Tata suara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 27:
Pengaturan tata suara dimulai dari pengaturan jalur mikropon dan sumber input yang lain ke mixer yang ada. Dari audio mixer itulah nantinya diatur kembali oleh operator ke berbagai keperluan yaitu dikirim ke Audio Power amplifier utama, Booth Monitor, dan juga ke input rekaman jika diperlukan. Peralatan lain seperti audio limiter dan compressor, noise gate, reverb,extra equalizer dapat diatur di konsul mixer tersebut. Letak Konsul mixer sedapat mungkin harus dipilih di depan Panggung jika tata suara itu untuk pertunjukan, dimana diperlukan kabel penghubung terlindung yang menghubungkan panggung dengan konsul mixer. Sedapat mungkin kabel penghubung ini dilalukan pada jalur aman dari injakan kuat yang dapat menganggu.
==System components==
===Input transducers===
Many types of input [[transducers]] can be found in a sound reinforcement system, with [[microphone]]s being the most commonly-used input device. They can be classified according to their method of transduction, pickup (or [[polar]]) pattern or their functional application. Most microphones used in sound reinforcement are either dynamic or [[condenser]] microphones. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
Microphones used for sound reinforcement can be positioned and mounted in many ways, including base-weighted upright stands, podium mounts, tie-clips, instrument-mounted and headset mounts. Headset mounted and tie-clip mounted microphones are often used with wireless transmission to allow performers or speakers to move freely. Early adopters of headset mounted microphones technology included country singer [[Garth Brooks]]<ref>Eargle, John, and Chris Foreman. Audio Engineering for sound reinforcement. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002. 62</ref>, [[Kate Bush]], and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]. <ref>{{cite news| last=Badhorn|first=Philippe|title=Interview in Rolling Stone (France)|publisher=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=February 006 |}}</ref>
There are many other types of input transducers which may be used occasionally, including magnetic pickups used in electric guitars and electric basses, [[contact microphone]]s used on stringed instruments, and piano and [[phonograph]] pickups (cartridges) used in record players <ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-transducers.htm What are Transducers?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
===Signal processors===
====Mixing consoles====
[[Mixing console]]s are the heart of a sound reinforcement system. This is where the operator can mix, equalize and add effects to sound sources. Multiple consoles can be used for different applications in a single sound reinforcement system. In sound reinforcement, the main or FOH (Front Of House) mixing console must be located where the operator can see and hear the action on stage. Some venues with permanent systems installed (e.g. religious facilities and theaters) place the mixing console within an enclosed booth, but this approach is more appropriate for broadcast and recording applications. In sound reinforcement, mixing from an enclosed booth prevents the operator from hearing the combined effect of the artist, the loudspeakers, the audience, the mix and the acoustics of the room. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
Large music productions often use a separate stage monitor mixing console, which is dedicated to creating mixes for the performers' on-stage monitors. These consoles are often placed at the side of the stage so that the operator can communicate with the performers on stage. {{Fact|date=September 2007}}
====Equalizers====
[[Equalization|Equalizers]] exist in sound reinforcement systems in two forms: Graphic and Parametric. Both of these are used in conjunction with End-cut filters. [[Parametric equalization|Parametric equalizers]] have knobs that adjust three parameters: frequency, boost/cut and Q (bandwidth). These equalizers are often found built into each channel in mixing consoles, but are also available as separate units. Parametric equalizers first became popular in the 1970s and have remained the program equalizer of choice since then. <!--Eargle p.96 in case anybody challenges-->
Graphic equalizers have faders which resemble a frequency response curve plotted on a graph. Sound reinforcement systems normally use graphic equalizers designed on one-third [[octave]] centers. End-cut [[audio filter|filter]]s restrict a given channels [[bandwidth]] extremes, which can prevent subsonic disturbances and RF or lighting control disturbances from interfering with the audio system. End-cut filter sections are often included with graphic equalizers to give full control of the frequency range. If their response is steep enough, then [[high-pass filter]]s (low-cut) and [[low-pass filter]]s (high-cut) can function as end-cut filters. A feedback suppressor is a specialized type of filter which automatically detects and suppresses [[Audio feedback|feedback]] by cutting a deep notch on the frequency which is feeding back.
====Compressors and limiters====
[[Audio level compression|Compressors and limiters]] are used to maintain an average signal level by automatically reducing the level of louder sound. Signal [[compression]] is necessary because the [[dynamic range]] of equipment may be smaller than that of the signal and cause distortion, or clipping. When the signal is compressed, there is a smaller difference between the volume of the loudest and quietest sounds. The output level of a compressor can then be turned up to optimize the efficient use of a systems dynamic range.
