Berikanlah kepada Kaisar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:Titian_-_The_Tribute_Money_-_Google_Art_Project_(715452).jpg|ka|jmpl|274x274px|''Uang Pajak'' oleh [[Tiziano Vecelli|Titian]] menggambarkan Yesus diberi
"'''Berikanlah kepada Kaisar'''" adalah awal dari sebuah frase yang dikaitkan dengan [[Yesus]] dalam [[Injil Sinoptik|injil sinoptik]], yang berbunyi secara penuh, "Berikanlah kepada Kaisar apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Kaisar dan kepada Allah apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Allah." ({{Lang|grc|Ἀπόδοτε οὖν τὰ Καίσαρος Καίσαρι καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τῷ Θεῷ}}). ({{
Frasa ini secara luas telah dikutip sebagai ringkasan hubungan antara agama Kristen, sekuler pemerintah, dan masyarakat. Pesan aslinya, menanggapi pertanyaan tentang apakah halal atau tidak bagi [[Yahudi|orang Yahudi]] untuk membayar pajak kepada [[Caesar (gelar)|Kaisar]], menimbulkan beberapa kemungkinan interpretasi tentang keadaan di mana orang Kristen perlu tunduk kepada otoritas duniawi.
== Narasi ==
Ketiga [[Injil Sinoptik|injil sinoptik]] mengisahkan seorang penanya mencoba untuk menjebak Yesus untuk mengambil posisi eksplisit dan berbahaya mengenai keharusan orang-orang Yahudi untuk membayar pajak ke pemerintah [[Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]]. Catatan dalam
[[Berkas:Moeda_de_César_(1790)_-_Domingos_Sequeira_(Colecção_Família_Loureiro_Borges).png|ka|jmpl|250x250px|''Koin'' Kaisar (1790), oleh Domingos Sequeira]]
Mereka mengantisipasi bahwa Yesus akan menentang pembayaran pajak, karena tujuan mereka adalah "untuk menyerahkan dia ke dalam kuasa dan wewenang gubernur".({{
Yesus pertama-tama menyebut mereka [[Hipokrisi|orang-orang munafik]], dan kemudian meminta salah satu dari mereka untuk menunjukkan mata uang logam Romawi yang biasa dipakai untuk membayar pajak kepada Kaisar. Salah satu dari mereka menunjukkan kepadanya sebuah koin Romawi, lalu Yesus bertanya kepada mereka gambar dan tulisan siapa yang di atasnya. Mereka menjawab, "Kaisar," dan Yesus menjawab: "Berikanlah kepada Kaisar apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Kaisar dan kepada Allah apa yang wajib kamu berikan kepada Allah".
Para penanya sangat terkesan.
== Konteks sejarah ==
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=== Lingkup temporal dan lingkup spiritual ===
Yesus menanggapi [[Pontius Pilatus]] tentang sifat dari kerajaan-nya: "Kerajaan-Ku bukan dari dunia ini. Jika
=== Pembenaran untuk mematuhi wewenang, membayar pajak ===
Beberapa
<!--
In this interpretation, Jesus asked his interrogators to produce a coin in order to demonstrate to them that by using his coinage they had already admitted the ''de facto'' rule of the emperor, and that therefore they should submit to that rule.<ref>Brown, John ''The law of Christ respecting civil obedience, especially in the payment of tribute'' (London: William Ball, 1839) 3rd. ed, p. 183 "It is as if our Lord had said, 'The common circulation of Caesar′s coin among you, shows that you stand in a certain relation to him as your ruler. Perform all the duties which are due to him in that relation'"</ref>
For example, one Mennonite explained why he was not a war tax resister this way:
<blockquote>We are against war and do not wish to aid the war effort by conscription or by paying war taxes to the government. Doing so only helps to strengthen and perpetuate the war machine. Matthew 22:21 Jesus said "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's; and to God the things that are God's." Romans 13:1 "Let every person be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God and those which exist are established by God." If the law of the land is that everyone must pay war taxes then that is what we must do. It is the law! We should however, work and pray extremely hard to change the law. The ideal situation would be to have the law abolished. The alternative would be to have a choice of designating our portion of the war tax towards efforts of peacemaking. This route would be a more lawful, constructive, and positive effort.<ref>Sawatzky, Anne, quoted in Peachey, Titus ''Silence and Courage: Income Taxes, War and Mennonites 1940-1993'' MCC Occasional Paper #18, August 1993, p. 34</ref></blockquote>
===Giving God the benefit of the doubt===
[[Mennonite]] pastor [[John K. Stoner]] spoke for those who interpret the parable as permitting or even encouraging [[tax resistance]]: "We are war tax resisters because we have discovered some doubt as to what belongs to Caesar and what belongs to God, and have decided to give the benefit of the doubt to God."<ref>{{cite book |title=Taxpayers Who Fail to File Federal Income Tax Returns: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, October 26, 1993 |year=1994 |page=154 |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |isbn=0160440769 |url=http://ia600406.us.archive.org/21/items/taxpayerswhofail00unit/taxpayerswhofail00unit.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AGY4OKGq |archivedate=28 August 2012}}</ref>
===Devote your life to God===-->
[[File:Joachim Wtewael - The Tribute Money - WGA25913.jpg|thumbnail|[[Joachim Wtewael]] - The Tribute Money]]<!--
