Kosmologi Alkitab: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{About|Kosmologi Alkitab|ikhtisar terkait Kosmos secara keseluruhan|Kosmologi|kosmologi agama secara keseluruhan|Kosmologi agama}}
 
[[File:God the Geometer.jpg|thumb|250px|Allah menciptakan kosmos (''[[Bible moralisée]]'', Prancis, abad ke-13)]]
'''Kosmologi Alkitab''' adalah konsepsi [[kepengarangan Alkitab|para penulis Alkitab]] tentang [[kosmos]] sebagai entitas terstruktur dan terorganisir, termasuk [[kosmogoni|cikal bakalnya]], [[kosmografi|tatanannya]], [[alam moral|pengartiannya]] dan [[eskatologi|takdirnya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lucas|2003|p= 130}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Knight|1990|p= 175}}</ref> Alkitab [[kanon Alkitab|dibentuk selama berabad-abad]], melibatkan [[kepengarangan Alkitab|banyak penulis]], dan merefleksikan [[konsistensi internal Alkitab|susunan berubah dari keyakinan agama]]. Akibatnya, [[kosmologi agama|kosmologi]]nya tak selalu konsisten.<ref>{{harvnb|Bernstein|1996|p= 134}}: "The canon of the Hebrew Bible [...] was formed of [...] diverse writings composed by many men or women over a long period of time, under many different circumstances, and in the light of shifting patterns of religious belief and practice. [...] Indeed, the questions under investigation in this book concerning the end of an individual's life, the nature of death, the possibility of divine judgment, and the resultant reward or punishment [...] are simply too crucial to have attracted a single solution unanimously accepted over the near millennium of biblical composition."</ref><ref name="Berlin 2011 188">{{harvnb|Berlin|2011|p= 188}}</ref> Tak ada teks Alkitab yang benar-benar mewakili keyakinan dari seluruh [[Yahudi]] atau [[Kristen]] pada masa karya-karya tersebut ditulis. Kebanyakan hal yang tertulis dalam [[Perjanjian Lama]] hanya mewakili sejumlah kecil komunistas Israel kuno, anggota tradisi keagamaan Yudea akhir yang terpusat di [[Yerusalem]] dan dicurahkan untuk pemujaan khusus kepada [[Yahweh]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|2002|p=52}}: "The religious ideology promoted in a majority of the texts that now form the Hebrew Bible represent the beliefs of only a small portion of the ancient Israelite community: the late Judean individuals who collected, edited, and transmitted the biblical materials were, for the most part, members of a religious tradition centered in Jerusalem that worshipped the god Yahweh exclusively."</ref>
Baris 10 ⟶ 9:
{{ref begin|40em}}
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}}
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* {{cite book
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| year = 2009
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* {{cite book
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* {{cite book
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}}
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| publisher = Eisenbrauns
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}}
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| title = Hell and Its Afterlife: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
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| editor2-last = Toscano
| editor2-first = Margaret
| year = 2010
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H04CJvW58agC&pg=PA121&dq=Hell+with+Purgatory+and+two+Limbos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1hIET7mbIK-HmQWVm4CzAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Hell%20with%20Purgatory%20and%20two%20Limbos&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
| last1 =
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| title = Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
| chapter = Kosmos
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| year = 1985
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}}
* {{cite book
|last = Knight
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|editor = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
|title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher = Mercer University Press
|chapter = Cosmology
|year = 1990
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA176&dq=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Cosmology&hl=en&ei=yDvUTrjHOcW8iAedsumbDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Knight
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|last2 = Levine
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|editor =
|title = The Meaning of the Bible: What the Jewish Scriptures and Christian Old Testament Can Teach Us
|publisher = HarperCollins
|chapter =
|year = 2011
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ox31oGXZzZQC&pg=PT64&dq=meaning+bene+elohim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JesLT9e3MeiNmQW5l6SVBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=meaning%20bene%20elohim&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
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| title = The Cosmic Drama of Salvation
|chapter =
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}}
* {{cite book
|last = Lucas
|first = E.L.
|editor1-last = Alexander
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|editor2-last = Baker
|editor2-first = David W.
|title = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch
|publisher = InterVarsity Press
|location =
|page =
|isbn =
|chapter = Cosmology
|year = 2003
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao5ecZ0ZsG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament:+Pentateuch+Alexander&hl=en&ei=YgfYTpGfB4bymAWw1dT5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Mabie
| first1 = F.J
| authorlink =
| title = Dictionary of the Old Testament
| chapter = Chaos and Death
| editor1-last = Longman
| editor1-first = Tremper
| editor2-last = Enns
| editor2-first = Peter
| year = 2008
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA48&dq=chaos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yhL9TsWmGOyXiAfmqIDIAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chaos%2C%20society%20and%20kingship%20the%20motif&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Mills
| first1 = Watson E.
