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Baris 2: '''Ular karang''' adalah sebutan untuk berbagai jenis ular-ular berbisa berwarna cerah, yang semuanya diklasifikasikan sebagai bagian dari famili [[Elapidae]]. Ular karang tersebar di [[Benua Amerika]] dan [[Asia]]. Di [[Indonesia]], spesies ular yang juga disebut "ular karang" di antaranya adalah [[ular cabai]] (''Calliophis intestinalis'') dan [[ular cabai besar]] (''Calliophis bivirgatus''). == ~~Taksonomi~~Klasifikasi == === Genus ''Calliophis'' (Gray, 1834) === ~~Hasil studi genetika menyimpulkan bahwa nenek moyang ular ini adalah marga dari Indo-Malaya. Menunjukkan bahwa kelompok ini berasal dari [[Asia]].<ref name = "Slowinski2000">{{cite journal~~ [[Berkas:Blue Malayan Coral Snake from Singapore.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|[[Ular cabai besar]] (''Calliophis bivirgatus'')]] ~~\| title= Phylogenetic Relationships of Elapid Snakes Based on Cytochrome b mtDNA Sequences~~ {{columns-list\|colwidth=50em\| ~~\| author = [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski\|Slowinski, J. B.]] and [http://www.anu.edu.au/BoZo/keogh.html Keogh J. S.]~~ * ''[[Calliophis beddomei]]'' <small>SMITH, 1943</small> ~~\| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution~~ * ''[[Calliophis bibroni]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small> ~~\| volume = 15 \| issue= 1 \| pages= 157–164 \|date=April 2000~~ * ''[[Calliophis bilineata]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1881)</small> ~~\| doi = 10.1006/mpev.1999.0725~~ * ''[[Calliophis bivirgatus]]'' <small>(BOIE, 1827)</small> - [[Ular cabai besar]] ~~\| pmid= 10764543~~ * ''[[Calliophis castoe]]'' <small>SMITH, OGALE, DEEPAK & GIRI, 2012</small> ~~}}</ref><ref name = "Slowinski2001">{{cite journal~~ * ''[[Calliophis gracilis]]'' <small>GRAY, 1834</small> ~~\| title= The Phylogenetic Relationships of Asian Coral Snakes (Elapidae: Calliophis and Maticora) Based on Morphological and Molecular Characters~~ * ''[[Calliophis haematoetron]]'' <small>SMITH, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI & SOMAWEERA, 2008</small> ~~\| author = [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski\|Slowinski, J. B.]], Boundy, J. and Lawson, R.~~ * ''[[Calliophis intestinalis]]'' <small>(LAURENTI, 1768)</small> - [[Ular cabai]] ~~\| journal = Herpetologica \| volume = 57 \| issue= 2 \| pages= 233–245~~ * ''[[Calliophis maculiceps]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1858)</small> ~~\|date=June 2001 \| jstor= 3893186}}</ref>~~ * ''[[Calliophis melanurus]]'' <small>(SHAW, 1802)</small> * ''[[Calliophis nigrescens]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1862)</small> * ''[[Calliophis philippina]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1864)</small> * ''[[Calliophis salitan]]'' <small>BROWN, SMART, LEVITON & SMITH, 2018</small> * ''[[Calliophis suluensis]]'' <small>(STEINDACHNER, 1891)</small> }} === Genus ''Hemibungarus'' (Peters, 1862) === ~~== Pengenalan ==~~ [[Berkas:Hemibungarus calligaster calligaster - ZooKeys-266-001-g095.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|''[[Hemibungarus calligaster]]'']] Semua jenis ular ini berbisa dan memilik warna dominan merah atau cokelat pada tubuh atau bagian tubuhnya. Untuk kelompok dari [[Amerika]], warna merah adalah warna utama. Seluruhnya adalah ular penggali liang dan juga tinggal di celah-celah batu. Panjang tubuh biasanya antara 30 cm sampai 1 meter, pernah pula ditemukan yang panjangnya mencapai 1,5 meter.<ref>http://www.madprogrammer.com/snakes/CoralSnake/</ref> * ''[[Hemibungarus calligaster]]'' <small>(WIEGMANN, 1835)</small> * ''[[Hemibungarus gemianulis]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1872)</small> * ''[[Hemibungarus mcclungi]]'' <small>(TAYLOR, 1922)</small> === Genus ''Micruroides'' (K.P. Schmidt, 1928) === ~~=== Mimikri ===~~ [[Berkas:Micruroides 3.