[[Tertullian]], in ''De Idololatria'', interprets Jesus as saying to render "the image of Caesar, which is on the coin, to Caesar, and the image of God, which is on man, to God; so as to render to Caesar indeed money, to God yourself. Otherwise, what will be God's, if all things are Caesar's?"<ref>from ''The Writings of Tertullian. vol. I'', ed. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Edinburgh: T.&T. Clark, 1869) p. 164. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0OIYAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA164&ots=c4GQ78oVfN&dq=tertullian%20the%20image%20of%20Caesar%2C%20which%20is%20on%20the%20coin%2C%20to%20Caesar%2C%20and%20the%20image%20of%20God%2C%20which%20is%20on%20man%2C%20to%20God&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref>
[[Leo Tolstoy]] wrote:
<blockquote>Not only the complete misunderstanding of Christ's teaching, but also a complete unwillingness to understand it could have admitted that striking misinterpretation, according to which the words, "To Cæsar the things which are Cæsar's," signify the necessity of obeying Cæsar. In the first place, there is no mention there of obedience; in the second place, if Christ recognized the obligatoriness of paying tribute, and so of obedience, He would have said directly, "Yes, it should be paid;" but He says, "Give to Cæsar what is his, that is, the money, and give your life to God," and with these latter words He not only does not encourage any obedience to power, but, on the contrary, points out that in everything which belongs to God it is not right to obey Cæsar.<ref>from Tolstoy's "Drózhzhin's Life And Death," as found in ''We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader'' (2008) {{ISBN|1-4348-9825-3}}, p. 223</ref></blockquote>
===Highlighting the dangers of cooperating with the state===
Some see the parable as being Jesus' warning to people that if they collaborate too closely with state, as distinct from God's authority (for instance, by using its legal tender), they become beholden to it. [[Henry David Thoreau]] writes in ''[[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)|Civil Disobedience]]'':
<blockquote>Christ answered the Herodians according to their condition. "Show me the tribute-money," said he; — and one took a penny out of his pocket; — If you use money which has the image of Caesar on it, and which he has made current and valuable, that is, if you are men of the State, and gladly enjoy the advantages of Caesar's government, then pay him back some of his own when he demands it; "Render therefore to Caesar that which is Caesar's and to God those things which are God's" — leaving them no wiser than before as to which was which; for they did not wish to know.</blockquote>
[[Mennonite]] Dale Glass-Hess wrote:
<blockquote>It is inconceivable to me that Jesus would teach that some spheres of human activity lie outside the authority of God. Are we to heed Caesar when he says to go to war or support war-making when Jesus says in other places that we shall not kill? No! My perception of this incident is that Jesus does not answer the question about the morality of paying taxes to Caesar, but that he throws it back on the people to decide. When the Jews produce a denarius at Jesus' request, they demonstrate that they are already doing business with Caesar on Caesar's terms. I read Jesus' statement, "Give to Caesar…" as meaning "Have you incurred a debt in regard to Caesar! Then you better pay it off." The Jews had already compromised themselves. Likewise for us: we may refuse to serve Caesar as soldiers and even try to resist paying for Caesar's army. But the fact is that by our lifestyles we've run up a debt with Caesar, who has felt constrained to defend the interests that support our lifestyles. Now he wants paid back, and it's a little late to say that we don't owe anything. We've already compromised ourselves. If we're going to play Caesar's games, then we should expect to have to pay for the pleasure of their enjoyment. But if we are determined to avoid those games, then we should be able to avoid paying for them.<ref>in Peachey, Titus ''Silence and Courage: Income Taxes, War and Mennonites 1940-1993'' MCC Occasional Paper #18, August 1993, p. 29</ref></blockquote>
[[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] shared this perspective. He wrote:
<blockquote>Jesus evaded the direct question put to him because it was a trap. He was in no way bound to answer it. He therefore asked to see the coin for taxes. And then said with withering scorn, "How can you who traffic in Caesar's coins and thus receive what to you are benefits of Caesar's rule refuse to pay taxes?" Jesus' whole preaching and practice point unmistakably to noncooperation, which necessarily includes nonpayment of taxes.<ref>{{Citation |title='Render Unto Caesar' |journal=[[Young India]] |date=March 27, 1930 |last=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |authorlink=Mahatma Gandhi |url=http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v190/lenschulwitz/YoungIndia-Gandhi-RenderUntoCaesar.png |archivedate=September 24, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Avi9JdaL}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi |volume=48 |page=483 |year=1998 |origyear=1930 |url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL048.PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=We Won't Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader |last=Gross |first=David M. |date=Apr 2, 2008 |page=373 |publisher=[[CreateSpace]] |isbn=1434898253 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pmLdrKqBcmYC&pg=PA373&lpg=PA373&dq=%22necessarily+includes+nonpayment%22#v=onepage&q=%22necessarily%20includes%20nonpayment%22&f=false}}</ref></blockquote>
