Kesejarahan Yesus: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Historisitas Yesus''', atau '''kesejarahan Yesus''', berkenaan dengan sejauh mana keberadaan [[Yesus|Yesus dari Nazaret]], lahir {{circa}} 7–2 SM, sebagai seorang figur historis. Terdapat "konsensus yang nyaris universal" di kalangan [[Kritik teks (Alkitab)|akademisi biblika]] bahwa Yesus ada secara historis,<ref name=Carrier>{{cite book|last=Carrier|first=Richard Lane|title=On the Historicity of Jesus: Why we might Have Reason for Doubt|year=2014|publisher=Sheffield Phoenix Press|isbn=9781909697355}}</ref><ref name=fox>{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robin Lane|title=The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465024971|page=48}}</ref><ref name=nobbs>{{cite web|last1=Dickson|first1=John|title=Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus|url=http://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2012/12/24/3660194.htm|website=Abc.net.au|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|

Sambil membahas fakta "mencolok" bahwa "kita tidak memiliki catatan Romawi apapun yang membuktikan keberadaan Yesus," Ehrman menolak klaim bahwa hal ini berarti Yesus tidak pernah ada. Katanya, "Dia tentu ada, karena hampir setiap akademisi antikuitas yang kompeten, baik Kristen ataupun non-Kristen, sependapat berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang jelas dan pasti."<ref name="Ehrman2011">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MtOMO8i4GLoC|date=22 March 2011|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 285|isbn=978-0-06-207863-6}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[Robert M. Price]], seorang mantan apologis fundamentalis yang berubah menjadi ateis mengatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus tidak dapat dikesampingkan, tetapi kemungkinannya kurang dibandingkan dengan non eksistensi. Ia sependapat bahwa perspektifnya bertentangan dengan pandangan sebagian besar akademisi.<ref name="Dunn2010">{{cite book|author=James Douglas Grant Dunn|title=The Historical Jesus: Five Views|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DtRhzgAACAAJ|date=1 February 2010|publisher=[[:en:SPCK Publishing|SPCK Publishing]] |pages= 61|isbn=978-0-281-06329-1}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|[[:en:Michael Grant (writer)|Michael Grant]] (seorang yang mendalami [[klasika]]) menyatakan bahwa, "Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, 'tidak ada akademisi yang serius memberanikan diri untuk mendalilkan non historistias Yesus' atau pada tingkatan yang sangat sedikit, dan mereka belum berhasil menyingkirkan bukti-bukti yang jauh lebih kuat, yang memang sangat berlimpah, untuk menyatakan sebaliknya."<ref name="Grant2004">{{cite book|author=Michael Grant|title=Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zVUxICZlgYIC|date=January 2004|publisher=Orion|pages= 200|isbn=978-1-898799-88-7}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=nb|"Ada orang-orang yang berpendapat bahwa Yesus adalah bagian dari imajinasi Gereja, bahwa Yesus sama sekali tidak pernah ada. Saya harus mengatakan bahwa saya tidak tahu jika ada akademisi kritis terhormat yang mengatakan hal itu lagi."<ref name="BurridgeGould2004">{{cite book|author1=Richard A. Burridge|author2=Graham Gould|title=Jesus Now and Then|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AB3ciLwoWkQC|year=2004|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|pages= 34|isbn=978-0-8028-0977-3}}</ref>}} kendati mereka memiliki perbedaan pendapat mengenai keyakinan dan ajaran Yesus serta keakuratan detail kehidupan Yesus sebagaimana dideskripsikan dalam kitab-kitab [[Injil]].{{refn|group=nb|Tentang "pembaptisan dan penyaliban", "kedua fakta [ini] dalam kehidupan Yesus mendapat persetujuan yang nyaris universal".<ref name="Dunn2003a">{{cite book|author=James D. G. Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages= 339|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}}</ref>}}<ref name=Hertzog1/>{{refn|group=nb|"Bahwa {{interp|orig=he|Yesus}} disalibkan adalah sama pastinya seperti hal historis lainnya yang bisa didapatkan, karena baik [[Yosefus]] maupun [[Tacitus|Tasitus]] ... sependapat dengan laporan-laporan Kristen dalam hal-hal yang setidaknya adalah kenyataan dasar."<ref name="Crossan1994">{{cite book|author=John Dominic Crossan|title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R76BnTswxEsC|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|pages= 45|isbn=978-0-06-061662-5}}</ref>}}<ref name="MAPowell168">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref>{{rp|168–173}} Meskipun akademisi-akademisi mengkritik keilmuan tentang Yesus karena bias agama dan kurangnya [[metode sejarah|kekukuhan metodologis]],{{refn|group=nb|..."Pokok yang akan saya kemukakan di bawah adalah bahwa praktik-praktik pembuktian yang disepakati para sejarawan Yesua, terlepas dari upaya-upaya terbaik mereka, belum menjadi praktik historis yang kukuh.".<ref name="Akenson2001">{{cite book|author=Donald H. Akenson|title=Surpassing Wonder: The Invention of the Bible and the Talmuds|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=40E8am9SlwgC|date=29 September 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-01073-1}}</ref>}} dengan sangat sedikit pengecualian, para kritikus tersebut umumnya mendukung historisitas Yesus, dan menolak [[teori mitos Yesus]] yang menyatakan bahwa Yesus tidak pernah ada.<ref name="voorst16"/>{{refn|group=nb|"Teori-teori tidak meyakinkan yang menyatakan bahwa keberadaan Yesus merupakan suatu penemuan Kristen adalah sangat tidak masuk akal."<ref name="Bockmuehl2001">{{cite book|author=Markus Bockmuehl|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jesus|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC|date=8 November 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages =123–124|isbn=978-0-521-79678-1}}</ref>}}<ref name="Powell1998">{{cite book|author=Mark Allan Powell|title=Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IJP4DRCVaUMC|year=1998|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|pages= 168|isbn=978-0-664-25703-3}}</ref><ref name="Houlden2003">{{cite book|author=James L. Houlden|title=Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: Entries A - J.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GjvmQgAACAAJ|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-856-3}}</ref><ref name=VVoorst14>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|year=2000|pages= 14|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5}}</ref>