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|[[Ular-karang Arizona]] (''Micruroides euryxanthus'')]] Di [[Amerika Tengah]], [[Meksiko]], dan [[Amerika Serikat\|AS]], banya jenis-jenis ular tidak berbisa yang memiliki warna serupa dengan [[Ular karang Amerika]]. Sehingga orang sering salah mengira bahwa ular-ular tersebut berbisa, tetapi sebenarnya tidak berbisa. Beberapa spesies ular di [[Amerika Utara]] yang warnanya menyerupai ular karang Amerika adalah: * ''[[Micruroides euryxanthus]]'' <small>(KENNICOTT, 1860)</small> - [[Ular-karang Arizona]] * ''Cemophora coccinea'' - Ular belang bata * ''[[Chionactis palarostris]]'' * ''[[Erythrolamprus aesculapii]]'' * ''[[Erythrolamprus bizona]]'' * ''[[Erythrolamprus ocellatus]]'' terdapat di pulau [[Trinidad]] & Tobago, [[Amerika Selatan]] * ''Lampropeltis elapsoides'' - [[Ular raja merah]] * ''[[Lampropeltis pyromelana]]'' - Ular belang merah Arizona * ''Lampropeltis triangulum'' - [[Ular susu Amerika]] * ''[[Lampropeltis zonata]]'' * ''[[Oxyrhopus petolarius]]'' * ''[[Pliocercus elapoides]]'' * {{en}}''[https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Rhinocheilus_lecontei_tessellatus Rhinocheilus lecontei tessellatus]'' === Genus ''Micrurus'' (Wagler, 1824) === ~~Biasanya cara yang digunakan oleh penduduk [[Amerika Serikat\|AS]] adalah dengan menggunakan istilah-istilah dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai berikut:~~ [[Berkas:Micrurus fulviusHolbrookV3P10AA.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' (ilustrasi)]] '' [[Berkas:Micrurus tener.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|[[Ular-karang Texas]] (''Micrurus tener'')]] * "Red and yellow, kill a fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack." {{columns-list\|colwidth=50em\| * "Red on yellow will kill a fellow, but red on black is a friend of Jack." * ''[[Micrurus albicinctus]]'' <small>AMARAL, 1925</small> * "Red on yellow, kill a fellow; Red on black, cut him some slack!" * ''[[Micrurus alleni]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small> * "Red on yellow, deadly fellow; Red on black, venom lack." * ''[[Micrurus altirostris]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small> * "Red and yellow will kill you fellow; Red and black is friend Jack." * ''[[Micrurus ancoralis]]'' <small>JAN, 1872</small> * "Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, you're all right Jack." * ''[[Micrurus annellatus]]'' <small>PETERS, 1871</small> * "Red next to black is a friend of Jack; red next to yellow will kill a fellow." * ''[[Micrurus averyi]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1939</small> * "Red to yellow, kill a fellow. Red to black, venom lack." * ''[[Micrurus baliocoryphus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small> * "If red touches black, you're okay Jack; if red touches yellow, you're a dead fellow." * ''[[Micrurus bernadi]]'' <small>(COPE, 1887)</small> * "Red next to black, you can pat him on the back; red next to yellow, he can kill a fellow." * ''[[Micrurus bocourti]]'' <small>(JAN, 1872)</small> * "Red next to black, venom I lack; red next to yellow, run away fellow." * ''[[Micrurus bogerti]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * "Red and black, friend of Jack; red and yellow kill a fellow." * ''[[Micrurus boicora]]'' <small>BERNARDE, TURCI, ABEGG & FRANCO, 2018</small> * "Red touches yellow, not a nice fellow; if red touches black, good friend of Jack." * ''[[Micrurus brasiliensis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * "Red touch yellow, you're a dead fellow; red touch black, you're okay Jack." * ''[[Micrurus browni]]'' <small>SCHMIDT & SMITH, 1943</small> * "Red touch black, good for Jack; red touch yellow, kill a fellow." * ''[[Micrurus camilae]]'' <small>RENJIFO & LUNDBERG, 2003</small> * "Yellow and red, you are dead; black and white you're all right." * ''[[Micrurus circinalis]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small> * "Red