Bahasa Hurri: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 5:
Some scholars, such as [[I. J. Gelb]] and [[E. A. Speiser]], tried to equate Hurrians and "[[Subarians]]".
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== Sejarah ==
[[File:Urkish lion - 21st century BC - Louvre AO 19937, AO 19938.jpg|thumb|right|
Pada [[abad ke-13 SM]], serangan dari barat oleh [[bangsa Het|orang Het]] dan dari selatan oleh [[Asyur]] mengakhiri keberadaan kekaisaran Mitanni, yang terbagi di antara dua kekuasaan yang merebutnya itu. Pada abad berikutnya, serangan dari [[:en:Sea Peoples|"orang-orang Laut"]] membawa akhir yang cepat terhadap pemukiman terakhir yang menggunakan bahasa Hurri. Sekitar waktu itu, bahasa-bahasa lain, seperti [[bahasa Het]] dan [[bahasa Ugarit]] juga punah, dan ini dikenal sebagai [[:en:Bronze Age collapse|keruntuhan Zaman Perunggu]]. Dalam berbagai teks bahasa-bahasa ini, juga dalam [[bahasa Akkadia]] atau Urarti, didapati banyak nama dan tempat dalam bahasa Hurri.
▲[[File:Urkish lion - 21st century BC - Louvre AO 19937, AO 19938.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hurrian foundation pegs|Louvre lion]] and accompanying stone tablet bearing the earliest known text in Hurrian]]
▲The earliest Hurrian text fragments consist of lists of names and places from the end of the third millennium BC. The first full texts date to the reign of king [[Tish-atal]] of [[Urkesh]] and were found on a stone tablet accompanying the [[Hurrian foundation pegs]] known as the "Urkish lions."<ref name="louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/hurrian-foundation-deposit-known-urkish-lion|title=A Hurrian foundation deposit known as the "Urkish Lion"|first1=Claire|last1=Iselin|last2=André-Salvini|first2=Béatrice|publisher=[[Musée du Louvre]]|accessdate=2 December 2012}}</ref> At the start of the second milliennium BC. Archeologists have discovered the texts of numerous spells, incantations, prophecies and letters at sites including [[Hattusha]], [[Mari, Syria|Mari]], [[Tuttul]], [[Babylon]], [[Ugarit]] and others. Early study of the language, however, was entirely based on the [[Amarna letters|Mitanni letter]], found in 1887 at [[Amarna]] in Egypt, written by the Hurrian king [[Tushratta]] to the pharaoh [[Amenhotep III]]. The Hurro-Urartian relation was recognized as early as 1890 by Sayce (ZA 5, 1890, 260-274) and Jensen (ZA 6, 1891, 34-72).
Minat yang baru terhadap bahasa Hurri dibangkitkan oleh teks-teks yang diketemukan di [[:en:Boğazkale|Boğazköy]] pada tahun 1910-an dan Ugarit pada tahun 1930-an. Speiser (1941) mempublikasi gramatika komprehensif pertama dari bahasa Hurri. Sejak tahun 1980-an, korpus [[Nuzi]] dari arsip Silwa-tessup telah disunting oleh G. Wilhelm. Sejak akhir tahun 1980-an, kemajuan berarti telah dicapai berkat penemuan suatu teks dwibahasa Hurri-Het, yang disunting oleh E. Neu ([[StBoT]] 32).
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==Dialects==
The Hurrian of the Mitanni letter differs significantly from that used in the texts at Hattusha and other Hittite centres, as well as from earlier Hurrian texts from various locations. The non-Mitanni letter varieties, while not entirely homogeneous, are commonly subsumed under the designation ''Old Hurrian''. Whereas in Mitanni the vowel pairs ''i''/''e'' and ''u''/''o'' are differentiated, in the Hattusha dialect they have merged into ''i'' and ''u'' respectively. There are also differences in morphology, some of which are mentioned in the course of the exposition below. Nonetheless, it is clear that these represent [[dialects]] of one language. Another Hurrian dialect is likely represented in several texts from Ugarit, but they are so poorly preserved that little can be said about them, save that spelling patterns used elsewhere to represent Hurrian phonemes are virtually ignored in them. There was also a Hurrian-Akkadian creole, called [[Nuzi]], spoken in the Mitanni provincial capital of [[Arrapha]].
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Baris 74:
Since /f/ was not found in the [[Sumerian cuneiform]] script, the Hurrians used the symbols representing /p/, /b/ or /w/. An /f/ can be recognised in words where this transcription varies from text to text. In cases where a word occurs only once, with a ''p'', it cannot be known if it was originally meant to represent a /p/ or an /f/. In final syllables containing ''a'', /f/ becomes diphthongised to /u/, e.g. ''tānōšau'' (<*tān-ōš-af)) "I did". /s/ is traditionally transcribed by /š/, because the cuneiform script adapted the sign indicating /š/ for this phoneme. /ts/ is regularly transcribed by ''z'', and /x/ by ''ḫ'' or ''h''. In Hurrian, /r/ and /l/ do not occur at the beginning of a word.
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Baris 94:
Vowels, just like consonants, can be either long or short. In the cuneiform script, this is indicated by placing an additional vowel symbol between the ''CV'' and ''VC'' syllables, giving ''CV-V-VC''. Short vowels are indicated by a simple ''CV-VC'' pairing. In the Latin transcription, long vowels are indicated with a macron, ''ā'', ''ē'', ''ī'', ''ō'', and ''ū''. For /o/, which is absent in the Sumerian script, the sign for ''U'' is used, whereas /u/ is represented by ''Ú''.
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===Word derivation===
While Hurrian could not combine multiple stems to form new stems, a large number of [[suffix]]es could be attached to existing stems to form new words. For example, ''attardi'' (ancestor) from ''attai'' (father), ''futki'' (son) from ''fut'' (to beget), ''aštohhe'' (feminine) from ''ašti'' (woman). Hurrian also provided many verbal suffixes, which often changed the [[valency (linguistics)|valency]] of the verb they modify.
Baris 176:
The so-called [[essive case]] can convey the meaning "as" and a condition, but also to express direction, the aim of a demand, the transition from one condition to another, the [[direct object]] in [[antipassive]] constructions (where the transitive subject receives the absolutive case instead of the ergative), and, in the variety of [[Nuzi]], also the dative.<ref name=wegnercase>Wegner, I. 2000. Einführung in die hurritische Sprache. P.56-57</ref>
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