Jean-Bertrand Aristide: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 2:
Para kritik mengatakan bahwa ia memerintah sebagai seorang diktator dan korup sehingga digulingkan oleh sebuah kudeta militer (September 1991) dan tersingkir pada 2004 ketika sejumlah bekas tentara melakukan pemberontakan ([[Februari 2004]]). Penyingkirannya yang kedua menimbulkan kontroversi karena Aristide mengaku bahwa ia dipaksa meninggalkan negaranya di bawah tekanan Amerika Serikat dan diculik serta disingkirkan ke sebuah negara di Afrika.
== Pendidikan dan pelayanan di gereja ==
Aristide dilahirkan di Port-Salut, Haiti. Ia mendapatkan pendidikannya di sekolah-sekolah [[Salesian]] di [[Port-au-Prince]] dan di Kolese Notre Dame, dan lulus pada [[1974]]. Kemudian ia menjalani pendidikan novisiat di La Vega, lalu kembali ke Haiti untuk belajar [[filsafat]] di ''Grand Seminaire Notre Dame'' dan [[psikologi]] di [[Universitas Negara Haiti]]. Setelah menyelesaikan studi pasca-sarjananya pada [[1979]], ia berkeliling di [[Eropa]], belajar di [[Italia]] dan [[Israel]]. Aristide kembali ke Haiti pada [[1983]] untuk ditahbiskan menjadi seorang imam Salesian.
Aristide diangkat menjadi pastor di sebuah gereja kecil di Port-au-Prince dan kemudian dipindahkan ke gereja yang lebih besar di pemukiman kumuh La Saline. Di sana ia mendapatkan sapaan kesayangan dalam bahasa Creole "Titide" atau "Titid" (Aristide kecil). Aristide menjadi penganjur [[teologi pembebasan]], dan menjadi tokoh terkemuka di sayap yang radikal dari Gereja Katolik di Haiti (''ti legliz'' — dari [[bahasa Creole Haiti]] yang berarti "gereja kecil"). Homili-homilinya disebarluaskan lewat stasun radio Katolik di seluruh negeri. Rezim [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Duvalier]] berulang kali berusaha membungkamnya. Aristide berhasil selamat karena rezim itu sendiri rontok pada April [[1986]]. Pada bulan [[September]] [[1988]], Aristide dipecat dari Ordo [[Serikat Salesian|Salesian]]nya dengan alasan "menghasut hingga membangkitkan kebencian dan kekerasan (serta) meningkatkan
Pada [[1995]] Aristide meninggalkan jabatan imamatnya.
<!--==First presidency and coup==
Following the violence at the abortive national elections of [[1987]], the [[1990]] polls were approached with caution. Aristide announced his candidacy for the presidency and following a six-week campaign, during which he dubbed his followers "Lavalas" — "the flood" or "torrent" in Haitian Creole — the "little priest" was elected President with 67 percent of the vote.
Aristide took office on February 7, 1991, becoming Haiti's second democratically elected leader (see [[Leslie Manigat]]). Like Manigat, he was forced out of office after less than a year: on [[September 30]], [[1991]] a military [[coup d'état]] forced Aristide to flee. There was a large-scale exodus of [[boat people]] when Aristide was in office. The [[United States Coast Guard]] rescued a total of 41,342 Haitians during 1991 and 1992, more than the number of rescued refugees from the previous 10 years combined. After Aristide fled, the United States denied refugee status to future boat people. This is only different ''de jure'' from the agreement Ronald Reagan made with Jean-Claude Duvalier beginning in 1981 in which those caught on the high seas by the Coast Gaurd were returned and only ''eight'' of 23,000 Haitian asylum seekers were accepted into the United States (Paul Farmer, ''Pathologies of Power'' p. 36).
