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Baris 41: Para imam paroki dipandang perlu untuk menerima pendidikan yang lebih baik dalam hal teologi dan [[apologetika]], sementara otoritas kepausan berupaya untuk mendidik umat mengenai makna, hakikat serta nilai dari seni dan liturgi, khususnya dalam komunitas-komunitas [[monastisisme Kristen\|monastik]] (pihak Protestan mencela kalau mereka "mengganggu"). Buku-buku catatan dan buku-buku pegangan menjadi lebih lazim digunakan, mendeskripsikan bagaimana seharusnya menjadi imam dan bapa [[Sakramen Tobat (Gereja Katolik)\|pengakuan]] yang baik. Dengan demikian, Konsili Trento berupaya untuk memperbaiki disiplin dan administrasi Gereja. Ekses-ekses duniawi dari Gereja [[Renaisans]] yang sekuler, ~~dicontohkan~~utamanya ~~oleh~~terlihat dalam era [[Paus Aleksander VI]] (1492–1503), semakin meningkat selama era reformasi di bawah kepemimpinan [[Paus Leo X]] (1513–1522), yang kampanye pengumpulan dananya untuk pembangunan [[Basilika Santo Petrus]] dengan mendukung penggunaan [[indulgensi]] menjadi suatu pemicu utama ditulisnya ''[[95 Tesis]]'' oleh [[Martin Luther]]. Gereja Katolik menanggapi persoalan tersebut dengan suatu kampanye yang penuh semangat untuk melakukan reformasi, yang diilhami oleh gerakan-gerakan reformasi Katolik sebelumnya yang mendahului [[Konsili Konstanz]] (1414–1417): humanisme, tradisi-tradisi [[Devosi Katolik\|devosional]], [[legalisme (teologi)\|legalis]], dan [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum\|observantin]]. Melalui tindakan-tindakannya, Konsili menolak pluralisme dari Renaisans sekuler yang sebelumnya telah menodai Gereja: tata kelola tarekat-tarekat religius diperketat, disiplin ditingkatkan, dan paroki diberikan perhatian. Penunjukan uskup karena alasan-alasan politik tidak lagi dibiarkan. Di masa lalu, pemilikan tanah yang besar menyebabkan banyak uskup menjadi "uskup-uskup yang absen", yang terkadang menjadi manajer-manajer properti yang terlatih dalam administrasi. Dengan demikian, Konsili Trento memerangi "absenteisme", yang adalah praktik para uskup tinggal di kota [[Roma]] ataupun di tanah-tanah kemilikan daripada di keuskupan-keuskupan mereka. Konsili Trento juga memberikan para uskup kuasa yang lebih besar untuk mengawasi semua aspek kehidupan religius. Para [[prelat]] yang penuh semangat, seperti [[Keuskupan Agung Milan\|Uskup Agung Milan]] [[Karolus Boromeus]] (1538–1584), yang kelak di[[kanonisasi]] sebagai santo, memberikan teladan dengan mengunjungi paroki-paroki terpencil dan menanamkan standar yang tinggi. <!--▼ ~~==Reform==~~ The reign of [[Pope Paul IV]] ([[1555]]-[[1559]]), who is sometimes deemed the first of the Counter-Reformation popes for his resolute determination to eliminate Protestantism - and the ineffectual institutional practices of the Church that contributed to its appeal - marks these efforts of Catholic renewal. Two of his key strategies were the [[Inquisition]] and censorship of [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum\|prohibited books]]. In this sense, his aggressive and autocratic efforts of renewal greatly reflected the strategies of earlier reform movements, especially the legalist and observantine sides: burning heretics and strict emphasis on [[Canon law (Catholic Church)\|Canon law]]. It also reflected the rapid pace toward absolutism that characterized the sixteenth century. While the aggressive authoritarian approach was arguably destructive of personal religious experience, a new wave of reforms and orders conveyed a strong devotional side. Devotionalism, not subversive [[mysticism]] would provide a strong individual outlet for religious experience, especially through meditation such as the reciting of the [[Rosary]]. The devotional side of the Counter-Reformation combined two strategies of Catholic Renewal. For one, the emphasis of God as an unknowable absolute ruler - a God to be feared - coincided well with the aggressive absolutism of the Church of Paul IV. But it also opened up new paths toward popular piety and individual religious experience to its strong emotional and psychological side. ==Tarekat-tarekat religius== The Papacy of [[Pope Pius V\|St. Pius V]] ([[1566]]-[[1572]]), in this sense, represented a strong effort not only to crack down against heretics and world abuses within the Church, but also improve popular piety in effort to firmly stem the appeal of Protestantism. A man of impoverished upbringing taken in by the [[Dominican Order\|Dominicans]], he was trained in a solid and austere piety. It is thus no surprise that he began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals rather than focusing on