Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Tulisan bahasa Ibrani tertua yang pernah ditemukan telah digali di [[Khirbet Qeiyafa]], bertarikh abad ke-10 SM.<ref name="eurekalert.org"/> [[Ostrakon]] [[:en:sherd|pecahan]] tembikar berbentuk trapesium berukuran 15 cm x 16.5 cm (5.9 in x 6.5 in) itu memuat lima baris tulisan dengan tinta dalam huruf-huruf [[:en:Proto-Canaanite alphabet|abjad Proto-Kanaan]] (bentuk kukno [[abjad Fenisia]]).<ref name="eurekalert.org" /><ref name="bar">{{Harvcoltxt|Shanks|2010}}</ref> Lempengan atau "tablet" itu ditulis dari kiri ke kanan, menunjukkan bahwa saat itu tulisan Ibrani masih dalam tahap pembentukan (formatif).<ref name="bar" />
Suku-suku Israel yang menempati tanah Israel mengadopsi [[abjad Fenisia|huruf-huruf Fenisia]] sekitar abad ke-12 SM, sebagaimana ditemukan dalam [[Kalender Gezer]] (sekitar abad ke-10 SM).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|p=15}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanson|2011}}</ref> Abjad ini berkembang menjadi [[abjad Ibrani Kuno|abjad Ibrani Kuno (''Paleo-Hebrew'')]] pada abad ke-10 atau ke-9 SM.<ref name="y">{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|pp=13,15,17}}</ref><ref name="tscript" /><ref name="s17" />
<!--By the end of the First Temple period the [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic script]], a separate descendant of the Phoenician script, became widespread throughout the region, gradually displacing Paleo-Hebrew.<ref name="yb" /> The oldest documents that have been found in the Aramaic Script are fragments of the scrolls of Exodus, Samuel, and Jeremiah found among the Dead Sea scrolls, dating from the late 3rd and early 2nd centuries BCE.<ref name="ysq">{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|pp=42,45,47–50}}</ref> It seems that the earlier biblical books were originally written in the Paleo-Hebrew script, while the later books were written directly in the later Assyrian script.<ref name="tscript" /> Some Qumran texts written in the Assyrian script write the [[tetragrammaton]] and some other divine names in Paleo-Hebrew, and this practice is also found in several Jewish-Greek biblical translations.<ref name="tscript" /><ref group="nb">Though some of these translations wrote the tetragrammaton in the square script See {{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|p=220}}</ref> While spoken Hebrew continued to evolve into [[Mishnaic Hebrew]], the scribal tradition for writing the Torah gradually developed.<ref name="ybook">{{Harvcoltxt|Yardeni|1997|pp=65,84–91}}</ref> A number of regional "book-hand" styles developed for the purpose of Torah manuscripts and occasionally other literary works, distinct from the calligraphic styles used mainly for private purposes.<ref name="ybook" /> The [[Mizrahi]] and [[Ashkenazi]] book-hand styles were later adapted to printed fonts after the invention of the printing press.<ref name="ybook" /> The modern [[Hebrew alphabet]], also known as the Assyrian or Square script, is a descendant of the Aramaic alphabet.<ref name="yb" />-->
The Hebrew Bible was presumably originally written in a more defective orthography than found in any of the texts known today.<ref name="to1" /> Of the extant textual witnesses of the Hebrew Bible, the Masoretic text is generally the most conservative in its use of matres lectionis, with the [[Samaritan Pentateuch]] and its forebearers being more full and the Qumran tradition showing the most liberal use of vowel letters.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|pp=96,108,222}}</ref> The Masoretic text mostly uses vowel letters for long vowels, showing the tendency to mark all long vowels except for word-internal {{IPA|/aː/}}.<ref name="b6" /><ref group="nb">There are rare-cases of {{angle bracket|{{lang|hbo|א|rtl=yes}}}} being used medially as a true vowel letter, e.g. {{lang|hbo|דָּאג|rtl=yes}} for the usual {{lang|hbo|דָּג|rtl=yes}} 'fish'. Most cases, however, of {{angle bracket|א}} being used as a vowel letter stem from conservative spelling of words which originally contained {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, e.g. {{lang|hbo|רֹאשׁ|rtl=yes}} ('head') from original {{IPA|*/raʔʃ/}}. See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=86}}. There are also a number of exceptions to the rule of marking other long vowels, e.g. when the following syllable contains a vowel letters (like in {{lang|hbo|קֹלֹוֹת|rtl=yes}} 'voices' rather than {{lang|hbo|קוֹלוֹת|rtl=yes}}) or when a vowel letter already marks a consonant (so {{lang|hbo|גּוֹיִם|rtl=yes}} 'nations' rather than *{{lang|hbo|גּוֹיִים|rtl=yes}}), and within the Bible there is often little consistency in spelling. See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=6}}</ref> In the Qumran tradition, [[back vowel]]s are usually represented by {{angle bracket|{{rtl-lang|he|ו}}}} whether short or long.<ref name="tq1">{{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|pp=108–109}}</ref><ref name="sq">{{Harvcoltxt|Sáenz-Badillos|1993|p=136}}</ref> {{angle bracket|{{rtl-lang|he|י}}}} is generally used for both long {{IPA|[iː]}} and {{IPA|[eː]}} ({{lang|hbo|אבילים|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|מית|rtl=yes}}), and final {{IPA|[iː]}} is often written as {{rtl-lang|he|יא-}} in analogy to words like {{lang|hbo|היא|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|hbo|הביא|rtl=yes}}, e.g. {{lang|hbo|כיא|rtl=yes}}, sometimes {{rtl-lang|he|מיא}}.<ref name="tq1" /><ref name="sq" /> {{angle bracket|{{rtl-lang|he|ה}}}} is found finally in forms like {{rtl-lang|he|חוטה}} (Tiberian {{rtl-lang|he|חוטא}}), {{rtl-lang|he|קורה}} (Tiberian {{rtl-lang|he|קורא}}) while {{angle bracket|א}} may be used for an a-quality vowel in final position (e.g. {{rtl-lang|he|עליהא}}) and in medial position (e.g. {{rtl-lang|he|יאתום}}).<ref name="tq1" /> Pre-Samaritan and Samaritan texts show full spellings in many categories (e.g. {{rtl-lang|he|כוחי}} vs. Masoretic {{rtl-lang|he|כחי}} in Genesis 49:3) but only rarely show full spelling of the Qumran type.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Tov|1992|pp=96–97}}</ref>
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