|
|children = 3
|alma_mater = [[Universitas Damaskus]]
|religion = [[Alawiyah]]
|allegiance = {{flagu|Suriah}}
|branch = [[Angkatan Bersenjata Suriah]]
Lahir dan besar di [[Damaskus]], Assad lulus dari sekolah kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] pada tahun 1988 dan memulai bekerja sebagai dokter di [[Angkatan Darat Suriah]]. Empat tahun kemudian, ia mengikuti studi pascasarjana di [[Rumah Sakit Mata Barat]] di London, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam [[oftalmologi]]. Pada tahun 1994, setelah kakak tertuanya [[Basil al-Assad|Basil]] meninggal dalam kecelakaan mobil, Basyar dipanggil kembali ke Suriah untuk mengambil alih peran Bassil sebagai [[pewaris tahta]]. Ia masuk akademi militer, mengambil bagian dalam [[pendudukan Suriah atas Lebanon]] pada tahun 1998. Pada tanggal 10 Juli 2000, Assad terpilih sebagai Presiden, menggantikan ayahnya, yang meninggal di kantor sebulan sebelumnya. Dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2000|pemilihan 2000]] dan berikutnya [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2007|2007]], ia mendapat 99,7% dan 97,6% dukungan, berturut-turut dalam referendum pada kepemimpinannya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/27/AR2007052701117.html |work=The Washington Post|title=Syrians Vote For Assad in Uncontested Referendum|agency= Associated Press |date=28 Mei 2007 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6700021.stm |publisher=BBC News|title=Syria's Assad wins another term|date=29 Mei 2007 |accessdate= 13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/28/syria.ianblack|title = Democracy Damascus style: Assad the only choice in referendum |work = The Guardian |date=28 Mei 2007}}</ref>
Pada 16 Juli 2014, Assad dilantik untuk jangka waktu tujuh tahun lagi setelah mendapat 88,7% hasil suara dalam [[Pemilihan Presiden Suriah 2014|pemilihan presiden pertama yang diperebutkan dalam sejarah Ba'ats Suriah]].<ref name=reuterscontested>{{cite news|title= Confident Assad launches new term in stronger position |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSKBN0FL0NN20140717|agency=Reuters|date=16 Juli 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/28/us-syria-crisis-assad-idUSBREA3R0LH20140428?irpc=932 |title=Assad seeks re-election as Syrian civil war rages |agency=Reuters |first1=Dominic |last1=Evans |date= 28 April 2014|accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27419552 |title=UK's William Hague attacks Assad's Syria elections plan |publisher=BBC News|date=15 Mei 2014 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref> DelegasiPemilihan itu dikritik oleh media sebagai "dikontrol ketat" dan tanpa [[pemantau independen|pemantau pemilu independen]], sementara delegasi internasional yang terdiri dari para pejabat lebih dari 30 negara (termasuk [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Kuba]], [[Ekuador]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Irak]], [[Nikaragua]], [[Rusia]], [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Venezuela]]) mengeluarkan pernyataan yang menyatakan bahwa pemilihan itu "bebas, adil dan transparan".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2648552/Syrias-Assad-wins-presidential-vote-landslide.html|title=Syria's Assad wins presidential vote in landslide|website=Daily Mail |date=4 Juni 2014 |accessdate=17 Desember 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Foreign-delegation-in-Syria-slams-West-endorses-elections/articleshow/36069541.cms |title=Foreign delegation in Syria slams West, endorses elections |work=The Times of India |date=4 Juni 2014|accessdate=8 Juni 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10970476/Bashar-al-Assad-sworn-in-for-a-third-term-as-Syrian-president.html|title=Bashar al-Assad sworn in for a third term as Syrian president|website=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 Juli 2014|accessdate=17 Desember 2016}}</ref> Pemerintah Assad menggambarkan dirinya sebagai sekuler,{{sfn|Bronner|2007|p=63}} sementara beberapa ahli menyatakan bahwa pemerintah memanfaatkan ketegangan aliran agama di negara itu dan bergantung pada minoritas [[Alawiyah]] untuk tetap berkuasa.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Syria/151-flight-of-icarus-the-pyd-s-precarious-rise-in-syria.pdf |title= Flight of Icarus? The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria |publisher=International Crisis Group|date=8 Mei 2014|accessdate=4 Oktober 2014 |format=PDF|page= 23 |quote=Rezim ini bertujuan untuk memaksa orang untuk berlindung di identitas sektarian dan komunitarian mereka; untuk membagi masing-masing komunitas menjadi cabang-cabang yang bersaing, membagi mereka yang mendukungnya dari mereka yang menentangnya.