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=Temuan Tell Asmar=
| caption = [[Sumer]]ianFile:Standing male worshiper, AlabasterMET withDT850.jpg|thumb|right|Salah shell eyes.satu Onedari ofdua thebelas twelvepatung statuesdi inTemuan theTell hoardAsmar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735|title=Standing male worshiper {{!}} Sumerian {{!}} Early Dynastic I-II {{!}} The Met|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>▼
{{Infobox artifact
Dua belas patung batu kapur yang dikenal secara kolektif sebagai '''Temuan Tell Asmar''' (periode awal Dinasti I-II di [[Mesopotamia]], sekitar 2900–2550 BC) ditemukan setelah proses penggalian pada tahun 1933 di [[Eshnunna]] (sekarang Tell Asmar) di wilayah Diyala di [[Irak]]. Terlepas dari temuan-temuan selanjutnya di situs ini dan di situs lain yang merupakan bekas daerah kekuasaan Mesopotamia, dua belas patung yang ditemukan di Tell Asmar tetap menjadi contoh definitif dari gaya abstrak patung kuil di periode Dinasti awal di Mesopotamia (2900-2350 SM).
| name = Tell Asmar Hoard
| image = Standing male worshiper MET DT850.jpg
▲| caption = [[Sumer]]ian male worshiper, Alabaster with shell eyes. One of the twelve statues in the hoard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323735|title=Standing male worshiper {{!}} Sumerian {{!}} Early Dynastic I-II {{!}} The Met|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
| material =[[Gypsum]], [[Limestone]], [[Alabaster]]
| created =[[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic I-II]], ca. 2900–2550 B.C.
| discovered =[[Eshnunna|Tell Asmar]], [[Iraq]]
| location =[[Metropolitan Museum]], New York, [[National Museum of Iraq]], [[University of Chicago Oriental Institute|Oriental Institute]], Chicago,
}}
[[File:Oriental Institute Museum. God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind (5948336437).jpg|thumb|250px|Gray limestone, Tell Asmar, Northern Palace, Akkadian (2350-2150 BC)]]▼
The twelve statues known collectively as the '''Tell Asmar Hoard''' ([[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic I-II]], ca. 2900–2550 BC) were unearthed in 1933 at [[Eshnunna]] (modern Tell Asmar) in the [[Diyala Region]] of [[Iraq]]. Despite subsequent finds at this site and others throughout the Greater Mesopotamian area they remain the definitive example of the abstract style of [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic]] temple sculpture (2900 BC–2350 BC).
== Discovery ==
 
