Negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
k Perubahan kosmetika |
||
Baris 1.282:
Pada tahun 1993, Republik Tiongkok mulai berkampanye untuk bergabung kembali dengan PBB secara terpisah dari Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Sejumlah opsi dipertimbangkan, termasuk pencarian keanggotaan dalam [[lembaga khusus PBB]], pengajuan [[Pengamat Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|status pengamat]], pengajuan keanggotaan penuh, atau permohonan untuk mencabut Resolusi 2758 sehingga Republik Tiongkok dapat merebut kembali kursi Tiongkok di PBB.<ref name=Lindemann/>
Setiap tahunnya dari tahun 1993-2006, beberapa negara anggota PBB mengajukan memorandum kepada Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, yang intinya meminta Majelis Umum PBB agar dapat mempertimbangkan perizinan Republik Tiongkok untuk kembali berpartisipasi di dalam PBB.<ref>{{UN document |docid=A/48/191 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=48|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1993-08-09|title=REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SUPPLEMENTARY ITEM IN THE AGENDA OF THE FORTY-EIGHTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/49/144 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=49|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1994-07-19|title=REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FORTY-NINTH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/50/145 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=50|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1995-07-19|title=REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTIETH SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TAIWAN IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT, BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ESTABLISHED MODEL OF PARALLEL REPRESENTATION OF DIVIDED COUNTRIES AT THE UNITED NATIONS}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/51/142 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=51|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1996-07-18|title=REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY-FIRST SESSION CONSIDERATION OF THE EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION OF THE INABILITY, RESULTING FROM GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 (XXVI), OF THE 21.3 MILLION PEOPLE ON TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA, TO PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/52/143 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=52|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1997-07-16|title=REQUEST FOR THE INCLUSION OF AN ITEM IN THE PROVISIONAL AGENDA OF THE FIFTY-SECOND SESSION NEED TO REVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 2758 (XXVI) OF 25 OCTOBER 1971 OWING TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION AND TO THE COEXISTENCE OF TWO GOVERNMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/53/145 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=53|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1998-07-08|title=Request for the inclusion of an item in the provisional agenda of the fifty-third session Need to review General Assembly resolution 2758 (XXVI) of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/54/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=54|accessdate=2016-04-20|date=1999-08-12|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-fourth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty-two million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/55/227 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=55|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2000-08-04|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-fifth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty-three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/56/193 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=56|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2001-08-08|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-sixth session Need to examine the exceptional international situation pertaining to the Republic of China on Taiwan, to ensure that the fundamental right of its twenty-three million people to participate in the work and activities of the United Nations is fully respected}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/57/191 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=57|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2002-08-20|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-seventh session Question of the representation of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the United Nations}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/58/197 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=58|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2003-08-05|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-eighth session Question of the representation of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the United Nations}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/59/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=59|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2004-08-10|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the fifty-ninth session Question of the representation of the twenty-three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/60/192 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=60|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2005-08-11|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixtieth session Question of the representation of the twenty-three million people of Taiwan in the United Nations}}<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/61/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=61|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2006-08-11|title=Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-first session Question of the representation and participation of the 23 million people of Taiwan in the United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/|title=Taiwan’s UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be|last=Winkler|first=Sigrid|date=2012-06-20|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref><ref>Specific items include:<br/>{{UN document |docid=A/48/191 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=48|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1993-08-09}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/49/144 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=49|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1994-07-19}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/50/145 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=50|accessdate=2016-04-18|date=1995-07-19}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/51/142 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=51|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1996-07-18}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/52/143 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=52|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1997-07-16}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/53/145 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=53|accessdate=2016-04-19|date=1998-07-08}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/54/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=54|accessdate=2016-04-20|date=1999-08-12}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/55/227 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=55|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2000-08-04}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/56/193 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=56|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2001-08-08}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/57/191 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=57|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2002-08-20}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/58/197 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=58|accessdate=2016-04-23|date=2003-08-05}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/59/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=59|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2004-08-10}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/60/192 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=60|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2005-08-11}}<br />{{UN document |docid=A/61/194 |type=A |body=General Assembly |session=61|accessdate=2016-04-24|date=2006-08-11}}</ref> Pendekatan tersebut dipilih, alih-alih permohonan keanggotaan resmi, karena pendekatan tersebut dapat dilakukan oleh Majelis Umum PBB tanpa campur tangan Dewan Keamanan PBB, sementara permohonan keanggotaan secara resmi akan membutuhkan persetujuan dari Dewan Keamanan, yang dapat dipastikan tidak akan berhasil karena RRT memegang hak veto yang dapat membatalkan pengajuan tersebut.<ref name=Lindemann>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw3IBAAAQBAJ|title=Cross-Strait Relations and International Organizations: Taiwan’s Participation in IGOs in the Context of Its Relationship with China|year=2014|first=Björn Alexander|last=Lindemann|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|pages=258}}</ref> Proposal-proposal mereka pada mulanya merekomendasikan penerimaan Republik Tiongkok sebagai perwakilan paralel atas Tiongkok bersama dengan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok sambil menunggu terjadinya reunifikasi kedua negara. Usulan tersebut didasarkan pada contoh-contoh dari negara-negara lain yang terpecah dan menjadi negara anggota PBB yang terpisah, seperti [[Jerman Barat]] dan [[Jerman Timur]] serta [[Korea Utara]] dan [[Korea Selatan]]. Kemudian, proposal-proposal mereka selanjutnya mulai menekankan bahwa Republik Tiongkok adalah negara terpisah, atas dasar RRT tak memiliki kedaulatan ''de facto'' atas wilayah tersebut. Resolusi-resolusi yang diusulkan tersebut merujuk Republik Tiongkok dengan berbagai nama: "Republik Tiongkok di Taiwan" (''Republic of China in Taiwan'', 1993–1994), "Republik Tiongkok pada Taiwan" (''Republic of China on Taiwan'', 1995–1997, 1999–2002), "Republik Tiongkok" ('Republic of China'', 1998), "Republik Tiongkok (Taiwan)" (''Republic of China (Taiwan)'', 2003) dan "Taiwan" (2004–2006).