==American Quaker war tax resisters==
{{Main|Tax resistance|Society of Friends}}
As American Quaker war tax resistance developed during the 17th through 19th centuries, the resisters had to find a way to reconcile their tax resistance with the "Render unto Caesar" verse and other verses from the New Testament that encourage submission to the government. Here are a few examples:
Around 1715, a pseudonymous author, "Philalethes," published a pamphlet entitled ''Tribute to Cæsar, How paid by the Best Christians...'' in which he argued that while Christians must pay "general" taxes, a tax that is explicitly for war purposes is the equivalent to an offering on an altar to a pagan god, and this is forbidden.<ref>Philalethes (pseud.) "Tribute to Cæsar, How paid by the Best Christians, And to what Purpose; With Some Remarks on the late vigorous Expedition against Canada. Of Civil Government, How Inconsistent it is with the Government of Christ in his Church. Compared with the Ancient Just and Righteous Principles of the Quakers, and their Modern Practice and Doctrine. With some Notes upon the Discipline of their Church in this Province, especially at Philadelphia" (1715?) as found in Gross, David M. (ed.) ''American Quaker War Tax Resistance'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4382-6015-0}} pp. 23-42</ref>
In 1761, Joshua Evans put it this way:
<blockquote>Others would term it stubbornness in me, or contrary to the doctrine of Christ, concerning rendering to Caesar his due. But as I endeavored to keep my mind in a state of humble quietude, I was favored to see through such groundless arguments; there being nothing on the subject of war, or favorable to it, to be found in that text. Although I have been willing to pay my money for the use of civil government, when legally called for; yet have I felt restrained by a conscientious motive, from paying towards the expense of killing men, women and children, or laying towns and countries waste.<ref>Evans, Joshua "A Drop in the Ocean" as found in Gross, David M. (ed.) ''American Quaker War Tax Resistance'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4382-6015-0}} pp. 90-91</ref></blockquote>
In 1780, Sameul Allinson circulated a letter on the subject of tax resistance, in which he insisted that what was due to Caesar was only what Caesar would not use for antichristian purposes:
<blockquote>…the question put to our Savior on the point was with evil intention to ensnare and render him culpable to one of the great parties or sects then existing, who differed about the payment of taxes, his answer, though conclusive, was so wisely framed that it left them still in doubt, what things belonged to Cæsar and what to God, thus he avoided giving either of them offence which he must inevitably have done by a determination that tribute indefinitely was due to Cæsar. Our first and principle obedience is due to the Almighty, even in contradiction to man, "We ought to obey God rather than men" (Acts 5:29). Hence, if tribute is demanded for a use that is antichristian, it seems right for every Christian to deny it, for Cæsar can have no title to that which opposes the Lord's command.<ref>Allinson, Samuel "Reasons against War, and paying Taxes for its support" (1780) as found in Gross, David M. (ed.) ''American Quaker War Tax Resistance'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4382-6015-0}} pp. 154-171</ref></blockquote>
In 1862, Joshua Maule wrote that he felt that the "Render unto Caesar" instruction was compatible with war tax resistance, as there was no reason to believe for certain that the tax referred to in that episode had any connection to war:
<blockquote>The words of Christ, "Render to Cæsar the things that are Cæsar's, and to God the things that are God's," have often been brought forward as evidence that He approved of paying all taxes; it being said, in connection, that Cæsar was then engaged in war. The distinction, however, is sufficiently clear: the things that were Cæsar's were, doubtless, those which appertain to the civil government; the things which belong to God are, surely, a clear and full obedience to His commands and to His laws. We know that all the precepts and commands of Christ which can be applied in reference to this subject are of one tendency, enjoining "peace on earth and good-will to men." We do not know, after all, however, what was the exact nature and use of the tribute collected in those days, nor what were the situation and circumstances in which Christians or others were then placed in regard to such things.<ref>Maule, Joshua "He Could Not Have the Money for That Purpose" (~1862) as found in Gross, David M. (ed.) ''American Quaker War Tax Resistance'' (2008) {{ISBN|978-1-4382-6015-0}} pp. 369-378</ref></blockquote>
==Christian anarchist tax resisters==
[[File:JesusPharisees.jpg|right|thumb|220px|''The Tribute Money'' by [[Gustave Dore]]]]
{{Main|Christian anarchism}}
{{Quote box
|quote = The less you have of Caesar's, the less you have to render to Caesar.