}}</ref><ref name="NPR_APRIL_2015">{{cite web |url= http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/04/18/400360836/syrias-minorities-caught-between-sword-of-isis-and-wrath-of-assad |title= Syria's Minorities: Caught Between Sword Of ISIS And Wrath of Assad |publisher= NPR |last= Meuse |first= Alison |date= 18 April 2015 |accessdate= 19 April 2015 |quote= Karim Bitar, seorang analis Timur Tengah di Paris berpikir tank IRIS [...] mengatakan [...] "Minoritas sering digunakan sebagai perisai oleh rezim otoriter, yang mencoba untuk menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai pelindung dan sebagai benteng melawan Islam radikal."}}</ref>
Setelah dilihat oleh masyarakat internasional sebagai pembaharu potensial, [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Uni Eropa]], dan sebagian dari [[Liga Arab]] menyerukan pengunduran diri Assad dari kursi kepresidenan setelah ia diduga memerintahkan tindakan keras dan pengepungan militer terhadap para demonstran [[Musim Semi Arab]], yang menyebabkan [[Perang Sipil Suriah]]. <ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2990998/Syrias-Assad-tightens-grip-four-years-war.html |title= Syria's Assad tightens grip after four years of war |work= Daily Mail |agency=Agence France-Presse|date=12 April 2015 |accessdate= 12 Maret 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bassem Mroue|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|title=Bashar Assad Resignation Called For By Syria Sit-In Activists|work=[[The Huffington Post]] |agency= Associated Press|accessdate=14 Maret 2015|date=18 April 2011|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512045222/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/18/bashar-assad-resignation-syria-protest_n_850657.html|archivedate=12 Mei 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/22/world/meast/syria-unrest |title=Arab League to offer 'safe exit' if Assad resigns |publisher=CNN |date= 23 Juli 2012|accessdate= 13 Maret 2015}}</ref> Selama Perang Sipil Suriah, penyelidikan oleh [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] melaporkan menemukan bukti yang terlibat Assad dalam [[kejahatan perang]] dan [[kejahatan kemanusiaan|kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan]]. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25189834 |title=UN implicates Bashar al-Assad in Syria war crimes |publisher=BBC News |date=2 Desember 2013 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref> Pada bulan Juni 2014, Assad termasuk dalam daftar 20 sampel kejahatan perang dakwaan dari pejabat pemerintah dan pemberontak yang diserahkan ke [[Mahkamah Pidana Internasional]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0EL25020140610?irpc=932 |title=Assad tops list of Syria war crimes suspects handed to ICC: former prosecutor |first1= Stephanie |last1= Nebehay |agency=Reuters |date=10 Juni 2014 |accessdate=13 Maret 2015}}</ref><!-- Pada bulan November 2014, jaksa dari [[Pengadilan Khusus untuk Libanon]] mengumumkan bahwa bukti akan diajukan terhadap Assad mengenai kematian [[Rafik Hariri]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Special-Lebanon-Court-permits-prosecutor-to-bring-evidence-against-Assad-in-Hariri-case-381986 |title= Special Lebanon Court permits prosecutor to bring evidence against Assad in Hariri case
|work= The Jerusalem Post |first1= Yonah |last1=Jermey Bob |date=16 November 2013 |accessdate= 17 November 2014}}</ref>-->
== Kehidupan pribadi ==
<!-- Keluarga al-Assad adalah anggota [[muslim]] [[Syia]] [[Alawite]] group minoritas dan anggota group have been prominent in the governmental hierarchy and army since 1963 when Baath first seized power. Their origins are to be found in the [[Latakia]] region of north-west Syria. Bashar's family is originally from [[Qardaha]], just east of Latakia.
Assad yang mahir dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] dan [[bahasa Perancis]] menjalani studi di sekolah Franco-Arab al-Hurriyet di [[Damaskus]] juga belajar ilmu kedokteran di [[Universitas Damaskus]] untuk Fakultas Kedokteran. Lulus menjadi seorang dokter, spesialisasi dalam [[oftalmologi]] (mata) di pendidikan rumah sakit [[London]]. Ia menikah dengan Asma' al-Akhras, seorang Suriah [[Syiah]] yang tinggal di [[Inggris]] sejak kelahirannya maupun masa dewasanya.