Namun, keempat belas upaya tersebut semuanya gagal karena Komite Umum Majelis Umum PBB menolak untuk memasukkan masalah tersebut dalam agenda debat Majelis Umum, di bawah pertentangan kuat dari RRT.<ref name=europers>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLcDLDQsgy0C|title=European Perspectives on Taiwan|first1=Jens|last1=Damm|first2=Paul|last2=Lim|year=2012|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|pages=160–63|quote=By mid 2009, 16 applications for membership on behalf of Taiwan had been sent to the UN, but, in each of these cases, the General Assembly's General Committee, which sets the Assembly's agenda, decided against even raising the question during the Assembly's session.}}</ref>
Baris 1.326:
=== Yaman dan Republik Demokratik Rakyat Yaman ===
[[Yaman Utara|Yaman]] ({{lang-en|Yemen}}, disebut juga Yaman Utara atau ''North Yemen'') diterima di PBB pada tanggal 30 September 1947, sedangkan [[Yaman Selatan]] ({{lang-en|South Yemen}} atau ''Southern Yemen'') masuk ke PBB pada tanggal 14 Desember 1967, yang kemudian berubah nama menjadi Republik Demokratik Rakyat Yaman ({{lang-en|People's Democratic Republic of Yemen}}) pada tanggal 30 November 1970 (meskipun negara tersebut masih sering dirujuk dengan nama lamanya). Pada tanggal 22 Mei 1990, [[penyatuan Yaman|dua negara tersebut bergabung]] untuk membentuk Republik Yaman ({{lang-en|Republic of Yemen}}), yang masih berlanjut sebagai anggota tunggal di bawah nama [[Yaman]].<ref name="yearbook" />
=== Yugoslavia ===
Baris 1.379:
Selain negara-negara anggota, terdapat pula dua [[Pengamat Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|negara pengamat tetap nonanggota]]: [[Takhta Suci]] dan [[Negara Palestina]].<ref name="Gharib">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/12/20/u-n-adds-new-name-state-of-palestine.html|title=U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"|last=Gharib |first=Ali|date=20 December 2012|accessdate=10 January 2013|work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref>
* [[Takhta Suci]] memegang kedaulatan atas negara [[Kota Vatikan]] dan menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan 180 negara lainnya. Negara tersebut telah menjadi negara pengamat sejak tanggal 6 April 1964,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Vatican.html| title=Vatican City (Holy See)| publisher=World Statesmen.org}}</ref> dan memperoleh semua hak keanggotaan penuh kecuali memberikan suara (''voting'') pada tanggal 1 Juli 2004.<ref>{{UN document|title=Participation of the Holy See in the work of the United Nations|date=2004-07-16|accessdate=2016-04-24|publisher=[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]|docid=A/RES/58/314|body=General Assembly|type=Resolution|resolution_number=314|session=58}}</ref>
* [[Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina]] mendapat status pengamat sebagai "entitas nonanggota" pada tanggal 22 November 1974.<ref>{{UN document |docid=A-RES-3237(XXIX)|title=Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=29 |resolution_number=3237 |date=1974-11-22|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref> Sebagai bentuk pengakuan terhadap peristiwa proklamasi [[Negara Palestina]] oleh [[Dewan Nasional Palestina]] pada tanggal 15 November 1988, Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa memutuskan bahwa, secara sah pada tanggal 15 Desember 1988, sebutan "Palestina" harus digunakan sebagai ganti "Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina" dalam [[Sistem Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]].<ref>{{UN document |docid=A-RES-43-177 |title=Question of Palestine|type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=43 |resolution_number=177 |date=1988-12-15|accessdate=2016-04-24}}</ref> Pada tanggal 23 September 2011, [[Presiden Otoritas Nasional Palestina|Presiden]] [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina]] [[Mahmoud Abbas]] mengajukan [[Palestine 194|permohonan keanggotaan PBB]] untuk Negara Palestina kepada [[Sekretaris Jenderal Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Sekretaris Jenderal PBB]] [[Ban Ki-moon]],
[[Ordo Militer Berdaulat Malta]], meskipun bukan merupakan sebuah negara (melainkan merupakan subjek hukum internasional, mirip [[Takhta Suci]] minus wilayah berdaulat seperti [[Kota Vatikan]]), tetapi memiliki status pengamat di PBB dan memiliki hubungan diplomatik dengan 107 negara.<ref>[http://www.theutenberg.se/pdf/the_holy_see_the_order_of_malta_and_international_law.pdf The Holy See, the Order of Malta and International Law], Bo J. Theutenberg, {{ISBN|91-974235-6-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.int/orderofmalta |title=Malta Permanent Mission to the United Nations |website=Un.int |date= |accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref>
| |||