Compressors also have [[ADSR envelope|attack and release]] settings, which determine how long the compressor will wait before turning down the volume on a loud sound, and how long to wait before turning the volume up again. Attack time is usually within the range of [[microseconds]], while release time is in the range of seconds. There is also a [[threshold]] setting which determines at what minimum sound pressure level the compressor should start compressing. Compressors are useful for restricting the volume of vocalists with a large dynamic range. Vocalists using microphones need to learn how to distance their mouth from the microphone when singing especially loud notes, such as high notes. Compressors provide for safer signal handing by avoiding distorting and clipping.
A limiter is essentially a compressor with the most extreme setting in effect, and sets a sound level ceiling on a signal instead of a slow curve. Limiters suppress very loud pops (such as when unplugging a guitar or dropping a microphone) which could damage the audio system.
====Noise gate====
A [[noise gate]] sets a threshold where if it is any quieter it will not let the signal pass and if it is louder it "opens the gate." Thus the noise gate's functions are very much opposite to those of a compressor. There are also attack and release settings, which work in the same way as a compressor. Noise gates are useful for microphones which will pick up noise which is not relevant to the program, such as the hum of a miked electric guitar amplifier or the rustling of papers on a Minister's podium.
Noise gates are also used with the microphones placed near the different drums and cymbals in the drum kits in many hard rock and metal bands. Without a noise gate, the microphone for a specific instrument, such as the floor tom, will also pick up sounds from nearby drums or cymbals, which bleed into its microphone. With a noise gate, the threshold of sensitivity for each microphone for each instrument from the drum kit can be set so that only the direct striking of the instrument will be picked up by the microphone, and not the nearby sounds.
====Other effects and accessories====
[[Reverberation]] and [[Delay (audio effect)]] effects are widely used in sound reinforcement systems to give the effect of natural reverb. Less commonly, modulation effects such as [[Flanging]] and [[Phaser (effect)]]s are applied to some instruments for an unusual sound effect.
The [[Exciter (effect)]] "livens up" the sound of audio signals by applying dynamic equalization, phase manipulation and harmonic synthesis of (usually) high frequency signals.
A wide range of accessories are used in sound reinforcement systems. [[High-end audio cables]] are shielded to prevent hum and interference. Rack-mount cases, such as the industry standard [[19-inch rack]]s are used to store and transport effects units and amplifiers. Some racks have cushioned shock-mounting to protect equipment from impacts.
====Power Amplifiers====
Power [[Audio amplifier|Amplifiers]] increase the signal level, and provide current to drive the loudspeaker. All output transducers require amplification of the signal by amplifiers, including loudspeakers, monitor speakers, and even headphones. Most professional amplifiers provide protection from overdriven ("clipped") signals, short circuits across the output, or thermal overload. Compression and limiting features are often used to protect loudspeakers and amplifiers from signal overload.
Like most sound reinforcement equipment, professional amplifiers are designed to be mounted on [[19-inch rack]]s. Many power amplifiers have internal fans to draw air across the heat sinks. Heat dissipation is an important factor for operators to consider when mounting amplifiers onto equipment racks, since they can generate a significant amount of heat <ref> ''Concert Sound and Lighting Systems'', Ch. 5, 'Power amplifiers', By John Vasey, at http://books.google.com/books?id=emthlAnw7l4C&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=amplifier+overheat&source=web&ots=gqFTQ_Wnn2&sig=D0VgC4Er6RW9LZ305nudC0Ns_SY</ref>
Since transistor power amplifiers used for large venues need to produce a high output, this usually means that most powerful amplifiers are very heavy. Most powerful amplifiers are [[Class AB]] amplifiers, which need bulky transformers made of copper wiring and large metal heat sinks for cooling. However, [[Class D amplifier]]s, which are much more efficient, weigh much less than Class-AB amplifiers producing an equivalent power output.
Digital loudspeaker system controllers (DLSC), also known as digital crossover networks, are most commonly used to process the final mix being sent from the mixing console to the amplifiers, and in turn to the loudspeakers. Multiple loudspeakers with a more narrow-band response, tailored to specific frequency bands, can be used together (i.e. lows, mids and highs) to obtain a more accurate reproduction of the input signal. This also makes more efficient use of amplifier power by sending each amplifier only the frequency band that its respective loudspeaker can reproduce. The crossover function of a DLSC does this splitting of the input signal into separate outputs for each speaker. Most DLSCs have calibration and testing functions, such as a tone generator, a [[pink noise]] generator coupled with a [[real-time analyzer]] and automated room optimization.