Initially Bashar had few political aspirations. Hafez al-Assad had been grooming Bashar's older brother, [[Basil al-Assad]] to be the future president. However, Basil's premature death in an automobile accident in 1994 suddenly made Bashar his father's new [[heir apparent]]. When the elder Assad died in 2000, Bashar was duly elected President unopposed with apparent massive popular support, after Syria's Majlis Al Shaa'b (Parliament) swiftly voted to lower the minimum age for candidates from 40 to 34.
Upon claiming the presidency, Bashar al-Assad promised economic and political reforms to Syria, but he has so far delivered little change in the status quo. The [[Baath Party]] remains in control of the parliament and is constitutionally the "leading party" of the state. Bashar al-Assad, however, was not strongly involved previously in the running of the party. Until he became President, Bashar's only formal political role was as the head of the Syrian Computer Society, which was mainly in charge of introducing the [[Internet]] to Syria.
Immediately after he took power, a reform movement made cautious advances during the so-called [[Damaskus Spring]], and Assad seemed to accept this, as he shut down the notorious [[Mezze prison]] and released hundreds of [[political prisoner]]s. The Damaskus Spring however ground to an abrupt halt as security crackdowns commenced again within a year, and although Bashar rules with a softer touch than the all-out [[totalitarianism]] of his father, political freedoms are still extremely curtailed. The security apparatus has eased its grip on society, but remains solidly in control, and while a small dissident movement has by now firmly established itself, it is still both powerless and pressured by the regime. Sporadic protests are occurring among the [[Kurds]] in north-eastern Syria, long discriminated against by the [[Arab nationalist]] Baathist government.
Economic liberalization has also been very limited, with industry still heavily state-controlled and [[political corruption|corruption]] rife throughout the state apparatus. Mild economic sanctions (the [[Syria Accountability Act]]) applied by the [[USA]] further complicate the situation. Of major importance are the negotiations for a [[free trade]] [[Association Agreement]] with the [[European Union]], but progress is slow.
The military plays an omnipresent role in Syrian politics - Hafez al-Assad headed both the military and the air forces, and it was a [[The Corrective Revolution|military coup]] which brought him to power in 1970. Bashar entered the military academy at [[Homs]], north of Damaskus, following the death of Basil, and was propelled through the ranks to become a colonel in January 1999.
== Foreign relations ==
[[Berkas:Syria.BasharAlAssad.02.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Billboard with portrait of Assad and the text ''We bend to no one but God'' on the [[Damaskus#The_walls_and_gates_of_Damascus|old city wall of Damaskus]] 2006]]
Despite tense relations with [[Israel]], Assad has repeatedly called for a resumption of talks on the issue of the [[Golan Heights]], occupied by Israel since 1967. However, the [[United States]] and Israel continue to accuse Assad of supporting militant anti-Israeli groups, classified as terrorist groups by US State Department, including [[Hizbullah]], [[Hamas]] and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]].
In May 2001, Assad caused an uproar over his Damaskus speech welcoming the visit of [[Pope John Paul II]], in which he criticized [[Israel]] and Jews, saying: "They tried to kill the principles of all religions with the same mentality in which they betrayed Jesus Christ and the same way they tried to betray and kill the Prophet [[Muhammad]]." [http://www.adl.org/presrele/islme_62/3825_62.asp]
Assad opposed the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], despite a long standing animosity between the Syrian and [[Iraq]]i regimes, using Syria's position holding one of the rotating seats on the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]]. This precipitated, alongside the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Hariri, and the supposed harbouring of anti-Israeli terrorists, a crisis in relations with the [[United States]].
Assad has been criticised for Syria's de facto [[Military occupation|occupation]] of [[Lebanon]] (which ended in 2005) and the USA put Syria under sanctions partly because of this. He is reported to have played a key role in the accession of the pro-Syrian General [[Emile Lahoud]] to the Lebanese presidency in 1998.
In the Arab world, Bashar has mended relations with the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]], and attempted to build good relations with more conservative Arab states, while generally standing by Syria's Arab nationalist agenda.
