Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{nihongo|'''Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu'''|琉球語派|Ryūkyū-goha|{{nihongo2|琉球諸語}} ''Ryūkyū-shogo'' atau {{nihongo2|しまくとぅば}} ''Shima kutuba'' "Bahasa Kepulauan"}} adalah bahasa asli [[Kepulauan Ryukyu]], bagian paling selatan [[kepulauan Jepang]]. Seiring dengan [[bahasa Jepang]], mereka membentuk keluarga bahasa Japonik. Meskipun bahasa Ryukyuan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai dialek bahasa Jepang, bahasa Ryukyuan tidak dapat dipahami dengan bahasa Jepang atau bahkan satu sama lain. Tidak diketahui berapa banyak penutur bahasa ini yang tetap ada, namun pergeseran bahasa terhadap penggunaan [[Bahasa Jepang|Bahasa Standar Jepang]] dan dialek seperti [[bahasa Jepang Okinawa]] telah mengakibatkan bahasa-bahasa ini terancam; [[Organisasi Pendidikan, Keilmuan, dan Kebudayaan PBB|UNESCO]] mengelompokkan empat bahasa "yang benar-benar terancam"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1975.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1974.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1973.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1976.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> dan dua lainnya "sangat terancam".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1971.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1972.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>

 

Secara fonologis, bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki beberapa fitur yang tidak biasa secara linguistik. Bahasa Ryukyuan Selatan memiliki sejumlah [[konsonan silabik]], termasuk frafatif silabus tak bersuara (misalnya Ōgami [[Bahasa Miyako|Miyako]] /kss/ [ksː] 'dada'). [[Konsonan glottal]] biasa terjadi (misalnya Yuwan [[Bahasa Amami|Amami]] /ʔma/ [ˀma] "kuda"). Beberapa bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki vokal klasik fonemik, mis. Yuwan Amami /kɨɨ/ "pohon". Ikema Miyako memiliki fonem nasal tanpa suara /n̥/. Banyak bahasa Ryukyuan, seperti bahasa Jepang Standar dan kebanyakan dialek Jepang, memiliki aksen nada kontras.

 

Bahasa Ryukyuan umumnya berpola [[Subjek–objek–predikat|SOP]], penandaan dependen, modifikator, bahasa nominatif-akusatif, seperti bahasa Jepang. Kata sifat umumnya terikat morfem, terjadi baik dengan kata benda majemuk atau menggunakan verbalisasi. Banyak bahasa Ryukyuan menandai nominatif dan genitif dengan penanda yang sama. Penanda ini memiliki fitur bentuk perubahan yang tidak biasa tergantung pada hierarki animasi. Bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki penanda topik dan fokus, yang mungkin berbentuk berbeda tergantung konteks sentensial. Ryukyuan juga mempertahankan infleksi verbal khusus untuk klausa dengan spidol fokus—fitur yang tidak biasa ini juga ditemukan dalam bahasa Jepang Kuno, namun hilang dalam bahasa Jepang Modern.

 

The Ryukyuan languages belong to the [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] language family, related to the [[Japanese language]].<ref name="sp1" /> The Ryukyuan languages are not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with Japanese—in fact, they are not even mutually intelligible with each other—and thus may be considered separate languages.<ref name="sp1" /> However, for socio-political and ideological reasons, they have often classified within Japan as dialects of Japanese.<ref name="sp1" /> Starting in the 1890s, the Japanese government began to suppress the Ryukyuan languages as part of their policy of forced assimilation in the islands. Since the beginning of [[World War II]], most mainland Japanese have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese. During World War II, in an effort to build consciousness in people as subjects of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]], not only the Ryukyuan group, but also [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Palauan language|Palauan]] and various other languages were referred to as "dialects" of Japanese.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html |title=JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8 |publisher=Jpri.org |date=1972-05-15 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>

 

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There is no census data for the Ryukyuan languages, and the number of speakers is unknown.<ref name="sp2">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=2}}</ref> As of 2005, the total population of the Ryukyu region was 1,452,288, but fluent speakers are restricted to the older generation, generally in their 50s or older, and thus the true number of Ryukyuan speakers should be much lower.<ref name="sp2" />

 

 

