Bahasa Ibrani Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

{{IPA notice}}

|+Refleks konsonan Proto-Semitik dalam bahasa Ibrani<ref name="bmerge">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=25–40}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Frank|2003|p=12}}</ref>

! rowspan="2" | Proto-Semitik

| 'tahun'

|-

! {{IPA|*/θ/}}

| {{IPA|/t/}} {{lang|arc-Hebr|ת|rtl=yes}}

| 'tiga'

|-

! {{IPA|*/θʼ/}}

| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|/sˤ/}} {{lang|hbo|צ|rtl=yes}}

Ini diamati dari pembedaan konsisten fonem-fonem tersebut dalam [[Taurat]] [[Septuaginta]] (contoh [[Ishak]] {{lang|he|יצחק|rtl=yes}} = {{lang|grc|Ἰσαάκ}} dibandingkan [[Rahel]] {{lang|he|רחל|rtl=yes}} = {{lang|grc|Ῥαχήλ}}), tetapi ini menjadi lebih sporadis pada kitab-kitab kemudian dan umumnya absen dalam [[Kitab Ezra]] dan [[Kitab Nehemia]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rendsburg|1997|pp=73–74}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=56, 75–76}}</ref>

 

Allophonic [[spirantization]] of {{IPA|/b ɡ d k p t/}} to {{IPA|[v ɣ ð x f θ]}} (known as [[begadkefat]] spirantization) developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic.<ref group="nb">Or perhaps [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]], but this is unlikely See {{Harvcoltxt|Dolgoposky|1999|pp=72–3}}{{Citation not found|date=January 2018}}.</ref> This probably happened after the original Old Aramaic phonemes {{IPA|/θ, ð/}} disappeared in the 7th century&nbsp;BCE,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dolgopolsky|1999|p=72}}</ref> and most likely occurred after the loss of Hebrew {{IPA|/χ, ʁ/}} c. 200&nbsp;BCE.<ref group="nb">According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of {{IPA|/χ, ʁ/}} and {{IPA|/ħ, ʕ/}}, or else {{IPA|[x, χ]}} and {{IPA|[ɣ, ʁ]}} would have to be contrastive, which is cross-linguistically rare. However Blau argues that it is possible that lenited {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/χ/}} could coexist even if pronounced identically, since one would be recognized as an alternating allophone (as apparently is the case in Nestorian Syriac). See {{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=56}}.</ref> It is known to have occurred in Hebrew by the 2nd century&nbsp;CE.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dolgopolsky|1999|p=73}}</ref> After a certain point this alternation became contrastive in word-medial and final position (though bearing low [[functional load]]), but in word-initial position they remained allophonic.<ref name="bbgd">{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|pp=78–81}}</ref> This is evidenced both by the Tiberian vocalization's consistent use of word-initial spirants after a vowel in sandhi, as well as Rabbi [[Saadia Gaon]]'s attestation to the use of this alternation in Tiberian Aramaic at the beginning of the 10th century&nbsp;CE.<ref name="bbgd" />