 

Historisitas Yesus berbeda dengan studi terkait [[Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah|Yesus historis]] yang mengacu pada rekonstruksi ilmiah mengenai kehidupan Yesus, didasarkan terutama pada analisis [[Kritik teks (Alkitab)|kritis]] teks-teks Injil.<ref name="LevineJr.2006">{{cite book|author1=Amy-Jill Levine|author2=Dale C. Allison Jr.|author3=John Dominic Crossan|title=The Historical Jesus in Context|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wMbEyeDSQQgC|date=16 October 2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages= 1–2|isbn=0-691-00992-9}}</ref><ref name="Ehrman1999">{{cite book|author=Bart D. Ehrman|title=Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vzszmQEACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages= ix–xi|isbn=978-0-19-512473-6}}</ref><ref name="Dunn2003">{{cite book|author=James D. G. Dunn|title=Jesus Remembered|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC|year=2003|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|pages= 125–127|isbn=978-0-8028-3931-2}}</ref> Sebaliknya, historisitas sebagai suatu subjek penelitian yang berbeda dari sejarah secara tepat berkaitan dengan dua isu mendasar berbeda. Pertama-tama hal ini berkaitan dengan proses perubahan sosial yang sistemik; yang kedua adalah intensi dan konteks sosial apa dari para penulis sumber-sumber tersebut yang dengannya dapat dibangun kebenaran peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah, dengan cara memisahkan [[:en:Christian mythology|laporan-laporan mitologis]] dari keadaan-keadaan faktual.<ref>Hare Rom and Moghadda Fathali "Historicity, Social Psychology and Change" in Rochmore, Tom and Margolis, Tom (2008) "History, Historicity and Science" (Ashgate)</ref>

 

==Peristiwa yang umumnya diterima sebagai sejarah ==

{{Utama|Yesus sebagai tokoh dalam sejarah|Pencarian akan Yesus historis}}

Ada banyak perdebatan di kalangan sarjana mengenai detail kehidupan Yesus yang dicatat dalam kitab-kitab Injil, dan mengenai makna pengajaran-Nya,<ref name=MAPowell168 /> sehingga hanya dua peristiwa yang mendapatkan "persetujuan hampir universal" adalah [[Pembaptisan Yesus|Yesus dibaptis]] oleh [[Yohanes Pembaptis]] dan [[Penyaliban Yesus|disalibkan]] atas perintah [[Prefek]] Romawi, [[Pontius Pilatus]].<ref name=Hertzog1>William A. Herzog. ''Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus'' (4 Jul 2005) {{ISBN|0664225284}} pp. 1–6</ref><ref name="MAPowell168" /><ref name=JDunn339>''Jesus Remembered'' by James D. G. Dunn 2003 {{ISBN|0-8028-3931-2}} p. 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".</ref><ref name="autogenerated145" >{{cite book |author=Crossan, John Dominic |title=Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography |isbn=0-06-061662-8 |year=1995 |publisher=HarperOne |quote=That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus&nbsp;... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact. |page=145}}</ref>

[[File:Sapsaphas Madaba.jpg|thumb|Sebagian [[Peta Madaba]] kuno menunjukkan dua tempat yang mungkin menjadi lokasi baptisan]]