Aristide spent his exile in [[Venezuela]] and then in the [[United States]], working hard to develop international support. Under U.S. and international pressure, the military regime backed down and U.S. troops were deployed in the country. On [[October 15]], [[1994]], Aristide returned to Haiti to complete his term in office. The embargo and naval blockage imposed during Aristide's exile was a strong blow to Haiti's already weak economy. Aristide disbanded the Haitian [[army]] of many [[School of the Americas]] trained officers and established a civilian [[police]] force. In the ''[[National Assembly of Haiti |Assemblée Nationale]]'' elections of June [[1995]], a multi-party coalition, the ''Organisation Politique Lavalas'' (OPL) won a convincing victory.
Aristide's first term ended in February 1996, and the constitution did not allow him to serve consecutive terms. There was some dispute over whether Aristide should serve the three years he had lost in exile prior to new elections, or whether his term in office should instead be counted strictly according to the date of his inauguration; under U.S. pressure, it was decided that the latter should be the case. [[René Préval]], a prominent ally of Aristide and Prime Minister since 1991 under Aristide, ran during the 1995 presidential election and took 88% of the vote. This marked the first time in Haitian history that there was a peaceful and democratic transition of power.
==Second presidency and rebellion==
In late [[1996]], Aristide broke from the OPL and created a new political party, the [[Fanmi Lavalas]]. The OPL, holding the majority in the [[Senate of Haiti|Sénat]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies of Haiti|Chambre des Députés]], renamed itself the [[Struggling People's Organization|Organisation du Peuple en Lutte]], maintaining the OPL acronym. Elections in April 1997 for the Senate drew only about 5 percent of registered voters and were plagued with allegations of fraud; the Préval government refused to accept the results.
New elections in May [[2000]] occurred for almost the entire ''Assemblée Nationale''. Opposition-owned radio stations reported turnout of around 10%, but election officials and international observers reported around 60% turnout. The FL won a sweeping victory, but the methods used by the ''Conseil Electoral Provisoire'' (CEP) in counting the votes were rejected by opposition parties, which united as the ''Convergence Democratique'' (CD) and demanded that the elections be ignored. The president of the CEP fled the country and a number of members of the CEP also resigned but the remaining members accepted to validate the results as they were demanded by the supporters of the Lavalas party.
Aristide won the presidential election in November [[2000]] with 91.8% of the vote. Most of the opposition parties boycotted this election, claiming that they had no fair chance. After the election, the [[Organization of American States]] issued a report that the election was unfair and that the methodology for counting votes was flawed. Aristide supporters have claimed that the OAS report was engineered by the U.S. solely based on hostility to the president's policies. They also have questioned why the organization waited until after the election results to challenge the methodology, saying it was aware of the vote-counting process beforehand. The International Organization of Independent Observers, a private volunteer organization, reported that the election went over smoothly and they witnessed no irregularities. [http://www.quixote.org/haiti/elections/Election_Press_Release_22may2000.html] However, the majority of Western governments claimed the election was blatantly rigged. At this time, the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] worked with the [[European Union]] to block a $440 million loan from the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] to Haiti.
On [[February 7]], [[2001]], Aristide was sworn in for his second term as President of Haiti. That same day, the CD swore in [[Gerard Gourgue]] as head of a new provisional government. Aristide agreed to reform the CEP, but he did not include any supporters of the opposition in the new body. [[Jean-Marie Chérestal]] was made the new Prime Minister in March 2001. The CD rejected both changes and in response the Government tried to have Gourgue arrested. The economy suffered as political control stalled. Aristide made moves to placate the opposition — in June 2001 certain senators holding contested seats resigned — but talks between the FL and the CD repeatedly failed. There was an attempted coup in mid-December 2001 and Cherestal resigned in January [[2002]], as the economy continued to slump.
Due to the objections of the opposition, elections were not held as scheduled in late [[2003]], and consequently the terms of most legislators expired in January, forcing Aristide to rule by decree. He promised to organize elections within six months, but the opposition refused to accept anything less than Aristide's resignation.