==Penemuan==
In the late 1920s antique dealers in [[Baghdad]] were acquiring large quantities of unusual, high quality artifacts from the desert east of the [[Diyala River]], just north of its confluence with the [[Tigris]].<ref name="Karen">Karen L. Wilson, ''Excavations in the Diyala Region'', in [http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/189351 ''Art Of The First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus''], ed. Joan Aruz (New York and London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press, 2003), 58.</ref> In 1929 the [[Oriental Institute, Chicago|Oriental Institute]] at the [[University of Chicago]] obtained a concession to excavate the area.<ref name="Karen"/> [[James Henry Breasted]] (1865–1935), the founder of the institute, invited the Dutch Archeologist [[Henri Frankfort]] (1897–1954) to lead the expedition. Between 1930 and 1937 Frankfort and his team conducted extensive horizontal and vertical excavations on four mounds: [[Khafajah]], [[Tell Asmar]] (ancient Eshnunna), [[Tell Agrab]], and [[Ishchali]].<ref name="Karen"/> They uncovered temples, palaces, administrative buildings, and houses ranging in date from about 3100 to 1750 B.C. The hundreds of artifacts recovered from the stratified ruins of these ancient civic structures greatly enhanced understanding of Early Dynastic periodization.<ref name="Jean">Jean M. Evans, "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction on Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E.", ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 11 (2007): 600.</ref>▼
▲[[File:Oriental Institute Museum. God with ax attacks eagle while Shamash and Worshipper stand behind (5948336437).jpg|thumb|250pxleft|GrayPatung limestone,yang Tellterbuat Asmar,dari Northernbatu Palace,kapur Akkadian (2350abu-2150abu BC)di Tell Asmar.]]
▲InPada theakhir latetahun 1920s1920-an antiquepedagang dealersbarang inantik di [[Baghdad]] werememperoleh acquiringsejumlah largebesar quantitiesartefak ofyang unusual,tidak highbiasa qualitydan artifactsbermutu fromtinggi thedari desertpadang eastpasir ofdi thesebelah timur Sungai [[Diyala River]], justkira-kira northdi ofsisi itsutara confluencedari withpertemuan thesungai Diyala dengan [[sungai Tigris]].<ref name="Karen">Karen L. Wilson, ''Excavations in the Diyala Region'', in [http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/189351 ''Art Of The First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus''], ed. Joan Aruz (New York and London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press, 2003), 58.</ref> InPada tahun 1929 theInstitut [[Oriental Institute,di Chicago|Oriental Institute]] at theUniversitas [[University of Chicago]] obtainedmemperoleh akonsesi concessionuntuk tomenggali excavate thedaerah areatersebut.<ref name="Karen"/> [[James Henry Breasted]] (1865–1935), thependiri founderInstitut ofOriental thedi institute[[Universitas Chicago]], invitedmengundang the[[arkeolog]] Dutch ArcheologistBelanda [[Henri Frankfort]] (1897–1954) tountuk leadmemimpin theekspedisi expeditiontersebut. BetweenAntara tahun 1930 anddan 1937 Frankfort and hisdan teamtimnya conductedmelakukan extensivepenggalian horizontal anddan verticalvertikal excavationssecara onekstensif fourdi moundsempat gundukan: [[Khafajah]], [[Tell Asmar]] (ancientEshnunna Eshnunnakuno), [[Tell Agrab]], anddan [[Ishchali]].<ref name="Karen"/> TheyMereka uncoveredmenemukan templeskuil, palacesistana, administrativebangunan buildingsadministratif, anddan housesrumah-rumah rangingdomestik inyang dateberasal fromdari abouttahun 3100 tosampai 1750 B.CSM. TheRatusan hundredsartefak ofyang artifactsditemukan recovereddari fromreruntuhan thestratifikasi stratifieddi ruinsstruktur ofsipil thesekuno ancientini civicsemakin structuresmeningkatkan greatlypemahaman enhancedtentang understandingperiode-periode ofDinasti EarlyAwal Dynasticdi periodizationMesopotamia.<ref name="Jean">Jean M. Evans, "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction on Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E.", ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 11 (2007): 600.</ref>
 
Among the most well-known and best preserved objects are the twelve statues known collectively as the Tell Asmar Hoard. The hoard was found during the 1933-34 excavation season at Tell Asmar beneath the floor of a temple dedicated to the god [[Abu (god)|Abu]]. The statues were neatly stacked in an oblong cavity beside an altar in the sanctuary. The careful placement suggests that they were buried intentionally. However, the reason for the burial and person(s) responsible for doing so remains unclear. Frankfort, who wrote extensively on the subject, suggests that a priest periodically buried old or badly damaged statues in order to make room in the temple for their replacements.<ref name="HenriFrankfort">Henri Frankfort, ''Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafãjah" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).</ref>{{rp|16}}
 
