Migrasi Bantu: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Migrasi Bantu '''adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada peristiwa migrasi penutur asli kelompok bahasa proto-Bantu yang berlangsung selama ribuan tahun.<ref name="Clark">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dftPHu1o2s8C&pg=PA33|title=From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa|last=Clark|first=John Desmond|last2=Brandt|first2=Steven A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1984|isbn=0-520-04574-2|page=33|author-link=J. Desmond Clark}}</ref><ref name="Adler">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPoqfoiIp4sC&pg=PA169|title=World Civilizations: Since 1500|last=Adler|first=Philip J.|last2=Pouwels|first2=Randall L.|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2007|isbn=0-495-50262-6|page=169}}</ref> Bukti utama yang menunjukkan terjadinya peristiwa ini berasal dari cabang ilmu linguistik, yaitu bahasa yang digunakan di [[Afrika bagian selatan|Afrika Sub-Khatulistiwa]] yang sangat mirip satu sama lain. Upaya untuk melacak rute migrasi yang tepat dan mengaitkannya dengan bukti-bukti arkeologi dan genetik masih belum konklusif; dengan demikian banyak aspek migrasi yang masih diragukan atau sangat diperdebatkan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berniell-Lee|first=Gemma|last2=Calafell|first2=Francesc|last3=Bosch|first3=Elena|last4=Heyer|first4=Evelyne|last5=Sica|first5=Lucas|last6=Mouguiama-Daouda|first6=Patrick|last7=van der Veen|first7=Lolke|last8=Hombert|first8=Jean-Marie|last9=Quintana-Murci|first9=Lluis|displayauthors=3|date=2006|title=Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/7/1581.abstract|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.1093/molbev/msp069|pmid=19369595}}</ref> Terdapat dua gelombang migrasi Bantu, dan yang pertama melintasi daerah hutan Kongo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/worldstogetherwo03alti|last=Pollard|first=Elizabeth|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Clifford|last3=Tignor|first3=Robert|publisher=Norton|year=2011|isbn=978-0-3939-1847-2|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldstogetherwo03alti/page/289 289]}}</ref>
Inti linguistik dari rumpun bahasa Bantu, sebuah cabang dari keluarga bahasa [[Rumpun bahasa Niger–Kongo|Niger–Kongo]], terletak di wilayah [[Kamerun]] dan [[Nigeria]] yang bersebelahan. Dari wilayah ini, migrasi dimulai sekitar 3.000 tahun yang lalu, dengan satu gelombang pergi ke Afrika Timur, dan lainnya ke selatan di sepanjang pesisir Afrika dari [[Gabon]], [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]], [[Angola]], atau wilayah pedalaman di sepanjang sungai-sungai yang mengalir dari sistem [[Sungai Kongo]] dari selatan ke utara. Migrasi akhirnya mencapai Afrika Selatan mungkin sekitar tahun 300 M.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vansina|first=J.|year=1995|title=New Linguistic Evidence and ‚The Bantu Expansion‘|journal=Journal of African History|volume=36|issue=2|pages=173–195|doi=10.1017/S0021853700034101|jstor=182309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tishkoff|first=S. A.|last2=Reed|first2=F. A.|last3=Friedlaender|first3=F. R.|last4=Ehret|first4=C.|last5=Ranciaro|first5=A.|last6=Froment|first6=A.|last7=Hirbo|first7=J. B.|last8=Awomoyi|first8=A. A.|last9=Bodo|first9=J.-M.|displayauthors=3|year=2009|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans|journal=Science|volume=324|issue=5930|pages=1035–44|doi=10.1126/science.1172257|pmc=2947357|pmid=19407144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Plaza|first=S|last2=Salas|first2=A|last3=Calafell|first3=F|last4=Corte-Real|first4=F|last5=Bertranpetit|first5=J|last6=Carracedo|first6=A|last7=Comas|first7=D|year=2004|title=Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: MtDNA lineage analysis in Angola|journal=Human Genetics|volume=115|issue=5|pages=439–47|doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0|pmid=15340834}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coelho|first=M|last2=Sequeira|first2=F|last3=Luiselli|first3=D|last4=Beleza|first4=S|last5=Rocha|first5=J|year=2009|title=On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=9|page=80|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-80|pmc=2682489|pmid=19383166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Filippo|first=C|last2=Barbieri|first2=C|last3=Whitten|first3=M|last4=Mpoloka|first4=SW|last5=Gunnarsdóttir|first5=ED|last6=Bostoen|first6=K|last7=Nyambe|first7=T|last8=Beyer|first8=K|last9=Schreiber|first9=H|displayauthors=3|year=2011|title=Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger–Congo groups|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=28|issue=3|pages=1255–69|doi=10.1093/molbev/msq312|pmc=3561512|pmid=21109585}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alves|first=I|last2=Coelho|first2=M|last3=Gignoux|first3=C|last4=Damasceno|first4=A|last5=Prista|first5=A|last6=Rocha|first6=J|displayauthors=3|year=2011|title=Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations|journal=Human Biology|volume=83|issue=1|pages=13–38|doi=10.3378/027.083.0102|pmid=21453002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Castrì|first=L|last2=Tofanelli|first2=S|last3=Garagnani|first3=P|last4=Bini|first4=C|last5=Fosella|first5=X|last6=Pelotti|first6=S|last7=Paoli|first7=G|last8=Pettener|first8=D|last9=Luiselli|first9=D|displayauthors=3|year=2009|title=MtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: Implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=140|issue=2|pages=302–11|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21070|pmid=19425093}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=2619|title=Carte Blanche > M-Net|publisher=Beta.mnet.co.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107085440/http://beta.mnet.co.za/carteblanche/Article.aspx?Id=2619|archive-date=7 January 2012|dead-url=yes|access-date=2011-12-31}}</ref>
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