patronage. As pontiff he practiced the virtues of a monk, known for daily meditations on bent knees in presence of the [[Blessed Sacrament]]. Known for consoling the poor and sick, St. Pius V sought to improve the public morality of the Church, promote the [[Jesuit]]s, support the Inquisition. He enforced the observance of the discipline of the Council of Trent, and supported the missions of the New World. The [[Spanish Inquisition]], brought under the direction of the absolutist Spanish state since [[Ferdinand II of Aragon\|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella of Castile\|Isabella]], stemmed the growth of heresy before it could spread. Tarekat-tarekat religius yang baru merupakan salah satu bagian fundamental dari reformasi-reformasi yang dilakukan. Tarekat-tarekat seperti [[Ordo Saudara Dina Kapusin\|Kapusin]], [[Karmelit Tak Berkasut]], [[Agustinian Tak Berkasut]], [[Kongregasi Feuilan\|Feuilan]] Sistersien, [[Ursulin]], [[Teatin]], [[Barnabit]], [[Serikat Oratorian Neri\|Oratorian]], dan khususnya [[Yesuit]], berkarya di paroki-paroki pedesaan dan menjadi contoh-contoh pembaruan Katolik. Tarekat Teatin melakukan pengamatan seputar penyebaran bidah dan memberikan kontribusi dalam regenerasi kaum klerus. Tarekat Kapusin, salah satu cabang tarekat [[Fransiskan]] yang dikenal karena pewartaan dan perawatan yang mereka lakukan bagi kaum miskin dan sakit, berkembang dengan pesat. Kelompok-kelompok persaudaraan Kapusin memberi perhatian khusus pada kaum miskin dan menjalani hidup dengan cara yang sangat sederhana. Adanya para anggota tarekat-tarekat yang terlibat aktif dalam perluasan misioner di luar negeri mengekspresikan pandangan bahwa paroki-paroki pedesaan seringkali membutuhkan pemahaman akan iman Kristen sebagaimana halnya pada kaum pagan di Asia dan Amerika. The pontificate of [[Pope Sixtus V]] ([[1585]]-[[1590]]) opened up the final stage of the Catholic Reformation characteristic of the [[Baroque]] age of the early seventeenth century, shifting away from compelling to attracting. His reign focused on rebuilding Rome as a great European capital and Baroque city, a visual symbol for the Catholic Church. Tarekat Ursulin berfokus pada tugas khusus [[pendidikan perempuan\|mendidik anak-anak perempuan]],<ref>{{en}} {{cite web\|title=TheUersulines\|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15228b.htm\|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia\|accessdate=8 March 2015\|quote=A religious order founded by St. Angela de Merici for the sole purpose of educating young girls}}</ref> menjadi tarekat wanita pertama yang mengabdikan diri untuk tujuan tersebut.<ref>{{en}} [[Philip Hughes (sejarawan Katolik)\|Philip Hughes]] (1957), ''A Popular History of the Reformation'', 1960 reprint, Garden City, New York: Image Books, Ch. 3, "Revival and Reformation, 1495–1530", Sec. iii, "The Italian Saints", p. 86.</ref> Pembaktian diri pada karya-karya tradisional belas kasih memperlihatkan contoh penegasan kembali Reformasi Katolik akan makna penting [[iman dalam Kekristenan\|iman]] dan [[perbuatan baik\|perbuatan]], maupun [[keselamatan (Kristen)\|keselamatan]] melalui rahmat Allah, serta penolakan terhadap prinsip ''[[sola scriptura]]'' yang ditekankan oleh mazhab-mazhab Protestan. Mereka dipandang tidak sekadar menjadikan Gereja lebih efektif, namun juga menegaskan kembali premis-premis fundamental dari Gereja Abad Pertengahan. ~~==The orders==~~ New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend. Orders such as the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin\|Capuchin]]s, [[Ursulines]], [[Theatines]], the [[Barnabites]], and especially the [[Society of Jesus\|Jesuits]] strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped to curb corruption within the church, and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal. The Theatines were an order of devoted priests who undertook to check the spread of heresy and contribute to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the [[Franciscan]] order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly in both size and popularity. The Capuchin fathers were an order based on the imitation of Jesus' life as described by the [[Gospel]]s. Capuchin-founded confraternities thus took special interest in the poor and lived austere lifestyles. These differing approaches were often complementary, as with the missions to rural areas poorly served by the existing parish structure. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansionism expressed the view that the rural parishes, whose poor state of affairs contributed to the growth of Protestantism, often needed Christianizing as much as heathens of Asia and the Americas. The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls. Their devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplifies the Catholic Reformations reaffirmation of salvation through faith and works, and firmly repudiated the [[sola scriptura]] of the Protestants emphasized by [[Lutheran Church\|Lutherans]] and other Protestant sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, they reaffirmed fundamental premises of the Medieval Church. Tarekat Yesuit dianggap sebagai tarekat Katolik baru yang paling efektif pada periode ini. Sebagai pewaris tradisi-tradisi [[devosi Katolik\|devosional]], [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum\|observantin]], dan [[legalisme (teologi)\|legalis]], tarekat tersebut mengorganisasi diri seturut karakteristik 'kemiliteran'. Dikatakan bahwa keduniawian Gereja Renaisans tidak mendapat tempat dalam tarekat baru mereka. ''[[Latihan Rohani]]'', karya besar dari [[Ignatius dari Loyola\|St. Ignatius]] pendirinya, menunjukkan penekanan pada karakteristik buku-buku pegangan para reformis Katolik sebelum era [[Reformasi Protestan]], mengingatkan pada praktik-praktik devosional. Para anggota tarekat Yesuit menjadi pewarta, bapa [[Sakramen Tobat (Gereja Katolik)\|pengakuan]] dari pangeran dan pemimpin monarki, serta pendidik humanisme.<ref name="Froom">{{en}} {{cite book\|last=Froom\|first=LeRoy\|authorlink=Le Roy Froom\|title=The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers\| volume= 1\| year=1950 \| url=http://docs.adventistarchives.org//doc_info.asp?DocID=42770\|format={{DjVulink}} and PDF \|page=24}}</ref> However, the Jesuits, founded by the Spanish nobleman and ex-soldier [[Ignatius of Loyola]] ([[1491]]-[[1556]]), were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. His ''Societas de Jesus'' was founded in [[1534]] and received papal authorization in 1534 under Paul III. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized their order along military lines, they strongly reflected the autocratic zeal of the period. Characterized by careful selection, rigorous training, and iron discipline, the worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in the new order. Loyola's masterwork ''Spiritual Exercises'' reflected the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of the earlier generation of Catholic reformers before the [[Reformation]]. The great psychological penetration that it conveyed was strongly reminiscent of devotionalism. However, the Jesuits are really the heirs to the observantine reform tradition, taking strong monastic vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty and setting an example that improved the effectiveness of the entire Church. They became preachers, confessors to monarchs and princes, and educators reminiscent of the humanist reformers, and their efforts are largely credited with stemming Protestantism in [[Poland]], [[Bohemia]], [[Hungary]], southern [[Germany]], [[France]], and the Spanish [[Netherlands]]. They also strongly participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, conducting efforts in missionary activity that far outpaced even the aggressive Protestantism of the Calvinists. Even Loyola's biography contributed to the new emphasis on popular piety that had been waning under the eras of politically oriented popes such as [[Pope Alexander VI\|Alexander VI]] and [[Pope Leo X\|Leo X]]. After recovering from a severe battle wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on earth." Once again, the emphasis on the Pope is a key reaffirmation of the Medieval Church as the [[Council of Trent]] firmly defeated all attempts of [[Conciliarism]], the belief that general councils of the church collectively were God's representative on earth, rather than the Pope. Firmly legitimizing the new role of the Pope as an absolute ruler strongly characteristic of the new age of absolutism ushered in by the sixteenth century, the Jesuits strongly contributed to the reinvigoration of the Counter-Reformation Church. ~~== Spiritual Movements ==~~ In addition, between 1512 and the 1560s a movement of evangelical Catholics of high-ranking member of the [[curia]], called [[Spirituali]], actively tried to reform the Church through reform of the individual. This movement was strong and significant era in the Church. Tarekat Yesuit berperan serta dalam perluasan Gereja di benua Amerika dan Asia, melalui aktivitas misioner mereka. Biografi St. [[Ignatius dari Loyola]] berkontribusi dalam penekanan pada tindakan-tindakan kesalehan populer yang mengalami penurunan pada masa kepemimpinan Paus Aleksander VI dan Paus Leo X. Setelah pulih dari cedera serius yang dialaminya, ia mengikrarkan [[kaul religius\|kaul]] untuk "hanya melayani Allah dan paus Roma, wakil-Nya di Bumi". Penekanan pada kepemimpinan paus merupakan suatu penegasan kembali akan kepausan abad pertengahan, selagi Konsili Trento menundukkan [[konsiliarisme]], keyakinan bahwa konsili umum Gereja adalah representasi Allah di dunia ini dan bukan paus. Mengakui paus sebagai seorang pemimpin sepenuhnya, tarekat Yesuit memainkan peranannya dalam Gereja Kontra-Reformasi yang selaras dengan [[Takhta Suci\|Takhta Roma]]. ▲<!