Buku ibadat harian: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 23:
Pada penghujung abad ke-15, kemunculan [[mesin cetak]] membuat harga buku menjadi lebih terjangkau, sehingga banyak warga kelas menengah yang mampu membeli buku ibadat harian, sementara buku-buku ibadat harian dalam bentuk naskah hanya dibuat atas pesanan orang-orang yang benar-benar kaya raya. ''[[Kitab salatus sawa'i]]'' (1514), buku pertama dalam aksara dan bahasa Arab yang dicetak dengan [[huruf lepas]], adalah buku ibadat harian yang dicetak bagi umat Kristen penutur bahasa Arab. Agaknya buku ini dicetak atas pesanan [[Paus Yulius II]].<ref name="Krek">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/372742 | author= M. Krek | first1 = M. | date = 1979 | title = The Enigma of the First Arabic Book Printed from Movable Type | url = | journal = Journal of Near Eastern Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 3| pages = 203–212 }}</ref>
== Hiasan ==
[[File:Simon Bening - Mai.jpg|thumb|right|Gambar miniatur berukuran sehalaman penuh untuk bulan Mei dalam penanggalan, karya [[Simon Bening]], awal abad ke-16]]
Karena banyak yang dihiasi iluminasi, buku-buku ini mengabadikan gambaran peri kehidupan masyarakat abad ke-15 dan ke-16 maupun khazanah [[ikonografi]] Kristen Abad Pertengahan. Beberapa di antara buku-buku ini juga diperindah dengan sampul bertatah ratna mutu manikam, lukisan-lukisan potret, dan gambar-gambar [[heraldik|lambang kebesaran]]. Beberapa di antaranya dijilid menjadi [[buku sabuk]] (buku bersampul kulit memanjang dan berujung simpul besar yang dapat disangkutkan pada sabuk atau ikat pinggang) agar mudah dibawa ke mana-mana, meskipun hanya segelintir saja jilidan semacam ini maupun jilidan-jilidan khas Abad Pertengahan lainnya yang masih bertahan utuh sampai sekarang. Buku-buku mewah, semisal ''Buku Ibadat Harian Talbot'' milik [[John Talbot, Earl Shrewsbury pertama]], dapat saja memuat potret diri pemiliknya. Buku Ibadat Harian Talbot memuat potret istri John Talbot, yang digambarkan sedang bertelut menghormati Bunda Maria dan Kanak-Kanak Yesus dalam lukisan [[potret donor]]. Dalam buku-buku mahal, iluminasi-iluminasi berangkai menampilkan ''[[Riwayat Sang Perawan]]'' atau [[kisah sengsara|Kisah Sengsara Kristus]] dalam delapan gambar adegan yang menghiasi ''Ibadat kepada Santa Perawan Maria'', sementara gambar [[Kegiatan Bulanan]] dan lambang-lambang rasi bintang ditampilkan menghiasi penanggalan. Gambar-gambar adegan yang menghiasi penanggalan merupakan gambar-gambar yang paling terkenal dari buku-buku ibadat harian, dan memiliki arti penting dalam permulaan sejarah [[lukisan pemandangan]].<!--
From the 14th century decorated borders round the edges of at least important pages were common in heavily illuminated books, including books of hours. At the beginning of the 15th century these were still usually based on foliage designs, and painted on a plain background, but by the second half of the century coloured or patterned backgrounds with images of all sorts of objects, were used in luxury books.
Second-hand books of hours were often modified for new owners, even among royalty. After defeating [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] gave Richard's book of hours to his mother, who modified it to include her name. Heraldry was usually erased or over-painted by new owners. Many have handwritten annotations, personal additions and marginal notes but some new owners also commissioned new craftsmen to include more illustrations or texts. Sir Thomas Lewkenor of [[Trotton]] hired an illustrator to add details to what is now known as the ''Lewkenor Hours''. Flyleaves of some surviving books include notes of household accounting or records of births and deaths, in the manner of later family bibles. Some owners had also collected autographs of notable visitors to their house. Books of hours were often the only book in a house, and were commonly used to teach children to read, sometimes having a page with the [[alphabet]] to assist this.
Towards the end of the 15th century, printers produced books of hours with [[woodcut]] illustrations, and the book of hours was one of the main works decorated in the related [[metalcut]] technique.-->
== Rujukan ==
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