Oksirinkos: Perbedaan antara revisi

For more than 1,000 years, the inhabitants of Oxyrhynchus dumped garbage at a series of sites out in the desert sands beyond the town limits. The fact that the town was built on a canal rather than on the Nile itself was important, because this meant that the area did not flood every year with the rising of the river, as did the districts along the riverbank. When the canals dried up, the water table fell and never rose again. The area west of the Nile has virtually no rain, so the garbage dumps of Oxyrhynchus were gradually covered with sand and were forgotten for another 1,000 years.

 

 

The town site of Oxyrhynchus itself has never been excavated, because the modern Egyptian town is built on top of it, but it is believed that the city had many public buildings, including a theatre with a capacity of 11,000 spectators, a [[hippodrome]], four public baths, a [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], and two small ports on the Bahr Yussef. It is also likely that there were military buildings, such as [[barracks]], since the city supported a military garrison on several occasions during the Roman and Byzantine periods. During the Greek and Roman periods, Oxyrhynchus had temples to [[Serapis]], [[Zeus]]-[[Amun]], [[Hera]]-[[Isis]], [[Atargatis]]-[[Bethnnis]] and [[Osiris]]. There were also [[Greek temple]]s to [[Demeter]], [[Dionysus]], [[Hermes]], and [[Apollo]]; as well as [[Roman temple]]s to [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter Capitolinus]] and [[Mars (god)|Mars]]. In the Christian era, Oxyrhynchus was the seat of a [[Diocese|bishopric]], and the modern town still has several ancient [[Coptic Christianity|Coptic Christian]] churches.

There were also extensive remains of the ''Hypsipyle'' of [[Euripides]], fragments of the comedies of [[Menander]], and a large part of the ''[[Ichneutae]]'' of [[Sophocles]].<ref>Sophocles' ''Ichneutae'' was adapted, in 1988, into a play entitled ''[[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus]]'', by British poet and author [[Tony Harrison]], featuring Grenfell and Hunt as main characters.</ref> Also found were the oldest and most complete diagrams from [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]''. Another important find was the historical work known as the ''[[Hellenica Oxyrhynchia]]'', whose author is unknown but may be [[Ephorus]] or, as many currently think, [[Cratippus of Athens|Cratippus]]. A life of [[Euripides]] by [[Satyrus the Peripatetic]] was also unearthed, while an ''[[epitome]]'' of seven of the 107 lost books of [[Livy]] was the most important literary find in [[Latin language|Latin]].

 

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Ada beberapa situs on-line yang memuat daftar isi dan pemerian singkat dari setiap papirus atau fragmen.<ref>[http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/papyri/tocframe.htm Search by table of contents]; {{cite web|url=http://163.1.169.40/cgi-bin/library?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=POxy&ct=0&l=en&w=utf-8|title=Oxyrhynchus Online Image Database|publisher=Imaging Papyri Project|date=|accessdate=25 May 2007}} Daftar isi setiap fragmen.</ref>

Since the days of Grenfell and Hunt, the focus of attention at Oxyrhynchus has shifted. Modern archaeologists are less interested in finding the lost plays of [[Aeschylus]], although some still dig in hope, and more in learning about the social, economic, and political life of the ancient world. This shift in emphasis had made Oxyrhynchus, if anything, even more important, for the very ordinariness of most of its preserved documents makes them most valuable for modern scholars of social history. Many works on Egyptian and Roman social and economic history and on the history of Christianity rely heavily on documents from Oxyrhynchus.

 

 

The focus of the project is now mainly on the publication of this vast archive of material: by 2003 4,700 items had been translated, edited and published. Publication continues at the rate of about one new volume each year. Each volume contains a selection of material, covering a wide range of subjects. The editors include senior professionals but also students studying [[papyrology]] at the doctoral or undergraduate level. Thus recent volumes offer early fragments of the ''[[Gospels]]'' and of the ''[[Book of Revelation]],'' early witnesses to the texts of [[Apollonius Rhodius]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Demosthenes]], and [[Euripides]], previously unknown texts of [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] and [[Menander]] and of the [[epigram]]matist [[Nicarchus]]. Other subjects covered include specimens of [[Greek music]] and documents relating to [[Magical thinking|magic]] and [[astrology]].