|source = [[Dorothy Day]], ''The Catholic Worker''
|width = 176px
|align = right
}}
Christian anarchists do not interpret Matthew 22:21 as advocating support for taxes but as further advice to [[simple living|free oneself from material attachment]]. [[Jacques Ellul]] believes the passage shows that Caesar may have rights over the [[fiat money]] he produces, but not things that are made by God, as he explains:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesusradicals.com/wp-content/uploads/anarchism-and-christianity.pdf |title=Ellul, Jacques ''Anarchism and Christianity'' p.20 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>
{{quote|"Render unto Caesar..." in no way divides the exercise of authority into two realms....They were said in response to another matter: the payment of taxes, and the coin. The mark on the coin is that of Caesar; it is the mark of his property. Therefore give Caesar this money; it is his. It is not a question of legitimizing taxes! It means that Caesar, having created money, is its master. That's all. Let us not forget that money, for Jesus, is the domain of [[Mammon]], a satanic domain!}}
[[Ammon Hennacy]] interpreted Matthew 22:21 slightly differently. He was on trial for [[civil disobedience]] and was asked by the judge to reconcile his tax resistance with Jesus' instructions. "I told him Caesar was getting too much around here and some one had to stand up for God." Elsewhere, he interpreted the story in this way:
::[Jesus] was asked if He believed in paying taxes to Caesar. In those days different districts had different money and the Jews had to change their money into that of Rome, so Jesus asked, not for a Jewish coin, but for a coin with which tribute was paid, saying "Why tempt me?" Looking at the coin He asked whose image and superscription was there inscribed and was told that it was Caesar's. Those who tried to trick Him knew that if He said that taxes were to be paid to Caesar He would be attacked by the mobs who hated Caesar, and if He refused to pay taxes there would always be some traitor to turn Him in. His mission was not to fight Caesar as Barabbas had done, but it was to chase the moneychangers out of the Temple and to establish His own Church. Whether He winked as much as to say that any good Jew knew that Caesar did not deserve a thing as He said, "Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's and unto God what is God's," or not, no one knows.
::…Despite what anyone says each of us has to decide for himself whether to put the emphasis upon pleasing Caesar or pleasing God. We may vary in our reasons for drawing the line here or there as to how much we render unto Caesar. I make my decision when I remember that Christ said to the woman caught in sin, "Let him without sin first cast a stone at her." I remember His "Forgive seventy times seven," which means no Caesar at all with his courts, prisons and war.<ref>Hennacy, Ammon ''The Book of Ammon'' (5th printing, Feb. 1970), p. 393-4</ref>
==Versions==
{| cellpadding="5"
|-
| [[King James Version of the Bible]]:
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:15-22;&version=9; Matthew 22:15-22]
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2012:13-17;&version=9; Mark 12:13-17]
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2020:20-26;&version=9; Luke 20:20-26]
|-
| [[New International Version]]:
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:15-22;&version=31; Matthew 22:15-22]
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%2012:13-17;&version=31; Mark 12:13-17]
| [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2020:20-26;&version=31; Luke 20:20-26]
|}
The [[New Testament apocrypha|extracanonical]] [[Gospel of Thomas]] also has a version, which reads in the Stephen Patterson and Marvin Meyer Version 100:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gosthom.html |title=The Gospel of Thomas. Translated by Stephen Patterson and Marvin Meyer}}</ref>
<blockquote>They showed Jesus a gold coin and said to him, "The Roman emperor's people demand taxes from us." He said to them, "Give the emperor what belongs to the emperor, give God what belongs to God, and give me what is mine."</blockquote>
The fragmentary [[Egerton Gospel]] in the Scholar's Version translation (found in ''The Complete Gospels'') 3:1-6 reads:<ref>''The Complete Gospels'', Robert J. Miller ed., Polebridge Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0944344305}}, pages 409-410</ref>
<blockquote>They come to him and interrogate him as a way of putting him to the test. They ask, "Teacher, Jesus, we know that you are [from God], since the things you do put you above all the prophets. Tell us, then, is it permissible to pay to rulers what is due them? Should we pay them or not?" Jesus knew what they were up to, and became indignant. Then he said to them, "Why do you pay me lip service as a teacher, but not [do] what I say? How accurately Isaiah prophesied about you when he said, 'This people honors me with their lips, but their heart stays far away from me; their worship of me is empty, [because they insist on teachings that are human] commandments […]'"</blockquote>
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