Edward II dari Inggris: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Kesukaran-kesukaran yang dihadapi Edward kian diperberat oleh masalah berkepanjangan di bidang pertanian, yang tidak lepas dari fenomena besar di kawasan utara Eropa, yakni [[Bencana Kelaparan Besar 1315–17|Bencana Kelaparan Besar 1315-1317]]. Permasalahan ini berawal dari hujan-hujan lebat menjelang akhir tahun 1314, disusul musim dingin parah dan hujan-hujan deras pada musim semi yang menewaskan sejumlah besar lembu dan biri-biri. Cuaca buruk terus berlanjut nyaris tanpa jeda sampai tahun 1321, sehingga mengakibatkan gagal panen.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1996|p=171}}; {{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=252–253}}</ref> Pendapatan dari ekspor wol merosot tajam, sementara harga bahan pangan melambung tinggi, kendati pemerintah berusaha keras mengendalikan harga barang.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1996|p=171}}; {{harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=253}}</ref> Edward mengimbau para penimbun bahan pangan untuk membuka lumbung-lumbung mereka, serta berusaha memulihkan kegiatan dunia usaha di dalam negeri dan mengimpor gandum, kendati hanya kecil manfaatnya.<ref>{{harvnb|Jordan|1996|pp=172–174}}</ref> Perintah memasok barang untuk kepentingan istana, yang dikeluarkan selagi bencana kelaparan masih bersangsung, hanya membuat ketegangan kian meningkat.<ref>{{harvnb|Ormrod|2011|pp=16–17}}</ref>
 
Sementara itu, Raibeart Bruis memanfaatkan momentum kemenangannya di Bannockburn untuk menyerang kawasan utara wilayah Inggris. Mula-mula hanya daerah Carlisle dan Berwick yang diserang, tetapi bala tentara Skotlandia selanjutnyaterus merangsek masuk ke selatan sampai masuk ke daerah [[Lancashire]] dan [[Yorkshire]], bahkan sampai mengancam kota York.<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=248, 281, 329, 343–348}}</ref> <!--Edward undertook an expensive but unsuccessful campaign to stem the advance in 1319, but the famine made it increasingly difficult to keep his garrisons supplied with food.<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=343–348}}; {{harvnb|Haines|2003|p=97}}</ref> Meanwhile, a Scottish expedition led by Robert's brother successfully invaded Ireland in 1315, where [[Edward Bruce]] declared himself the [[Monarki Irlandia|Raja Irlandia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=248, 253–54}}</ref> He was finally defeated in 1318 by Edward II's Irish justiciar, Edmund Butler, at the [[Battle of Faughart]], and Edward Bruce's severed head was sent back to the King.<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=256–258}}</ref> Revolts also broke out [[Banastre Rebellion|in Lancashire]] and [[Bristol]] in 1315, and in [[Glamorgan]] in Wales in 1316, but were suppressed.<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|pp=247–248}}; {{harvnb|Haines|2003|pp=98–99}}</ref>
 
Bencana kelaparan dan kebijakan Skotlandia dipandang sebagai hukuman ilahi, and complaints about Edward multiplied, one contemporary poem describing the "Zaman Angkara Murka Edward II".<ref>{{harvnb|Rubin|2006|pp=17, 36}}; {{harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=328}}</ref> Many criticised Edward's "tidak cakap" dan ignoble interest in rural pursuits.<ref>{{harvnb|Phillips|2011|p=277}}</ref> In 1318, a mentally ill man named [[John of Powderham]] appeared in Oxford, claiming that he was the real Edward II, and that Edward was a [[changeling]], swapped at birth.<ref>{{harvnb|Haines|2003|pp=43–44}}</ref> John was duly executed, but his claims resonated with those criticising Edward for his lack of regal behaviour and steady leadership.<ref>{{harvnb|Haines|2003|pp=43–44}}; {{harvnb|Childs|1991|pp=160–162}}</ref> Opposition also grew around Edward's treatment of his royal favourites.<ref>{{harvnb|Tebbit|2005|p=201}}</ref>