== The statues ==
 
==Patung-patung==
The statues of the Tell Asmar Hoard range in height from 21&nbsp;cm (8.2 in.) to 72&nbsp;cm (28.3 in.). Of the twelve statues found ten are male and two are female. Eight of the figures are made from Gypsum, two from limestone, and one (the smallest) from alabaster.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} All the figures, with the exception of one that is kneeling, are rendered in a standing position. Thin circular bases were used as supports and large wedge shaped feet provided the larger statues with added durability. The males wear kilts with a patterned hem that covers the midsection and thighs. Their broad shoulders and thick, circular arms frame the bare chest, which is partially covered by a black, stylized beard. All the males, with the exception of one that is bald and clean shaven, have long hair rendered in two symmetrical halves that frames the smooth surfaces of the cheeks and forehead. The large eyes, which are undoubtedly the most striking stylistic feature that the statues share in common, are made from inlays of white shell and black limestone; one figure has pupils of [[lapis lazuli]].<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} These materials are secured to the head with bitumen, which was also used as a pigment to give the beard and hair its characteristic black color. Both the hair and the clothing, though abstracted, accurately reflect [[Sumer]]ian styles of the Early Dynastic period.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|49–52}}
Patung-patung di Temuan Tell Asmar berkisar antara {{convert|21|cm}} sampai {{convert|72|cm}}. Dari dua belas patung ditemukan sepuluh figur laki-laki dan dua figur perempuan. Delapan dari figur tersebut terbuat dari gipsum, dua dari batu kapur, dan satu (yang terkecil) dari alabaster.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} Semua figur, kecuali satu yang sedang berlutut, berada dalam posisi berdiri. Sebuah dasar berbentuk lingkaran digunakan sebagai pendukung dan sebuah pasak memberikan dukungan terhadap patung yang berukuran besar. Figur laki-laki mengenakan sarung dengan ujung berpola yang menutupi bagian tengah tubuh dan paha. Bahunya yang lebar dan lengan yang melingkar membingkai dada yang berbentuk bidang, yang sebagian ditutupi oleh janggut hitam. Semua laki-laki, kecuali figur yang tidak memiliki rambut, memiliki rambut panjang yang dibuat dalam dua belah simetris yang membingkai wajah. Mata besar dari figur-figur ini terbuat dari tatahan kerang putih dan batu kapur hitam; satu figur memiliki batu mulia [[lapis lazuli]] sebagai pupilnya.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|57–59}} Bahan-bahan baku ini ditempelkan kepada figur-figur tersebut dengan bantuan [[bitumen]], yang juga digunakan untuk memberi pigmen warna hitam pada jenggot dan rambut beberapa figur. Gaya rambut dan pakaian figur-figur ini secara akurat merefleksikan gaya berpakaian [[Sumeria]] pada periode Dinasti Awal.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|49–52}}
 
Temuan-temuan tersebut ditemukan disebuah kuil yang didedikasikan untuk Abu, dewa kesuburan [[Timur Dekat]] kuno. Bukti dari reruntuhan Dinasti Awal di Khafajah menunjukkan bahwa patung-patung itu mungkin telah diatur di sepanjang dinding tempat suci di lantai atau di atas bangku bata lumpur sebelum dikuburkan.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|10}} Beberapa patung memiliki tulisan di punggung atau dibagian bawah dengan sebuah nama dan sebuah pesan pembuka yang dipersonalisasi, sementara yang lain hanya bertuliskan "seseorang yang menawarkan doa." Prasasti ini menunjukkan bahwa patung-patung itu berfungsi sebagai pengganti jamaah pria dan wanita yang ingin meninggalkan doa mereka di kuil kepada tuhan.
The hoard was discovered in a temple dedicated to Abu, the ancient Near Eastern god of fertility. Evidence from Early Dynastic ruins at [[Khafajah]] suggests that the statues may have been arranged along the walls of the sanctuary either on the floor or on a low mud brick bench before they were buried.<ref name="HenriFrankfort"/>{{rp|10}} Some of the statues are inscribed on the back and bottom with a name and personalized supplicatory message, while others simply state “one who offers prayers.” These inscriptions indicate that the statues functioned as a surrogate for male and female worshipers who wished to leave their prayers with the god. In the 3rd millennium B.C. the price for a votive statue likely depended on its size, and possibly what stone was used.
 