In 2004, attacks and threats continued against journalists who criticised Aristide. The climate of terror was sustained by the continuing impunity in the cases of two murdered journalists. Aristide extended his control over television but radio continued to be the most popular news media.
The situation deteriorated steadily throughout the year. Aristide clung to power by relying on gang-members known as ''chimères,'' organised into militia known as "popular organisations" with the task for sustaining a climate of terror in the ranks of the opposition and the press. His regime was further discredited by the appearance of "Special Brigades," a parallel police force which, like the "Tontons Macoutes" under the Duvaliers (1957–86) and the "Attachés" under General [[Raoul Cédras]] (1991–94), did the regime’s dirty work (torture and executions) and extorted money from the population.
Aristide cracked down in response to protests. Several dozen people were killed or wounded by ''chimères'' during demonstrations calling for his departure that steadily increased in size. The press was also the victim of violence. Reporters Without Borders registered some 30 cases of attacks or threats against journalists in 2003, and this was not exhaustive.
Aristide's opponents continued to accuse him of being corrupt and of using violence to attack political opponents. He maintained close ties not only to the Haitian police force, but also to street gangs such as the "[[Cannibal Army]]"[http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/H/HAITI?SITE=DCTMS&SECTION=HOME]. His government built parks and facilities for the gangs in exchange for cooperation with his government. After the assassination of the leader of the Cannibal Army, [[Amiot Metayer]], who had begun committing excessive acts of violence, that gang turned solidly against Aristide and joined the opposition.
In [[January 2004]], political violence between Aristide supporters and supporters of the opposition escalated sharply, and on [[February 5]], [[2004]], a rebel group calling itself the [[Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front]] (of which the Cannibal Army formed part) seized control of Haiti's fourth-largest city, [[Gonaïves]], marking the beginning of a [[2004 Haiti Rebellion|major revolt]] against Aristide. By [[February 22]], the rebels had captured Haiti's second-largest city, [[Cap-Haïtien]], and effectively split Haiti between a rebel-held north and a government-held south. The rebellion, led by former [[Cap-Haïtien]] police chief [[Guy Philippe]], has been referred to as a "military coup" by Aristide's lawyer, who claimed that the heavy weaponry used by the rebels were shipped in from the [[Dominican Republic]].[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/02/25/1613200]
As the end of [[February 2004|February]] approached, rebels continued to advance to within miles of the capital, [[Port-au-Prince]].
==Departure from Haiti==
In the early morning of [[February 29]], [[2004]], after being harshly condemned by the governments of [[France]] and the [[United States]], Aristide flew on a US-dispatched airplane to the [[Central African Republic]]. The circumstances surrounding this flight are a matter of controversy.
According to a ''[[Washington Times]],'' article of April, 2004
: Mr. Aristide, who accuses the [[United States]] and [[France]] of conspiring to force him out of power, filed a lawsuit in [[Paris]] last week accusing unnamed French officials of "death threats, kidnapping and sequestration" in connection with his flight to Africa.
: The [[George W. Bush|Bush administration]] insists that Mr. Aristide had personally asked for help and voluntarily boarded a U.S. plane. "He drafted and signed his letter of resignation all by himself and then voluntarily departed with his wife and his own security team," Mr. Powell said[http://www.washtimes.com/world/20040406-124703-4585r.htm].
Many media sources reported that Aristide had resigned and been refused asylum by [[South Africa]]. On [[March 1]], [[2004]], US Congresswoman [[Maxine Waters]] (D-CA), along with [[Randall Robinson]], a family friend of the Aristides, each reported that Aristide had told them using a smuggled cellular telephone that he had been forced to resign against his will by United States diplomats and [[U.S. Marines|Marines]], and that he was abducted against his will, and continued to be held hostage by an undisclosed armed military guard [http://www.democracynow.org/index.pl?issue=20040301], [http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040229/ts_nm/haiti_usa_dc_13].