-- ==Church music== The demand by the Council of Trent for simplicity in music in order that the words might be heard clearly placed a serious stumbling block in the path of the development of [[polyphony]] in the mid 16th Century. Baris 96 ⟶ 90: * [[Paus Gregorius XIII]] (1572-85) * [[Paus Siktus V]] (1585-90) * [[Felipe II dari Spanyol]] (~~untuk sisi politik dari Reformasi Katolik~~1527–1598)▼ * St. [[{{ill\|Filipus Neri]]\|en\|Philip Neri}} * St. [[Ignatius Loyola\|Ignatius dari Loyola]] * St. [[Teresa dari Avila]] Baris 102 ⟶ 97: * St. [[Fransiskus dari Sales]] * St. [[Charles Borromeo\|Karolus Borromeus]] == Lihat pula == * [[Anti-Katolik]] * [[Anti-Protestanisme]] * [[Corpus Catholicorum]] * [[Inkuisisi Spanyol]]▼ * [[Kontra-Reformasi ~~Protestan~~di Polandia]]▼ * [[Perang agama Eropa]] * [[Perang Köln]] * [[Seni dalam Reformasi Protestan dan Kontra-Reformasi]] * [[Sejarah Gereja Katolik]] == Rujukan == {{reflist\|2}} * Philipp M. Soergel: ''Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria.'' Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993▼ ==Bacaan ~~Lihat pula~~ lanjutan== * {{en}} Bireley, Robert. ''The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Refashioning-Catholicism-1450-1700-Reassessment-Reformation/dp/081320951X/ excerpt and text search] ▲* [[Reformasi Protestan]] * {{en}} Dickens, A. G. ''The Counter Reformation'' (1979) expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. * [[Konsili Trente]] * {{en}} Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (1990), Vol. 81, pp 239–262. ▲* [[Felipe II dari Spanyol]] (untuk sisi politik dari Reformasi Katolik) * {{en}} Jones, Martin D. W. '' The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe'' (1995), emphasis on historiography * [[Serikat Yesus]] * {{en}} Jones, Pamela M. and Thomas Worcester, eds. ''From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650'' (Brill 2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/119084394/from-rome-to-eternity-catholicism-and-the-arts-in online] ▲* [[Inkuisisi Spanyol]] * {{en}} Mullett, Michael A. "The Catholic Reformation'' (Routledge 1999) [https://www.questia.com/read/102890994/the-catholic-reformation online] * {{en}} O'Connell, Marvin. ''Counter-reformation, 1550–1610'' (1974) * {{en}} Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. ''Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries'' (2015) DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272723.001.0001 * {{en}} Ogg, David. ''Europe in the Seventeenth Century'' (6th ed. 1965). pp 82-117. * {{en}} Olin, John C ''The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540'' (Fordham University Press, 1992) [https://www.questia.com/read/120555004/the-catholic-reformation-savonarola-to-ignatius-loyola online] * {{en}} Pollen, John Hungerford. ''The Counter-Reformation'' (2011) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Counter-Reformation-ebook/dp/B0063LJUHE/ excerpt and text search] ▲* ~~Philipp~~{{en}} Soergel, Philip M. ~~Soergel:~~ ''Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria.'' Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993 * {{en}} Unger, Rudolph M. ''Counter-Reformation'' (2006) * {{en}} Wright, A. D. ''The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World'' (2nd ed. 2005), advanced ===Sumber primer=== * {{en}} Luebke, David, ed. ''The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Counter-Reformation-Essential-Readings-Blackwell-History/dp/0631211047/ excerpt and text search] ===Historiografi=== * {{en}} Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", ''History Today'' (1983) 33#11 pp 42–45. * {{en}} Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009) Vol. 100, pp 271–292. * {{en}} Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", ''Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte'' (2009) Vol. 100, pp 193–217. {{Sejarah Gereja}} {{Catholicism}} {{Kristen footer\|collapsed}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Anti-Protestanisme]] [[Kategori:Istilah Kristen]] [[Kategori:Reformasi Katolik\| ]] [[Kategori:Katolik]]

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