and black, death you lack; yellow and red, you are dead; black and white, say good night;" * ''[[Micrurus clarki]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small> * "Red touch yellow, kill a fellow; red touch black, venom lack." * ''[[Micrurus collaris]]'' <small>(SCHLEGEL, 1837)</small> * "Red and yellow, deadly fellow; red and black, friendly Jack." * ''[[Micrurus corallinus]]'' <small>(MERREM, 1820)</small> * "Red next to yellow, a dangerous fellow." * ''[[Micrurus decoratus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small> * "Red and yellow = Stop and use caution. Just like a stop light." * ''[[Micrurus diana]]'' <small>ROZE, 1983</small> * "Red and yellow, deadly fellow. Red and black, friend of Jack." * ''[[Micrurus diastema]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small> '' * ''[[Micrurus dissoleucus]]'' <small>COPE, 1860</small> * ''[[Micrurus distans]]'' <small>KENNICOTT, 1860</small> * ''[[Micrurus diutius]]'' <small>(BURGER, 1955)</small> * ''[[Micrurus dumerilii]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small> * ''[[Micrurus elegans]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small> * ''[[Micrurus ephippifer]]'' <small>(COPE, 1886)</small> * ''[[Micrurus filiformis]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1859)</small> * ''[[Micrurus frontalis]]'' <small>DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854</small> * ''[[Micrurus fulvius]]'' <small>(LINNAEUS, 1766)</small> - Ular-karang timur * ''[[Micrurus hemprichii]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small> * ''[[Micrurus hippocrepis]]'' <small>(PETERS, 1862)</small> * ''[[Micrurus ibiboboca]]'' <small>(MERREM, 1820)</small> * ''[[Micrurus isozonus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1860)</small> * ''[[Micrurus langsdorffi]]'' <small>(WAGLER, 1824)</small> * ''[[Micrurus laticollaris]]'' <small>PETERS, 1870</small> * ''[[Micrurus latifasciatus]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1933</small> * ''[[Micrurus lemniscatus]]'' <small>(LINNAEUS, 1758)</small> * ''[[Micrurus limbatus]]'' <small>FRASER, 1964</small> * ''[[Micrurus margaritiferus]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * ''[[Micrurus medemi]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * ''[[Micrurus meridensis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1989</small> * ''[[Micrurus mertensi]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small> * ''[[Micrurus mipartitus]]'' <small>(DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854)</small> * ''[[Micrurus mosquitensis]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1933</small> * ''[[Micrurus multifasciatus]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small> * ''[[Micrurus multiscutatus]]'' <small>RENDAHL & VESTERGREN, 1940</small> * ''[[Micrurus narduccii]]'' <small>(JAN, 1863)</small> * ''[[Micrurus nattereri]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1952</small> * ''[[Micrurus nebularis]]'' <small>ROZE, 1989</small> * ''[[Micrurus nigrocinctus]]'' <small>(GIRARD, 1854)</small> * ''[[Micrurus obscurus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1872)</small> * ''[[Micrurus oligoanellatus]]'' <small>AYERBE & LÓPEZ, 2005</small> * ''[[Micrurus ornatissimus]]'' <small>(JAN, 1858)</small> * ''[[Micrurus pacaraimae]]'' <small>MORATO DE CARVALHO, 2002</small> * ''[[Micrurus pachecogili]]'' <small>CAMPBELL, 2000</small> * ''[[Micrurus paraensis]]'' <small>DA CUNHA & NASCIMENTO, 1973</small> * ''[[Micrurus peruvianus]]'' <small>SCHMIDT, 1936</small> * ''[[Micrurus petersi]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * ''[[Micrurus potyguara]]'' <small>PIRES, DA SILVA Jr, FEITOSA, PRUDENTE, PREIRA-FILHO & ZAHER, 2014</small> * ''[[Micrurus proximans]]'' <small>SMITH & CHRAPLIWY, 1958</small> * ''[[Micrurus psyches]]'' <small>(DAUDIN, 1803)</small> * ''[[Micrurus