To try to preserve the language, the Okinawan Prefectural government proclaimed on March 31, 2006, that September 18 would be commemorated as {{nihongo3|"Island Languages Day"|[[:ja:しまくとぅばの日|しまくとぅばの日]]|Shimakutuba no Hi}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/reiki/41890101003500000000/41890101003500000000/41890101003500000000.html |title=○しまくとぅばの日に関する条例 |language=ja |publisher=Pref.okinawa.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> as the day's numerals in ''[[goroawase]]'' spell out ''ku'' (9), ''tu'' (10), ''ba'' (8); ''kutuba'' is one of the few words common throughout the Ryukyuan languages meaning "word" or "language" (a cognate of the Japanese word {{nihongo3|"word"|言葉|kotoba}}). A similar commemoration is held in the Amami region on February 18 beginning in 2007, proclaimed as {{nihongo3|"Dialect Day"|方言の日|Hōgen no Hi}} by [[Ōshima Subprefecture (Kagoshima)|Ōshima Subprefecture]] in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]. Each island has its own name for the event:

Yoronjima's ''fu'' (2) ''tu'' (10) ''ba'' (8) is the ''goroawase'' source of the February 18 date, much like with Okinawa Prefecture's use of ''kutuba''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/aq01/chiiki/oshima/kyoiku/oosimatikuhougennnohi.html |title=鹿児島県／大島地区「方言の日」 |publisher=Pref.kagoshima.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>

 

 

It is generally accepted that the Ryukyu Islands were populated from Mainland Japan in the first millennium, and since then relative isolation from the mainland allowed the Ryukyuan languages to diverge significantly from [[Old Japanese]]. However, the discoveries of the [[Pinza-Abu Cave Man]], the [[Minatogawa Man]], and the [[Yamashita Cave Man]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248496900251 |title=Early modern human remains from eastern Asia: the Yamashita-cho 1 immature postcrania |date=1996-04-30 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0025 |volume=30 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |pages=299–314}}</ref> as well as the [[Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/118/3/118_091214/_article |title=Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating |doi=10.1537/ase.091214 |publisher=Jstage.jst.go.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> suggest an earlier arrival to the island by modern humans. Some researchers suggest that the Ryukyuan languages are most likely to have evolved from a "pre-Proto-Japonic language" from the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/181931 |title=Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages |publisher=Degruyter.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> However, Ryukyuan may have already begun to diverge from early Japanese before this migration, while its speakers still dwelt in [[Mainland Japan|the main islands of Japan]].<ref name="sp2" /> After this initial settlement, there was little contact between the main islands and the Ryukyu Islands for centuries, allowing Ryukyuan to diverge as a separate linguistic entity.<ref name="sp4">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=4}}</ref> This situation lasted until the [[Kyushu]]-based [[Satsuma Domain]] conquered the Ryukyu Islands in the 17th century.<ref name="sp4" />

Nowadays, in favor of [[multiculturalism]], preserving Ryukyuan languages has become the policy of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa Prefectural government]], as well as the government of [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]'s [[Ōshima Subprefecture (Kagoshima)|Ōshima Subprefecture]]. However, the situation is not very optimistic, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are now monolingual in Japanese.

 

The Ryukyuan languages are spoken on the [[Ryukyu Islands]], which comprise the southernmost part of the [[Japanese archipelago]]<ref name="sp1">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=1}}</ref> There are four major island groups which make up the Ryukyu Islands: the [[Amami Islands]], the [[Okinawa Islands]], the [[Miyako Islands]], and the [[Yaeyama Islands]].<ref name="sp1" /> The former is in the [[Kagoshima Prefecture]], while the latter three are in the [[Okinawa Prefecture]].<ref name="sp1" />

 

{{see also|Okinawan scripts}}

Older Ryukyuan texts are often found on stone inscriptions. ''Tamaudun-no-Hinomon'' ([[:ja:玉陵の碑文|玉陵の碑文]] "Inscription of [[Tamaudun]] tomb") (1501), for example. Within the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], official texts were written in [[kanji]] and [[hiragana]], derived from Japan. However, this was a sharp contrast from Japan at the time, where [[classical Chinese]] writing was mostly used for official texts, only using hiragana for informal ones. Classical Chinese writing was sometimes used in Ryukyu as well, read in ''[[Kanbun|kundoku]]'' (Ryukyuan) or in Chinese. In Ryukyu, [[katakana]] was hardly used.

Sometimes local [[Kanji#Kun'yomi (Japanese reading)|''kun'yomi'']] are given to kanji, such as ''agari'' (あがり "east") for [[:Wiktionary:東|東]], ''iri'' (いり "west") for [[:Wiktionary:西|西]], thus 西表 is [[Iriomote-jima|Iriomote]].