==Internal power struggle==
According to some sources, at least part of the slow progress on reform stems from the opposition of an "old guard" within the Syrian regime, which drags its feet in protest of political liberalizations and in order to maintain its privileged position within the government. There has even been speculation on whether Bashar al-Assad was in real control of Syria, with some commentators suggesting the country was run by a coterie of old Hafez loyalists, mainly around the military and security services, with Bashar acting mainly as a figurehead. Others have claimed that he has indeed always been in power, but that he has acted cautiously so as not to provoke powerful elements within the old elite, as was initially lacking a support base within the government. This seems to be a widely held opinion among Syrians, some of whom credit the president with good intentions but little effective power to carry out his reform program.
While Bashar certainly seems to have been careful in pushing for reforms of the government, he has systematically expanded his influence within the Syrian ruling apparatus. The retirement of the powerful defence minister [[Mustafa Tlass]] in 2004 and the absconding of vice president [[Abdulhalim Khaddam]] in 2005, both long-standing Hafez loyalists, is considered a sign that Bashar's "soft purge" of the party is now more or less over. This, however, also means Assad can to a greater extent be held personally responsible for the slow pace of reform.
==2005 Lebanon crisis==
A major crisis began recently with the murder of [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Prime Minister [[Rafik Hariri]] in February 2005, which was widely blamed on Syria. As a result of the ensuing protests, Assad was forced to pull out all Syrian forces and security services from Lebanon. Syria remains influential in Lebanon, however, and economic activity is strongly interdependent. The pull-out from Lebanon was a serious blow to the prestige of Assad.
Further embarrassing the regime was the implication of senior Syrian officials in the [[United Nations]] [[Mehlis report]], released in October 2005, which entered the headlines after interior minister [[Ghazi Kanaan]] allegedly committed suicide while being investigated by the UN mission. There are also indications that the Mehlis investigation is specifically interested in relatives of Bashar al-Assad himself.
It is unknown if Assad knew of the operation, which he has repeatedly condemned. He strongly denies any Syrian involvement, but has promised to extradite or punish anyone found guilty of participating in the conspiracy to kill Hariri. However, his former Vice President, [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]], has accused him of being behind the operation. Assad has refused to be questioned himself or for other high-ranking Syrian officials to be questioned by the special UN prosecutor in connection to Hariri's murder. In summation, the Hariri affair has proved the most pressing crisis for the Syrian government in decades, possibly since Hafez al-Assad seized power, with some commentators suggesting that it could forespell the downfall of Bashar himself.
==Family==
Family connections is presently an important part of Syrian politics. Several members of Hafez al-Assad's closest family has held positions within the government since his ascent to power, most notably of course Bashar himself. Most of the al-Assad and Makhlouf families have also grown tremendously wealthy, and parts of that fortune have reached their [[Alawite]] tribe in [[Qardaha]] and its surroundings. The following is a list of some of Bashar's most prominent relatives:
* '''[[Hafez al-Assad]], father'''. Former president. Died in 2000.
* '''[[Rifaat al-Assad]], uncle'''. Formerly a powerful security chief; now in exile in [[France]] after attempting a [[coup d'êtat]] in 1984
* '''[[Jamil al-Assad]], uncle'''. Parliamentarian, commander of a minor militia.
* '''Anisah Makhlouf, mother'''.
* '''[[Basil al-Assad]], brother'''. Original candidate for succession. Died in an automobile accident in 1994.
* '''Majd al-Assad, brother'''. Electrical engineer; widely reported to have mental problems.
* '''[[Lt. Col.]] [[Maher al-Assad]], brother'''. Head of Presidential Guard.
* '''[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Bushra al-Assad, sister'''. [[Pharmacist]]. Said to be a strong influence on both Hafez and Bashar, sometimes called the "brain" of Syrian politics. Married to [[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]].
* '''[[Gen.]] Adnan Makhlouf, cousin of Anisah'''. Commands the Republican Guard.
* '''Adnan al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Leader of "Struggle companies" militia in [[Damaskus]].
* '''Muhammad al-Assad, cousin of Hafez'''. Another leader of the "Struggle companies".
* '''[[Gen.]] [[Assef Shawqat]], brother-in-law'''. Husband of Bushra. Present head of military intelligence, close associate of Bashar.
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== Lihat pula ==
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