Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi

! Phonetic<br />value<br />(Pre-Exilic)<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=6,69}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rendsburg|1997}}</ref><br />([[help:IPA|IPA]])

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - Alaph.png|55px|Alef]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|א|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, {{IPA|∅}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - Beth.png|Beth]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ב|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|ɡ}}, {{IPA|ɣ}}

|-

| [[File:DalethFIXED.png|Daleth]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ד|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|d}}, {{IPA|ð}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - heh.png|Heh]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ה|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPA|∅}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - vav.png|Waw]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ו|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|z}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - khet.png|Heth]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ח|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|ħ}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}<ref name="b69" /><ref name="r" />

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - tet.png|Teth]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ט|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|tʼ}}<ref name="b69" /><ref name="r" />

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - yud.png|Yodh]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|י|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPA|∅}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - khof.png|Kaph]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|כ|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|ך|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|k}}, {{IPA|x}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - lamed.png|Lamedh]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|ל|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|l}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - mem.png|Mem]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|מ|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|ם|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|m}}

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - nun.png|Nun]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|נ|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|ן|rtl=yes}}

| {{IPAblink|ʕ}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}<ref name="b69" /><ref name="r" />

|-

| [[File:Early Aramaic character - pey.png|Pe]]

| style="font-size:200%" | {{lang|hbo|פ|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|ף|rtl=yes}}

 

Tulisan bahasa Ibrani tertua yang pernah ditemukan telah digali di [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]], bertarikh abad ke-10&nbsp;SM.<ref name="eurekalert.org"/> [[Ostrakon]] [[:en:sherd|pecahan]] tembikar berbentuk trapesium berukuran 15&nbsp;cm x 16.5&nbsp;cm (5.9&nbsp;in x 6.5&nbsp;in) itu memuat lima baris tulisan dengan tinta dalam huruf-huruf [[:en:Proto-Canaanite alphabet|abjad Proto-Kanaan]] (bentuk kukno [[abjad Fenisia]]).<ref name="eurekalert.org" /><ref name="bar">{{Harvcoltxt|Shanks|2010}}</ref> Lempengan atau "tablet" itu ditulis dari kiri ke kanan, menunjukkan bahwa saat itu tulisan Ibrani masih dalam tahap pembentukan (formatif).<ref name="bar" />

 

By the end of the First Temple period the [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic script]], a separate descendant of the Phoenician script, became widespread throughout the region, gradually displacing Paleo-Hebrew.<ref name="yb" /> The oldest documents that have been found in the Aramaic Script are fragments of the scrolls of Exodus, Samuel, and Jeremiah found among the Dead Sea scrolls, dating from the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries&nbsp;BCE.<ref name="ysq">{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|pp=42,45,47–50}}</ref> It seems that the earlier biblical books were originally written in the Paleo-Hebrew script, while the later books were written directly in the later Assyrian script.<ref name="tscript" /> Some Qumran texts written in the Assyrian script write the [[tetragrammaton]] and some other divine names in Paleo-Hebrew, and this practice is also found in several Jewish-Greek biblical translations.<ref name="tscript" /><ref group="nb">Though some of these translations wrote the tetragrammaton in the square script See {{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|p=220}}</ref> While spoken Hebrew continued to evolve into [[Mishnaic Hebrew]], the scribal tradition for writing the Torah gradually developed.<ref name="ybook">{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|pp=65,84–91}}</ref> A number of regional "book-hand" styles developed for the purpose of Torah manuscripts and occasionally other literary works, distinct from the calligraphic styles used mainly for private purposes.<ref name="ybook" /> The [[Mizrahi]] and [[Ashkenazi]] book-hand styles were later adapted to printed fonts after the invention of the printing press.<ref name="ybook" /> The modern [[Hebrew alphabet]], also known as the Assyrian or Square script, is a descendant of the Aramaic alphabet.<ref name="yb" />

In general the vowels of Biblical Hebrew were not indicated in the original text, but various sources attest them at various stages of development. Greek and Latin transcriptions of words from the biblical text provide early evidence of the nature of Biblical Hebrew vowels. In particular, there is evidence from the rendering of proper nouns in the [[Koine Greek]] [[Septuagint]] (3rd–2nd centuries&nbsp;BCE<ref name="Jobes and Silva">{{Harvcoltxt|Jobes|Silva|2001}}</ref>) and the Greek alphabet [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] of the Hebrew biblical text contained in the [[Secunda (Hexapla)|Secunda]] (3rd century&nbsp;CE, likely a copy of a preexisting text from before 100&nbsp;BCE<ref group="nb">The [[Secunda (Hexapla)|Secunda]] is a transliteration of the Hebrew biblical text contained in the [[Hexapla]], a recension of the Old Testament compiled by [[Origen]] in the 3rd century&nbsp;CE. There is evidence that the text of the Secunda was written before 100&nbsp;BCE, despite the later date of the Hexapla. For example, by the time of Origen {{angbr|η, αι}} were pronounced {{IPA|[iː, ɛː]}}, a merger which had already begun around 100&nbsp;BCE, while in the Secunda they are used to represent Hebrew {{IPA|/eː aj/}}. See {{Harvcoltxt|Janssens|1982|pp=14}}</ref>). In the 7th and 8th centuries&nbsp;CE various systems of vocalic notation were developed to indicate vowels in the biblical text.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ben-Ḥayyim|2000|p=5}}</ref> The most prominent, best preserved, and the only system still in use, is the [[Tiberian vocalization]] system, created by scholars known as Masoretes around 850 CE.<ref name="b7">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=7}}</ref><ref name="rvoc" /> There are also various extant manuscripts making use of less common vocalization systems ([[Babylonian vocalization|Babylonian]] and [[Palestinian vocalization|Palestinian]]), known as ''superlinear vocalizations'' because their vocalization marks are placed above the letters.<ref name="b7" /><ref name="rvoc" /><ref group="nb">The Palestinian system has two main subtypes and shows great variation. {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=7}} The Babylonian vocalization occurred in two main types (simple / ''einfach'' and complex / ''kompliziert''), with various subgroups differing as to their affinity with the Tiberian tradition. {{Harvcoltxt|Sáenz-Badillos|1993|pp=97–99}}</ref><ref group="nb">In the Babylonian and Palestinian systems only the most important vowels were written. See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=118}}</ref> In addition, the [[Samaritan Hebrew|Samaritan]] reading tradition is independent of these systems, and was occasionally notated with a separate vocalization system.<ref name="rvoc">{{Harvcoltxt|Rendsburg|1997|pp=68–69}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ben-Ḥayyim|2000|p=6}}</ref><ref group="nb">Almost all vocalized manuscripts use the [[Masoretic Text]]. However there are some vocalized Samaritan manuscripts from the Middle Ages. See {{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|p=40}}</ref> These systems often record vowels at different stages of historical development; for example, the name of the Judge [[Samson]] is recorded in Greek as Σαμψών ''Sampsōn'' with the first vowel as {{IPA|/a/}}, while Tiberian {{lang|hbo|שִמְשוֹן|rtl=yes}} {{IPA|/ʃimʃon/}} with {{IPA|/i/}} shows the effect of the [[law of attenuation]] whereby {{IPA|/a/}} in closed unstressed syllables became {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Waltke|O'Connor|1990|p=25}}</ref> All of these systems together are used to reconstruct the original vocalization of Biblical Hebrew.

 

 

 

== Fonologi ==