 

Hampir semua sarjana modern ahli sejarah kuno setuju bahwa Yesus pernah hidup dan kebanyakan [[:en:biblical scholar|sarjana Alkitab]] dan [[:en:Classical antiquity|sejarawan Klasik]] melihat teori yang menyangkal keberadaannya secara efektif telah dibantah.<ref name=Ehrman285/><ref name="Grantmajority"/><ref name=Burridge34/>{{refn|group=nb|[[Robert E. Van Voorst]], referring to G.A. Wells: "The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted".<ref name=voorst16>{{cite book|author=Robert E. Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5}}</ref>}}<ref name=DunnPaul35>[[James D. G. Dunn]] (1974) ''Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus'' in ''Reconciliation and Hope. New Testament Essays on Atonement and Eschatology Presented to L.L. Morris on his 60th Birthday.'' Robert Banks, ed., Carlisle: The Paternoster Press, pp. 125–141, Citing G.A. Wells (''The Jesus of the Early Christians'' (1971)): "Perhaps we should also mention that at the other end of the spectrum Paul’s apparent lack of knowledge of the historical Jesus has been made the major plank in an attempt to revive the nevertheless thoroughly dead thesis that the Jesus of the Gospels was a mythical figure." An almost identical quotation is included in Dunn, James DG (1998) ''The Christ and the Spirit: Collected Essays of James D.G. Dunn, Volume 1'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., p. 191, and Sykes, S. (1991) ''Sacrifice and redemption: Durham essays in theology.'' Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.</ref> Tidak ada bukti saat ini bahwa keberadaan Yesus pernah disangkal pada masa kuno oleh mereka yang menentang Kekristenan.<ref name=Rahner730>''Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi'' by Karl Rahner 2004 {{ISBN|0-86012-006-6}} pp. 730–731: "The few non-Christian sources [e.g. Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny the Younger, and Josephus] merely confirm that in antiquity it never occurred to any one, even the bitterest enemies of Christianity, to doubt the existence of Jesus"</ref><ref name=voorst15 >Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence''. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} p. 15: Referring to G.A. Wells (''The Jesus of the Early Christians'' (1971)): "Fourth, Wells cannot explain to the satisfaction of historians why, if Christians invented the historical Jesus around the year 100, no pagans and Jews who opposed Christianity denied Jesus' historicity or even questioned it." (Van Voorst refutes his own point in footnote 35, citing Justin's [[Dialogue with Trypho]], Chapter 8)</ref><!-- [[Geoffrey Blainey]] notes that "a few scholars argue that Jesus... did not even exist," and that they "rightly point out that contemporary references to him were extremely rare."<ref>Geoffrey Blainey; ''[[A Short History of Christianity]]''; Viking; 2011; pp. xix–xx</ref> [[Bart Ehrman]] states "Jesus is not mentioned in any Roman sources of his day",<ref name="EhrmanHuffPo">{{cite web|last1=Ehrman|first1=Bart D.|title=Did Jesus Exist?|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bart-d-ehrman/did-jesus-exist_b_1349544.html|website=Huffpost Religion|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=March 20, 2012}}</ref> but explains that this is not at all surprising, since the vast majority of historical figures from antiquity are not mentioned in contemporary sources,<ref name="EhrmanHuffPo"/> and further states that the sources written after Jesus's death provide ample evidence to support his existence as a person.<ref name="EhrmanHuffPo"/> [[Richard Carrier]] and Raphael Lataster assert that there is no independent evidence of Jesus’s existence outside the New Testament.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lataster|first=Raphael|authorlink=Raphael Lataster|title=Jesus Did Not Exist: A Debate Among Atheists|date=2015|isbn=1514814420|page=418|chapter=Afterword by Richard Carrier|quote=[T]here is no independent evidence of Jesus’s existence outside the New Testament. All external evidence for his existence, even if it were fully authentic (though much of it isn’t), cannot be shown to be independent of the Gospels, or Christian informants relying on the Gospels. None of it can be shown to independently corroborate the Gospels as to the historicity of Jesus. Not one single item of evidence. Regardless of why no independent evidence survives (it does not matter the reason), no such evidence survives.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lataster|first1=Raphael|title=Weighing up the evidence for the ‘Historical Jesus’|url=http://theconversation.com/weighing-up-the-evidence-for-the-historical-jesus-35319|website=The Conversation|publisher=[[The Conversation (website)]]|date=December 14, 2014|quote=There are no existing eyewitness or contemporary accounts of Jesus. All we have are later descriptions of Jesus’ life events by non-eyewitnesses, most of whom are obviously biased.}}</ref>

 

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==Teori mitos Yesus==