Frankfort berpendapat bahwa angka terbesar dalam tumpukan bukanlah patung pemuja manusia, melainkan sebuah representasi dari dewa pelindung Abu [5]. Dia meminta perhatian pada sejumlah fitur yang membedakan patung ini dari yang lain, termasuk: ukuran, mata besar yang tidak wajar, terutama pupil, dan ukiran emblematik elang dengan sayap terentang yang diapit oleh dua ekor kambing gunung yang terukir di atas dasar. [5]
 
Di antara benda-benda yang paling terkenal dan paling terpelihara di Tell Asmar adalah dua belas patung yang dikenal secara kolektif sebagai papan selam Tell Asmar. Temuan tersebut ditemukan pada ekskavasi tahun 1933-1934 di Tell Asmar dibawah lantai yang ditujukan untuk dewa Abu. Patung-patung tersebut ditumpuk dengan rapi disebuah rongga persegi panjang di samping sebuah altar di dalam tempat suci di kuil tersebut. Kenyataan bahwa patung-patung tersebut ditempatkan secara hati-hati menunjukkan bahwa mereka dikubur dengan sengaja. Namun, alasan pemakaman dan orang yang bertanggung jawab untuk melakukannya masih tidak jelas. Frankfort, yang banyak menulis tentang Temuan Tell Asmar, mengusulkan suatu ide dimana pemuka agama dari kuil tersebut secara rutin mengubur patung-patung yang sudah tua atau yang sudah rusak untuk memberi ruang didalam kuil untuk penggantian patung-patung tersebut.<ref name="HenriFrankfort">Henri Frankfort, ''Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafãjah" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).</ref>{{rp|16}}
 
Frankfort argued that the largest figure in the hoard is not an effigy of a human worshiper, but rather a representation of the patron deity Abu.<ref name="ThorkildJacobsen">Thorkild Jacobsen, "God of Worshipper". In ''Essays in Ancient Civilizations Presented to Helene J. Kantor'', (Chicago: Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1989) 125.</ref> He calls attention to a number of features that set this particular statue apart from the rest including: the size, the unnaturally large eyes, especially the pupils, and the emblematic carving of an eagle with outstretched wings flanked by two recumbent mountain goats carved on the base.<ref name="ThorkildJacobsen"/>
Baris 94 ⟶ 90:
[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]]
 
=Batu Goa=
[[File:Goa Stone and Gold Case MET DP116021.jpg|thumb|[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738 Goa Stone and container], probably from Goa, India, late 17th–early 18th century.]]
A '''Goa stone''' is a man-made [[Bezoar|bezoar]] that is considered to have medicinal and [[Talisman (disambiguation)|talismanic]] properties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Stone with Gold Case|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454738|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Goa stones were manufactured by [[Jesuits]] in the late [[Seventeenth century|seventeenth century]] in [[Goa]], [[India]], because naturally occurring bezoars were scarce.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bailly|first1=Muriel|title=Foolish Remedies: Goa Stone|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/foolish-remedies-goa-stone|website=Wellcome Collection|publisher=Wellcome Collection|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> Their inventor was the Florentine lay brother Gaspar Antonio, and a Jesuit monopoly was confirmed by the Portuguese on March 6, 1691.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA317|title=An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa|last=Fonseca|first=José Nicolau da|date=1878|publisher=Thacker & Company, limited|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=317|language=en}}</ref> They were created by combining organic and inorganic materials including hair, shells, tusks, resin, and crushed gems, then shaping the materials into a ball and gilting it. Like [[bezoar]] stones, Goa stones were thought to prevent [[disease]] and cure [[poisoning]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bezoar Stone with Case and Stand|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/452963|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref> They could be administered by shaving off small pieces into a drinkable beverage like [[water]], [[tea]], or [[wine]].
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