When asked whether Aristide was guarded in the [[Central African Republic]] by [[France|French]] officers, the French [[Defense Minister]] answered that Aristide was protected, not imprisoned, and that he would leave when he could; and that France had many officers present in the Central African Republic following the recent events in that country, but that they did not control Aristide's comings and goings[http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/communiques/2004/i020304/020304.htm].
Both Maxine Waters and United States congressman [[Charles Rangel]][http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20040301/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/us_haiti_20], who also reported talking to Aristide via cellular telephone, said that Aristide said he had not been handcuffed while being led away, while the Agence France Press reported that the caretaker at Aristide's house claimed that Aristide had been handcuffed and led away at gunpoint[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ft/20040302/bs_ft/1077690805324]. Other reports of Aristide being led away by heavily armed American troops have been made by an Aristide bodyguard and an Orthodox missionary[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/story.jsp?story=497303]. Aristide told [[CNN]] that there were unidentified civilian Americans and Haitians who had forced him to resign and board the plane leaving Haiti[http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/nm/20040302/ts_nm/haiti_aristide_kidnap_dc_9].
The United States vice-president [[Dick Cheney]] and Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] both reported that Aristide had resigned willingly[http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040302-024937-3556r.htm], [http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1078139090204&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968705899037]. The [[Associated Press]] reported that the Central African Republic tried to get Aristide to stop repeating his charges to the press[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20040302-1154-aristideexile.html]. Aristide has further alleged that the resignation statement that is being touted was altered to remove a conditional statement in which he stated, "'If I am obliged to leave in order to avoid bloodshed."[http://www.reuters.co.uk/printerFriendlyPopup.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=467806]; this was confirmed by a Reuters translation of Aristide's original statement, which matches up word for word except for the one line, in which the conditional has been removed. On [[14 March]] [[2004]], he left the [[Central African Republic]] for [[Jamaica]], to the dismay of the French and American governments, who felt that his presence in the area would have a destabilizing effect on Haiti. The American ambassador to Haiti, James Foley, issued a warning to Aristide to stay at least 150 miles away from Haiti at all times. [[Condoleezza Rice]] is reported to have said that she did not want him in the Western Hemisphere[http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2004/200403/20040316.html] .
[[Lawrence Wilkerson]], former chief of staff to [[Colin Powell]], also commented on Aristide in an interview with [[Amy Goodman]]:
: AMY GOODMAN: Why say that the president, Aristide, had an obsession with power? This was a man who was the democratically elected president of Haiti, certainly got a higher percentage of the vote than President Bush got in this country.
: COL. LAWRENCE WILKERSON: Please, don't refer to the percentage of vote as equatable to democracy, as equatable to the kinds of institutions we have reflecting democracy in America[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/22/1515240].
After arriving in [[Jamaica]], Aristide gave a full interview, in which he claimed the following specifics (note: The US has neither confirmed nor denied these details, but has insisted that Aristide left willingly): He had met with US ambassador James Foley on [[February 28]], [[2004]] — the day before the rebels were supposed to attack the capital. Foley agreed that Aristide should go on national television to appeal to the nation to remain calm, as he had done the night before. When he arrived at his residence, it was surrounded by "thousands" of troops, mostly Americans, which made him feel intimidated. The Americans told him they would provide him security as they escorted him to the media; however, instead, they took him straight to a white unmarked airplane with a US flag on the side. He was then obligated to board, followed by US troops in full gear who changed into civilian clothes once on board. On board were his wife and 19 members of [[Steele Foundation]], a private military company.
Aristide's account was directly backed up by two witnesses: a pilot and Aristide aide, Franz Gabriel; and an American security guard on the security detail, who told the ''Washington Post'' about the subterfuge to lure Aristide away: "That was just bogus. It's a story they fabricated"[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61549-2004Mar15].