 

Ryukyuan languages often share many phonological features with Japanese, including a voicing opposition for [[obstruent]]s, CV(C) syllable structure, [[Mora (linguistics)|moraic rhythm]], and [[pitch accent]].<ref name="sp4" /> However, many individual Ryukyuan languages diverge significantly from this pan-Japonic base.<ref name="sp4" /> For instance, Ōgami does not have phonemic voicing in obstruents, allows CCVC syllables, and has unusual syllabic consonants such as {{IPA|/kff/}} {{IPA|[kf̩ː]}} "make".<ref name="sp4" />

 

The Northern Ryukyuan (Amami-Okinawa) languages are notable for having [[glottalic consonant]]s.<ref name="sp5">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=5}}</ref> Phonemically these are analyzed of consisting of a cluster {{IPA|/ʔ/}} + C, where the consonant {{IPA|/ʔ/}} consists of its own mora.<ref name="sp5" /> For instance, in the Amami dialect Yuwan the word {{IPA|/ʔma/}} {{IPA|[ˀma]}} "horse" is bimoraic.<ref name="sp5" /> Tsuken (Central Okinawan) restricts glottalization to glides and the vowels {{IPA|/a i/}}.<ref name="sp5" /> Southern Ryukyuan mostly has little to no glottalization, with some exceptions (e.g. Yonaguni).<ref name="sp5" /> For instance, the Irabu dialect of the Miyako language only allows glottalization with {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/c/}}: {{IPA|/ttjaa/}} {{IPA|[ˀtʲaː]}} "then", {{IPA|/ccir/}} {{IPA|[ˀtɕiɭ]}} "pipe".<ref name="sp5" />

 

Ikema (a Miyako dialect) has a voiceless moraic nasal phoneme {{IPA|/n̥/}}, which always precedes another nasal onset and assimilates its place of articulation to the following nasal.<ref name="sp170">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=170}}</ref>

 

Amami has high and mid central vowels.<ref name="sp5" /> Yonaguni only has three contrasting vowels, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/a/}}.

 

The Ryukyuan languages operate based on the [[mora (linguistics)|mora]].<ref name="sp6">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=6}}</ref> Most Ryukyuan languages require words to be at least bimoraic, thus for example in Hateruma the underlying noun root {{IPA|/si/}} "hand" becomes {{IPA|/siː/}} when it is an independent noun, though it remains as {{IPA|/si/}} when attached to a clitic, e.g. {{IPA|/si&#x3D;nu/}}.<ref name="sp6" /><ref group="nb">In fact, in Irabu Miyako lengthening occurs even before a clitic, thus underlying {{IPA|/ti/}} "hand" becomes {{IPA|/tiː/}} independently and {{IPA|/tiː&#x3D;nu/}} with attached clitic. {{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=6}}</ref> However, the [[syllable]] may still sometimes be relevant—for instance, the Ōgami topic marker takes a different form after open syllables with short vowels:<ref name="sp119">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=119}}</ref>

* "staff" {{IPA|/pɑu + &#x3D;ɑ/}} → {{IPA|/pɑu&#x3D;iɑ/}}

Ryukyuan languages typically have a [[pitch accent]] system where some mora in a word bears the pitch accent.<ref name="sp7">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=7}}</ref> They commonly either have two or three distinctive types of pitch accent which may be applied.<ref name="sp7" /> The category of [[foot (prosody)|foot]] also has relevance to the accentual systems of some Ryukyuan languages, and some Miyako varieties have a cross-linguistically rare system of tonal foot.<ref name="sp7" /> However, Irabu Miyakoan does not have lexical accent.<ref name="sp7" />

 

 

 

The Ryukyuan languages consistently distinguish between the [[word class]]es of nouns and verbs, distinguished by the fact that verbs take [[inflectional morphology]].<ref name="sp9" /> Property-concept (adjectival) words are generally [[bound morphemes]].<ref name="sp10">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=10}}</ref> One strategy they use is compounding with a free-standing noun:<ref name="sp10" />

Miyako is unique in having stand-alone adjectives.<ref name="sp10" /> These may be formed by reduplication of the root, e.g. Irabu Miyako ''imi-'' "small" → ''imii-imi'' "small (adj.)".<ref name="sp11">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=11}}</ref> They may also be compounded with a grammaticalized noun ''munu'' "thing", e.g. Irabu ''imi-munu'' 'small (thing)'.<ref name="sp10" />

 

Ryukyuan languages are generally [[subject-object-verb|SOV]], [[dependent-marking]], modifier-head, [[nominative-accusative]] languages.<ref name="sp8">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=8}}</ref> They are also [[pro-drop]] languages.<ref name="sp8" /> All of these features are shared with the Japanese language.<ref name="sp8" />

 

 

== See also ==

 

== Notes ==

{{reflist|group="nb"}}

 

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* {{Cite book

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{{commons category|Ryukyuan languages}}

* [http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/index.html Ryukyuan language phonetic database]

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryukyuan Languages}}