Sejarah astrologi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Nadiantara (bicara | kontrib) |
Nadiantara (bicara | kontrib) k →Mesir |
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Baris 88:
The gods were also believed to present themselves in the celestial images of the planets or stars with whom they were associated. Evil celestial omens attached to any particular planet were therefore seen as indications of dissatisfaction or disturbance of the god that planet represented. Such indications were met with attempts to appease the god and find manageable ways by which the god’s expression could be realised without significant harm to the king and his nation. An astronomical report to the king Esarhaddon concerning a lunar eclipse of January 673 BC shows how the ritualistic use of substitute kings, or substitute events, combined an unquestioning belief in magic and omens with a purely mechanical view that the astrological event must have some kind of correlate within the natural world:
=== Mesir pada era Helenistik ===
Pada tahun 525 SM, Mesir ditaklukan oleh Bangsa Persia dan diyakini setelah itu terdapat banyak pengaruh terhadap astrologi Bangsa Mesir yang diberikan oleh astrologi kebudayaan Mesopotamia. Pengaruh dari kebudayaan Mesopotamia dicontohkan pada dua simbolisasi dalam zodiak bangsa Mesir – zodiak Libra dan Scorpio pada zodiak Dendera bangsa Mesir.
Setelah pendudukan oleh Iskandar Agung pada 332 SM, Mesir berada dibawah kekuasaan dan pengaruh Bangsa Yunano. Kota Alexandria merupakan kota yang dicetuskan oleh Iskandar Agung setelah penaklukan tersebut pada abad ke-3 hingga ke-2 SM. Kota Alexandria di Mesir ini yang kemudian menjadi tempat bercampurnya astrologi Mesir dengan astrologi yang berasal dari periode akhir kebudayaan Mesopotamia. Astrologi Mesir kemudian memasukan berbagai konsep yang terdapat pada kebudayaan Mesopotamia seperti pentingnya pengaruh planet, konsep tripolisitas, dan pengaruh gerhana. Bersama dengan ini, Bangsa Mesir menggabungkan konsep pembagian zodiak kedalam 36 segmen ''(decan)'' pada suatu lingkaran langit, dan memberi penekanan terhadap konstelasi bintang yang dominan, sistem dewa-dewa Yunani yang berkaitan dengan planet, pertanda dari pemerintahan, dan empat elemen utama (air, udara, tanah, api).
Dekan merupakan suatu sistem pengukuran waktu yang didari pengamatan konstelasi bintang. Sistem ini dimulai oleh terbitnya konstelasi Sirius. Terbitnya suatu dekan tertentu di langit digunakan untuk membagi waktu (jam) pada suatu malam. Terbitnya suatu konstelasi bintang sesaat sebelum terbitnya matahari dianggap sebagai jam terakhir dari suatu malam.
=== Romawi-Yunani ===▼
The decans were a system of time measurement according to the constellations. They were led by the constellation Sothis or Sirius. The risings of the decans in the night were used to divide the night into ‘hours’. The rising of a constellation just before sunrise (its heliacal rising) was considered the last hour of the night. Over the course of the year, each constellation rose just before sunrise for ten days. When they became part of the astrology of the Hellenistic Age, each decan was associated with ten degrees of the zodiac. Texts from the 2nd century BCE list predictions relating to the positions of planets in zodiac signs at the time of the rising of certain decans, particularly Sothis.
Particularly important in the development of horoscopic astrology was the astrologer and astronomer Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. Ptolemy's work the ''Tetrabiblos'' laid the basis of the Western astrological tradition. The earliest Zodiac found in Egypt dates to the 1st century BCE, the Dendera Zodiac.
▲=== Romawi-Yunani ===
The conquest of Asia by Alexander the Great exposed the Greeks to the cultures and cosmological ideas of Syria, Babylon, Persia and central Asia. Greek overtook cuneiform script as the international language of intellectual communication and part of this process was the transmission of astrology from Cuneiform to Greek. Sometime around 280 BCE, Berossus, a priest of Bel from Babylon, moved to the Greek island of Kos in order to teach astrology and Babylonian culture to the Greeks. With this, what Campion calls, 'the innovative energy' in astrology moved west to the Hellenistic world of Greece and Egypt. According to Campion, the astrology that arrived from the East was marked by its complexity, with different forms of astrology emerging. By the 1st century BCE two varieties of astrology were in existence, one that required the reading of horoscopes in order to establish precise details about the past, present and future, the other being theurgic, meaning literally 'god-work', and emphasised the soul's ascent to the stars. While they were not mutually exclusive, the former sought information about the life, while the latter was concerned with personal transformation, where astrology served as a form of dialogue with the divine.
Like so much else, astrology came to Rome due to Greek influence. Among the Greeks and Romans, Babylonia or Chaldea was so identified with astrology that "Chaldaean wisdom" became the synonym of divination through the planets and stars. Astrologers became very much in vogue in Imperial Rome. Indeed, the emperor Tiberius had had his destiny predicted for him at birth, and so surrounded himself with astrologers such as Thrasyllus of Mendes. According to Juvenal 'there are people who cannot appear in public, dine or bathe, without having first consulted an ephemeris'. Claudius, on the other hand favoured augury and banned astrologers from Rome altogether. It is perhaps not surprising, that in the course of time, to be known as a "Chaldaean" carried with it frequently the suspicion of charlatanry and of more or less willful deception. One of the more famous examples of Roman literature concerning astrology is the poem ''Astronomica'', written in the first century AD by Marcus Manilius.
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