===Output transducers===
====Loudspeakers====
[[Loudspeaker]]s (also known as drivers) are the main speakers which project the sound to the [[audience]]. A basic, inexpensive PA speaker may only have a single full-range loudspeaker system. [[Professional]] PA speakers usually have different drivers that provide the low-, middle-, and high [[frequency]] sounds. In the 1960s, most PA speakers were "columns" with several speakers mounted in a tall cabinet, which evolved into cube-shaped speakers mounted on stands by the end of the decade. In the 1970s, PA speakers developed into stacks of "bass bin"s and high-range horns. By the 1980s, PA speakers became easier to use and set up, because they increasingly contained a range of different drivers (woofer and horn) with built-in crossovers.
In the 1990s and 2000s, professional PA speakers were often "actively controlled" with electronic [[processors]] that automatically adjust crossover and [[equalization]] settings and protect the speakers. In the 2000s, PA speaker cabinets were increasingly built with protection circuitry that protects high and mid frequency drivers from accidental exposure to low frequency sound material. Some PA speakers also protect the high frequency drivers with "current-to-light" conversion circuitry, which takes excess current which would otherwise damage a horn, and uses it to light a small light bulb. Another circuit protection technique used to protect horns is current sensing / self-resetting breakers, which protects the horn in cases of high-volume feedback (e.g., a microphone being accidentally dropped into a monitor).
As well, many PA speaker companies have begun providing Neutrik Speakon multi-pin connectors, instead of the decades-old 1/4" jacks. The Speakon connectors provide a much larger metal contact area for high current PA applications.
The four different types of [[transducers]] ([[woofers]], compression drivers, and tweeters) all use the same components: a [[voicecoil]], [[magnet]], cone or [[diaphragm (acoustics)|diaphragm]], and a frame or structure. PA speakers have a power rating (in [[watts]]) which indicates their maximum power capacity, to help users avoid overloading them with excessively powerful amplifiers. However, even an amplifier with less power output than a speaker's power rating can destroy the speakers if the amplifier signal becomes heavily [[distorted]], especially if the distortion is from low-range sounds. The power rating of speakers is expressed either as RMS ([[Root Mean Square]]) or PGM (Program). The PGM rating became more widely used in the 2000s; it means "do not use more than the indicated power with this speaker."
[[Trapezoidal]] or "wedge-shaped" speakers have a shape which allows the speakers to be grouped into arrays so that they can be mounted on rigging.
Professional PA speakers are usually designed with internal brace "flying" hardware (e.g., steel eyebolts) for safe suspension of speakers from rigging or ceilings. Many speakers are designed with interlocking corners so that they can be vertically or horizontally stacked for large concerts. Large, heavy PA speakers are often equipped with wheeled dollys, to facilitate on-stage placement.
====Monitors====
=====Speakers=====
[[Monitor speakers]] are usually full-range speakers which are directed towards an individual performer, a sound operator or entire sections of a stage. Most monitor speaker cabinets have a wedge shape, so that they will point up towards the performer when they are placed on their sides on the stage. Monitor speaker cabinets usually contain a speaker (driver) for low- and mid-frequency sounds and a horn for high-frequency sounds. Some monitor speakers include an L-pad for controlling the volume of the horn. In the 2000s, PA speaker companies began offering a range of powered monitor speakers, which contain a power amplifier. Another trend of the 2000s was the blurring of the lines between monitor speaker cabinets and regular speaker cabinets; many companies began selling wedge-shaped full-range speakers which they state can be used for monitors or regular Front of House purposes.
=====Headphones=====
[[Headphones]] are typically used by the sound board operator to monitor specific channels or to listen to the entire mix. Some performers may use headphones as monitors as well, such as drummers in pop music bands. In the 2000s, some bands and singers have begun using small "in ear"-style headphone monitors. In-ear monitors allow musicians to hear their voice and the other instruments with a clearer, more intelligible sound, because the molded in-ear headphone design blocks out on-stage noise. While some in-ear monitors are "universal fit" designs, some companies also sell custom-made in-ear monitors, which require a fitting by an [[audiologist]]. Custom-made in-ear monitors provide an exact fit for a performer's ear.
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