▲Aristide diangkat menjadi pastor di sebuah gereja kecil di Port-au-Prince dan kemudian dipindahkan ke gereja yang lebih besar di pemukiman kumuh La Saline. Di sana ia mendapatkan sapaan kesayangan dalam bahasa Creole "Titide" atau "Titid" (Aristide kecil). Aristide menjadi penganjur [[teologi pembebasan]], dan menjadi tokoh terkemuka di sayap yang radikal dari Gereja Katolik di Haiti (''ti legliz'' — dari [[bahasa Creole Haiti]] yang berarti "gereja kecil"). Homili-homilinya disebarluaskan lewat stasun radio Katolik di seluruh negeri. Rezim [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Duvalier]] berulang kali berusaha membungkamnya. Aristide berhasil selamat karena rezim itu sendiri rontok pada April [[1986]]. Pada bulan [[September]] [[1988]], Aristide dipecat dari Ordo [[Serikat Salesian|Salesian]]nya dengan alasan "menghasut hingga membangkitkan kebencian dan kekerasan (serta) meningkatkan bentrokan antar-kelas." [http://www.cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/namerica/aristide.html]
On [[May 31]], [[2004]], Aristide and his family flew to [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]], along with [[Congress of the United States|US Congressmen]] from the [[Congressional Black Caucus]]. South Africa characterized his stay as "temporary".
▲Pada [[1995]] Aristide meninggalkan jabatan imamatnya. Pada [[1996]] ia menikah dengan [[Mildred Trouillot]], seorang warga negara [[Amerika Serikat]] dan daripadanya ia memperoleh dua orang anak perempuan.
One year after his departure from Haiti several high ranking members of his government have been arrested or convicted for drug trafficking by the U.S. Government, including the Airport Director and Head of Palace Security. Many have implicated Aristide, however no charges have been filed against the former President.
Mr Aristide, Haiti's first freely elected president in 200 years of independence, had defiantly insisted he would remain in office until his term officially expired in 2006.
Baris 61 ⟶ 117:
Mr Aristide stepped down a day after Washington questioned "his fitness to continue to govern" amid a crisis which, it said, was largely of his making.-->
==References==
* Demos, Telis (Nov. 14, 2005). "Caribbean Chaos". ''[[Fortune (majalah)|Fortune]]'', hlm. 32.
* FAUNTROY, Christopher G. (September 24, 2002). [http://www.wehaitians.com/for%20democracy%20to%20prosper%20haiti%20aristide%20must%20be%20dealt%20with.html For Democracy to Prosper, Haiti Aristide Must be Dealt With]. ''[http://wehaitians.com./ We Haitians]''.
== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3379135.stm/ Profil: Jean-Bertrand Aristide]
* {{en}} [http://news.google.com/news?q=jean-bertrand%20aristide&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&sa=N&tab=in Google News Coverage — ''Jean-Bertrand Aristide'']
* {{en}} [http://www.democracynow.org/static/haiti.shtml Democracy Now! coverage of Aristide's ouster (text/audio/video)]
* {{en}} [http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0413-08.htm CommonDreams]: the US and France denies Aristide's charges; but block UN probes
* {{en}} [http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2003/countryratings/haiti.htm Haiti's "freedom rating"]
* {{en}} [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/haiti-news Haiti-news list] News from Haiti
* {{en}} Naomi Klein, ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[July 18]], 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1530646,00.html "6/7: the massacre of the poor that the world ignored: The US cannot accept that the Haitian president it ousted still has support"]
* {{en}} [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n08/farm01_.html Paul Farmer, Who Removed Aristide?] ''London Review of Books'' 15 April 2004
* {{en}} [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Haiti/Who_Is_Aristide.html] ''Who Is Aristide'' by Paul Farmer in ''The use of Haiti''
* {{en}} [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=the_2004_removal_of_jean-bertrand_aristide Timeline of events relating to Jean-Bertrand Aristide]
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