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| title = Mercer Commentary on the Bible: Pentateuch/Torah
| chapter = Introduction
| editor1-last =
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| year = 1998
| publisher = Mercer University Press
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ym5rt115YtwC&pg=PR11&dq=Hebrew+bible+mountain+center+of+earth&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QFQET_OME42XmQWeiNygAg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Hebrew%20bible%20mountain%20center%20of%20earth&f=false
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}}
* {{cite book
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| first1 = Ed
| authorlink =
| title = Paradise interpreted: representations of biblical paradise in Judaism and Christianity
| chapter = Gan-Eden in the context of the mythology of the Hebrew bible
| editor1-last = Luttikhuizen
| editor1-first = Gerard P.
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| year = 1999
| publisher = Brill
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b74e-uMd2JAC&pg=PA21&dq=Gan-Eden+in+the+context+of+the+mythology+of+the+Hebrew+bible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vk0GT-m6NM-ZiQfnzqy_Aw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gan-Eden%20in%20the%20context%20of%20the%20mythology%20of%20the%20Hebrew%20bible&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = O'Dowd
| first1 = R.
| authorlink =
| title = Dictionary of the Old Testament
| chapter = Creation imagery
| editor1-last = Longman
| editor1-first = Tremper
| editor2-last = Enns
| editor2-first = Peter
| year = 2008
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kE2k36XAkv4C&pg=PA48&dq=chaos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yhL9TsWmGOyXiAfmqIDIAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=chaos%2C%20society%20and%20kingship%20the%20motif&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Olson
| first1 = Daniel C.
| authorlink =
| title = Eerdmans commentary on the Bible
| chapter = 1 Enoch
| editor1-last = Dunn
| editor1-first = James
| editor2-last = Rogerson
| editor2-first = John William
| year = 2003
| publisher = Eerdmans
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA904&dq=1+Enoch+Daniel+C+Olson&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8_8UT7SLGIXNmAXRn4z8Aw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1%20Enoch%20Daniel%20C%20Olson&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Page Lee
|first = H.
|editor = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
|title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher = Mercer University Press
|chapter = Council, Heavenly
|year = 1990
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA176&dq=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Cosmology&hl=en&ei=yDvUTrjHOcW8iAedsumbDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Parrish
|first = V. Steven
|editor = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
|title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher = Mercer University Press
|chapter = Creation
|year = 1990
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA183&dq=Creation,+Wisdom+and+the+Torah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPoIT4rWIeXAmQWF4OG8Ag&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Creation%2C%20Wisdom%20and%20the%20Torah&f=false
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Parsons
| first1 = Mikeal
| authorlink =
| title = Acts
| year = 2008
| publisher = Baker Academic
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1yGSo5pQ_sMC&pg=PA40&dq=%22Luke+locates+Jerusalem%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bNrZU77oBcWwuASkwYDIDw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Luke%20locates%20Jerusalem%22&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Pennington
|first = Jonathan T.
|editor1-last =
|editor1-first =
|editor2-last =
|editor2-first =
|title = Heaven and earth in the Gospel of Matthew
|publisher= Brill
|location=
|page =
|isbn =
|chapter =
|year = 2007
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EGTaBJDQoD0C&pg=PA42&dq=ancient+Israelite+ideas+about+the+heavenly+realms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A9X7Tu-gI5DomAXe7oWaAg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
|ref =harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Perdue
| first1 = Leo G.
| authorlink =
| title = Wisdom in Revolt: Metaphorical Theology in the Book of Job
|chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor3-last =
| editor3-first =
| year = 1991
| publisher = Sheffield Academic Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d_KDSNlwvRYC&pg=PA74&dq=job+cosmology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ELn2TueQMe2ViAfK_qHKAQ&sqi=2&ved=0CFIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=job%20cosmology&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Reike
| first1 = Bo
| authorlink =
| title = The Oxford guide to ideas & issues of the Bible
| chapter = Hell
| editor1-last = Metzger
| editor1-first = Bruce Manning
| editor2-last = Coogan
| editor2-first = Michael David
| year = 2001
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA197&dq=cosmology+sheol+hades&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UxT9To7lJaTSmAWqp9yfAg&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=cosmology%20sheol%20hades&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ringgren
| first1 = Helmer
| authorlink =
| title = Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
| chapter = Yam
| editor1-last = Botterweck
| editor1-first = G. Johannes
| editor2-last = Ringgren
| editor2-first = Helmer
| year = 1990
| publisher = Eerdmans
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MCOd-uAEQy0C&pg=PA92&dq=cosmic+ocean&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x2_5Tq-BN6SImQX-kuTOBQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=cosmic%20ocean&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Rochberg
| first1 = Francesca
| authorlink =
| title = In the Path of the Moon: Babylonian Celestial Divination and Its Legacy
|chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor3-last =
| editor3-first =
| year = 2010
| publisher = Brill
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vYluiWFPsjMC&pg=PA339&dq=waters&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3mj5Tqv7MfGMmQXfh5C3Ag&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=short%20history%20of%20the%20waters%20above%20the%20firmament&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 =
| first1 =
| authorlink =
| title = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
|chapter = Cosmology
| editor1-last = Ryken
| editor1-first = Leland
| editor2-last = Wilhoit
| editor2-first = Jim
| editor3-last = Longman
| editor3-first = Tremper
| editor4-last = Duriez
| editor4-first = Colin|editor5-first=Douglas|editor5-last=Penney|editor6-first=Daniel G.|editor6-last=Reid
| year = 1998
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&pg=PA172&dq=biblical+firmament&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9g0FT9SYIKaNmQXB2_mQAg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=biblical%20firmament&f=false
| ref ={{harvid|Ryken et al|1998}}
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Sarna
| first = Nahum M.
