Kapal: Perbedaan antara revisi

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===Through the Renaissance===

Until the [[Renaissance]], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.

 

In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [[galleon]]s. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [[Spanish Armada]].

 

 

Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator [[Zheng He]] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were {{convert|130|m|ft}} long and had a beam of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.

 

===Specialization and modernization===

Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals --><!---there has to be a better way to say this!--><!--with little other money using small boats.

 

During the first half of the eighteenth century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.

 

Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late nineteenth century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.

 

In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!--><!--The [[United States]] accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, [[Russia]] 1.35 million tons, the [[United Kingdom]] 504,660 tons and [[China]] 402,830 tons. The twentieth century saw many naval engagements during the two [[world war]]s, the [[Cold War]], and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the [[United Kingdom]] in the [[Falkland Islands]] and the [[United States]] in [[Iraq]].

 

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The size of the world's [[fishing fleet]] is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. [[Fishing vessel]]s can be found in most seaside villages in the world. In 1997, the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] identified 2.285 million fishing vessels worldwide. An estimated 132.2 million tonnes of fish and shellfish were produced in 2003. In 1990, 29 million fishermen were active in the world.-->

 

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The simplest fishing boats have a small cabin with a saloon, a deck designed to accommodate fishing, and fishing equipment such as nets and lines. Trawlers have additional gear such as winches and arms. Other devices are used, such as a rear ramp on a stern-trawler, and a skiff on a tuna seiner.

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