Francis Collins: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Before being appointed director of the NIH, Collins led the Human Genome Project and other genomics research initiatives as director of the [[National Human Genome Research Institute]] (NHGRI), one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH. Before joining NHGRI, he earned a reputation as a gene hunter at the [[University of Michigan]]. He has been elected to the [[Institute of Medicine]]<nowiki/> and the [[National Academy of Sciences]], and has received the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] and the [[National Medal of Science]].

 

Collins also has written a number of books on science, medicine, and religion, including the ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller, ''[[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]]''.

 

 

Collins was born in Staunton, Virginia, the youngest of four sons of Fletcher Collins and Margaret James Collins. Raised on a small farm in Virginia's [[Shenandoah Valley]], Collins was [[home schooled]] until the sixth grade.<ref>Google Book Search [[The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=JcMCmBnpHGsC&dq=%22language+of+god%22+collins+homeschool&pg=PP1&ots=qQM1QRH3B5&source=bn&sig=mdeuF90uw_WdkUokgoXgrtMYBX8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA13,M1 Chapter 1]</ref> He attended [[Robert E. Lee High School (Staunton, Virginia)|Robert E. Lee High School]] in [[Staunton, Virginia]]. Through most of his high school and college years he aspired to be a chemist, and he had little interest in what he then considered the "messy" field of biology. What he referred to as his "formative education" was received at the [[University of Virginia]], where he earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[Chemistry]] in 1970. He went on to graduate as a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in [[Physical Chemistry]] at [[Yale University]] in 1974. While at Yale, a course in biochemistry sparked his interest in the subject. After consulting with his mentor from the University of Virginia, Carl Trindle, he changed fields and enrolled in medical school at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], earning a [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree there in 1977.

 

From 1978 to 1981, Collins served a residency and chief residency in internal medicine at [[North Carolina Memorial Hospital]] in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]]. He then returned to Yale, where he was a [[Fellow]] in Human Genetics at the medical school from 1981 to 1984.

 

At Yale, Collins worked under the direction of [[Sherman Weissman]], and in 1984 the two published a paper, "Directional Cloning of DNA Fragments at a Large distance From an Initial Probe: a Circularization Method".<ref>{{cite web |author1=Francis S. Collins |author2=Sherman M. Weissman |title=''Directional cloning of DNA fragments at a large distance from an initial probe: a circularization method'' |publisher=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |date=Nov 1984 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/81/21/6812.full.pdf+html?sid=4509210e-8129-4da3-b99c-dd5829a5a9c2 |accessdate=September 29, 2011}}</ref> The method described was named ''[[chromosome jumping]]'', to emphasize the contrast with an older and much more time-consuming method of copying DNA fragments called ''[[chromosome walking]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Leon. E. Rosenberg |title=''Introductory Speech for Francis S. Collins'' |year=2006 |pmc=1559551 |pmid=16909377 |doi=10.1086/500276 |volume=79 |journal=Am J Hum Genet |pages=419–20}}</ref>