| authorlink = Nahum Sarna
| editor-last = Feyerick
| editor-first = Ada
| title = Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs
| year = 1997
| publisher = NYU Press
| location = New York
| language =
| isbn = 0-8147-2668-2
| page = 560
| chapter = The Mists of Time: Genesis I-II
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c7BSe16MeRsC&pg=PA49&dq=Sarna&hl=en&ei=G9PATq34C4aGmQWcvcG3BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Mists%20of%20Time%3A%20Genesis%20I-II%20Nahum%20Sarna&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Seybold
| first1 = Klaus
| authorlink =
| title = Introducing the Psalms
| chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor3-last =
| editor3-first =
| year = 1990
| publisher = T&T Clarke
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SGrWvONYwCsC&pg=PA177&dq=psalms+cosmology&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8Lj2Ts-BH6b_mAW7k6S4Ag&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=psalms%20cosmology&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
|authorlink = Mark S. Smith
|last = Smith
|first = Mark S.
|title = The Origins of Biblical Monotheism
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2003
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qKBlFnQj4AEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Jf0HT8GlK6nDmQWniJyyAg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Origins%20of%20Biblical%20Monotheism&f=false
|ref =harv}}
* {{cite book
|last = Stordalen
|first = Terje
|title = Echoes of Eden
|publisher = Peeters
|year = 2000
|isbn=
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UIXwojA2_nYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Echoes+of+Eden&hl=en&ei=SHvgTv63IIqWiQeM0vm5BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Echoes%20of%20Eden%3A%20Genesis%202-3%20and%20symbolism%20of%20the%20Eden%20garden%20in%20Biblical&f=false
|ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Tigghelaar
| first1 = Eibert J.C.
| authorlink =
| title = Paradise interpreted: representations of biblical paradise in Judaism and Christianity
| chapter = Eden and Paradise
| editor1-last = Luttikhuizen
| editor1-first = Gerard P.
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| year = 1999
| publisher = Brill
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b74e-uMd2JAC&pg=PA37&dq=Eden+and+Paradise:+the+garden+motif+in+some+early+Jewish+texts&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KFoGT4PGCoipiAec3ujSBA&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Eden%20and%20Paradise%3A%20the%20garden%20motif%20in%20some%20early%20Jewish%20texts&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 =
| first1 =
| authorlink =
| title = The IVP Bible background commentary: Old Testament
| chapter =
| editor1-last = Walton
| editor1-first = John H.
| editor2-last = Matthews
| editor2-first = Victor H.
| editor3-last = Chavalas
| editor3-first = Mark W.
| year = 2000
| publisher = InterVarsity Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wIA3tH9HqY4C&pg=PA505&dq=cosmology+hebrew+bible&hl=en&sa=X&ei=opTxTtTXBavImQXiv7SCAg&ved=0CG0Q6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=cosmology%20hebrew%20bible&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
Baris 788 ⟶ 787:
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Welch
| first1 = John Woodland
| authorlink =
| title = The Sermon on the Mount in the light of the Temple
| chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| year = 2009
| publisher = Ashgate
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZE78M9xeVdIC&pg=PA27&dq=biblical+cosmic+mountain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nNP6Tr_BK46OmQWF-OiDCA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=biblical%20cosmic%20mountain&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Wright
| first1 = J. Edward
| authorlink =
| title = The Early History of Heaven
| chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| year = 2002
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&pg=PA42&dq=Mesopotamian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-Af5TqCHKYy5iAep55W2AQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Wright
| first1 = J. Edward
| authorlink =
| title = Things revealed: studies in early Jewish and Christian literature in honor of Michael E. Stone
| chapter = Whither Elijah?
| editor1-last = Chazon
| editor1-first = Esther G.
| editor2-last = Satran
| editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Clements
| editor3-first = Ruth
| year = 2004
| publisher = Brill
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YiK40p-PW7MC&pg=PA137&dq=Whither+Elijah?&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_Bj9TtXgDKPGmAXgk72EAg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Whither%20Elijah%3F&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Wyatt
| first1 = Nick
| authorlink =
| title = Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East
| chapter =
| editor1-last =
| editor1-first =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| year = 2001
| publisher = Sheffield University Press
| isbn =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0-46Tys4wCUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Space+and+Time+in+the+religious+life+of+the+near+east&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rIcLT5HlB6ihiAfS3e2KBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Space%20and%20Time%20in%20the%20religious%20life%20of%20the%20near%20east&f=false
| ref = harv
}}
{{ref end}}