two other northern kingdoms.{{sfn|Bøe|2001|p=48}}
** [[Riphath]] (''Diphath'' in Chronicles): Josephus identification Riphath with the [[Paphlagonia]]ns of later antiquity, but this appears to have been no more than a guess; the [[Book of Jubilees]] identifies the name with the "[[Riphean Mountains]]", equated with the Causcasus in Classical sources, and the general understanding seems to have been invaders from the Causcuses who were settled in Armenia or Cappadocia.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=149}}
** [[Togarmah]]: Associated with Anatolia in Ezekiel.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=103}} Later Armenian historians claimed Togarmah as an ancestor.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=149}}
Baris 287:
** [[Kittim]]: Originally the inhabitants of Kition in Cyprus, later the entire island; in the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] the Kittim appear to be the Romans.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=103}}
** [[Dodanim]] (''Rodanim'' in Chronicles): Inhabitants of [[Rhodes]].{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=103}}
* [[Tubal]]: Tubal and Meshech always appear as a pair in the Old Testament.{{sfn|Bøe|2001|p=101}} The name Tubal is connected with [[Tabal]] and Greek Tipaprivoi, a people of [[Cappadocia]], in the north-east of Anatolia.{{sfn|Bøe|2001|p=102}}
* [[Meshech]]: [[Mushki]]/Muski had its capital at [[Gordium]] and fused with the kingdom of [[Phrygia]] by the 8th century.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=148}}
* [[Tiras]]: Josephus and late Rabbinical writers associated Tiras with [[Thrace]], the part of Europe opposite Anatolia, but all the other sons of Japheth are located in Anatolia itself and it is possible that Tiras may refer to Thracians inhabiting westernmost Anatolia; it has also been associated with some of the [[Sea Peoples]] such as Tursha and [[Tyrrhenians]], but this is considered unlikely.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=149–150}}
=== Other interpretations: Descendants of Ham ===
{{Main|Hamitic}}
* [[Biblical Cush|Cush]]: The biblical transliteration of the Egyptian name for [[Nubia]] or Ethiopia; the "sons of Cush" which follow are various locations on the Arabian and possibly African coasts bordering the Red Sea.{{sfn|Gmirkin|2006|p=161}}
** [[List of minor biblical figures, L–Z#Seba|Seba]], son of Cush. Has been connected with both [[Yemen]] and [[Ethiopia]], with much confusion with Sheba below.
** [[Havilah]], son of Cush.
** [[List of minor biblical figures, L–Z#Sabtah|Sabtah]], son of Cush.
** [[Raamah]], son of Cush.
*** [[Sheba]], son of Raamah. Has been connected with [[Sabaeans]] and peoples on either side of the narrowest part of the [[Red Sea]].{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
*** [[Dedanites|Dedan]], son of Raamah.
** [[Sabtechah]], son of Cush.
** [[Nimrod (king)|Nimrod]]: Possibly connected with [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], a 3rd millennium king of [[Akkadian Empire|Akkad]];in verses 10–12 he is the founder of a list of [[Mesopotamia]]n cities, and the biblical tradition elsewhere identifies him with northern Mesopotamia or Assyria.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=104}} His location (Mesopotamia) is something of an anomaly, in that the other sons of Cush are connected with Africa or the Red Sea, and he is probably a late insertion resulting from a confusion between the African Cush and a quite different Cush, the [[eponym]] (ancestor) of the [[Kassites]].{{sfn|Uehlinger|1999|p=628}}
* [[Mizraim]]: Egypt.{{sfn|Matthews|1996|p=452}}
** [[Ludim]], offspring of Mizraim.
** [[Anamim]], offspring of Mizraim.
** [[Lehabim]], offspring of Mizraim.
** [[Naphtuhim]], offspring of Mizraim.
** [[Pathrusim]], offspring of Mizraim.
** [[Casluhim]] ("out of whom came [[Philistines|Philistim]]" – {{bibleref|Genesis|10:14|9}}, {{bibleref|1Chronicles|1:12|9}})
** [[Caphtorim]]: Probably the island of [[Crete]]. According to Deuteronomy 2:23, Caphtorim settled in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], an important Philistinian city.{{sfn|Towner|2001|p=104}}
Baris 328:
The 17th-century Jesuit, [[Athanasius Kircher]], thought that the Chinese had also descended from Ham, via Egyptians.
=== Interpretasi lain: Keturunan Sem ===
{{Main|Semit}}
Baris 341:
::::* [[Almodad]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Sheleph]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Hazarmaveth]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Jerah]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Hadoram]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Uzal]], son of Joktan.
::::* [[Diklah]] son of Joktan.
Baris 372:
[[Martin of Opava]] (c. 1250), later versions of the ''[[Mirabilia Urbis Romae]]'', and the ''Chronicon Bohemorum'' of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make [[Janus]] (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented [[astrology]], and instructed Nimrod.
According to the monk [[Annio da Viterbo]] (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer [[Berossus]] had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including sons named [[Tuisto]], [[Prometheus]], [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]], [[Macrus]], "16 [[titan (mythology)|
-->
== Islam ==
Putra-putra Nuh tidak disebutkan nama-namanya dalam Quran, melainkan hanya dicatat bahwa salah satu putranya termasuk orang-orang yang tidak mengikuti Nuh, bukan tergolong orang percaya, sehingga tenggelam dalam air bah. Juga Qur'an mengindikasikan bencana besar, cukup untuk menghancurkan orang-orang pada zaman Nuh, tetapi menyelamatkan Nuh dan keturunannya.<ref>Surat As-Saffat {{cite quran|37|75–77|s=ns}}</ref>
== Lihatpula ==
{{div col|cols=3}}
* [[Aggadah]]
* [[Ancient Egypt]]
* [[Antediluvian]]
* [[Comparative linguistics]]
* [[Continuity thesis]]
* [[Ethnography]]
* [[Fertile crescent]]
* [[Garden of Eden]]
* [[Genealogy]]
* [[Human history]]
* [[Mesopotamia]]
* [[Nuwaubianism]]
* [[Noah's Ark]]
* [[Wives aboard the Ark]]
{{div col end}}
== Catatan ==
* [[August Dillmann|Dillmann, A.]], ''Genesis: Critically and Exegetically Expounded'', Vol. 1, Edinburgh, UK, T. and T. Clark, 1897, 314.
* [[E. F. Kautzsch|Kautzsch, E.F.]]: quoted by James Orr, "The Early Narratives of Genesis," in The Fundamentals, Vol. 1, Los Angeles, CA, Biola Press, 1917.
== Referensi ==
Baris 674:
* [http://www.apostlesbible.com/ English Septuagint]
* [http://etext.virginia.edu/frames/bibleframe.html King James Version and Revised Standard Version]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=134&letter=G ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Entry for "Genealogy"
* [http://custance.org/old/noah/ch1bh.html Custance, Arthur C., ''The Roots of the Nations''.] A more standard creationist account that associates Japheth with Europe.
{{Anak Nuh}}
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