putumayensis]]'' <small>LANCINI, 1962</small> * ''[[Micrurus pyrrhocryptus]]'' <small>(COPE, 1862)</small> * ''[[Micrurus remotus]]'' <small>ROZE, 1987</small> * ''[[Micrurus renjifoi]]'' <small>(LAMAR, 2003)</small> * ''[[Micrurus ruatanus]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1895)</small> * ''[[Micrurus sangilensis]]'' <small>NICEFORO MARIA, 1942</small> * ''[[Micrurus scutiventris]]'' <small>(COPE, 1869)</small> * ''[[Micrurus serranus]]'' <small>HARVEY, APARICIO & GONZALEZ, 2003</small> * ''[[Micrurus silviae]]'' <small>DI BERNARDO, BORGES-MARTINS & DA SILVA, 2007</small> * ''[[Micrurus spixii]]'' <small>WAGLER, 1824</small> * ''[[Micrurus spurrelli]]'' <small>(BOULENGER, 1914)</small> * ''[[Micrurus steindachneri]]'' <small>(WERNER, 1901)</small> * ''[[Micrurus stewarti]]'' <small>BARBOUR & AMARAL, 1928</small> * ''[[Micrurus stuarti]]'' <small>ROZE, 1967</small> * ''[[Micrurus surinamensis]]'' <small>(CUVIER, 1817)</small> * ''[[Micrurus tener]]'' <small>BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853</small> - [[Ular-karang Texas]] * ''[[Micrurus tikuna]]'' <small>FEITOSA, DA SILVA Jr, PIRES, ZAHER & PRUDENTE, 2015</small> * ''[[Micrurus tschudii]]'' <small>JAN, 1858</small> }} === Genus ''Sinomicrurus'' (Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson, 2001) === [[Berkas:Sinomicrurus sauteri w0073.jpg\|jmpl\|kanan\|240px\|''[[Sinomicrurus sauteri]]'']] * ''[[Sinomicrurus hatori]]'' <small>(TAKAHASHI, 1930)</small> * ''[[Sinomicrurus houi]]'' <small>WANG, PENG & HUANG, 2018</small> * ''[[Sinomicrurus japonicus]]'' <small>(GÜNTHER, 1868)</small> * ''[[Sinomicrurus kelloggi]]'' <small>(POPE, 1928)</small> * ''[[Sinomicrurus macclellandi]]'' <small>(REINHARDT, 1844)</small> * ''[[Sinomicrurus sauteri]]'' <small>(STEINDACHNER, 1913)</small> ~~== Genus ==~~ ~~Rumpun ini mencakup 4 genus, yakni:~~ * ''[[Calliophis]]'' - Ular karang Indo-Malaya * ''Micruroides'' - [[Ular karang gurun Sonoran]] * ''Micrurus'' - [[Ular karang Amerika]] * ''Sinomicrurus'' - [[Ular karang Asia]] == Referensi == {{reflist}} ---- ~~== Bacaan lanjut ==~~ * [[George Albert Boulenger\|Boulenger, G.A.]] 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)...'' Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Elaps'', 28 species, pp. 411–433 + Plate XX.) * [[Janis Roze\|Roze, J.A.]] 1996. ''Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms''. Krieger. Malabar, Florida. 340 pp. {{ISBN \|978-0894648472}}. * Tanaka G. D., Furtado Md. F. D., Portaro F. C. V., Sant'Anna O. A. & Tambourgi D. V. (2010). "Diversity of ''Micrurus'' Snake Species Related to Their Venom Toxic Effects and the Prospective of Antivenom Neutralization". ''[[PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases]]'' '''4'''(3): e622. {{doi\|10.1371/journal.pntd.0000622}} * Universidad de Costa Rica (2009). ''[http://icp.ucr.ac.cr/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=15&Itemid=30&lang=es El envenenamiento por mordedura de serpiente en Centroamérica]'' ("Snakebite poisonings in Central America"). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica. {{in lang\|es}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2011}} ---- * {{NRDB genus\|genus=Calliophis}} ~~== Informasi lainnya ==~~ * {{NRDB genus\|genus=Hemibungarus}} * [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&exact%5B0%5D=genus&genus=Micrurus ''Micrurus'' @ The Reptile Database]] * {{NRDB species\|genus=Micruroides\|species=euryxanthus}} * [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?submit=Search&exact%5B0%5D=genus&genus=Calliophis ''Calliophis'' @ The Reptile Database] * {{NRDB genus\|genus=Micrurus}} * [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Micruroides&species=euryxanthus&exact%5B0%5D=genus&exact%5B0%5D=species ''Micruroides euryxanthus'' @ Reptile Database] * {{NRDB genus\|genus=Sinomicrurus}} [[Kategori:Ular berbisa]]

Ular karang: Perbedaan antara revisi