Iran: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Ardashir I]], shah pertama [[Kekaisaran Sassania]], mula membangun kembali ekonomi, dan militer Persia. Wilayahnya meliputi kawasan Iran modern, [[Irak]], [[Suriah]], [[Pakistan]], [[Asia Tengah]], dan wilayah [[Jazirah Arab|Arab]]. Pada zaman [[Khosrau II]] (590-628) pula, kekaisaran ini diperluas hingga [[Mesir]], [[Yordania]], [[Palestina]], dan [[Lebanon]]. Orang-orang Sassanid menamakan kekaisaran mereka ''Erānshahr'' (atau ''Iranshæhr'', "Penguasaan Orang Arya".) [[Berkas:Sassanid empire map.png|jmpl|kiri|150px|[[Kekaisaran Sassania]] pada zaman kegemilangannya.]]
Sejarah Iran seterusnya diikuti dengan konflik selama enam ratus tahun dengan Kekaisaran Romawi. Menurut sejarawan, Persia kalah dalam [[Perang al-Qādisiyyah]] (632 M) di [[Hilla]], [[Iraq]]. [[Rostam Farrokhzād]], seorang jenderal Persia, dikritik
Era Sassania menyaksikan memuncaknya [[peradaban Persia]], dan merupakan kekaisaran Persia terakhir sebelum kedatangan [[Islam]]. Pengaruh, dan kebudayaan Sassania kemudian diteruskan setelah pemelukan Islam oleh bangsa Persia.
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Pada zaman ini juga, para ilmuwan Persia menciptakan [[Zaman Kegemilangan Islam]]. Sementara itu Persia menjadi tumpuan penyebaran ilmu sains, filsafat, dan teknik. Ini kemudian memengaruhi sains di Eropa, dan juga kebangkitan [[Renaissance]].
Bermula pada tahun 1220, Parsi dimasuki oleh
=== Islam Syi'ah, Kekaisaran Safawi, Dinasti Qajar/Pahlavi dan Iran Modern (1501 – 1979) ===
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* {{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC&pg=PA183#v=twopage&q&f=false |chapter=Book 2, Chapter XI: Of the Temper, Manners, and Customs of the Persians: A XVII th. Century Viewpoint |first1=Sir John |last1=Chardin |authorlink=Jean Chardin |title=Travels in Persia, 1673–1677 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1988 |pages=183–197 |isbn=9780486256368 |oclc=798310290 |accessdate=9 June 2014}}</ref>
Persentase bahasa lisan terus menjadi titik perdebatan, karena banyak memilih bahwa mereka adalah bermotif politik; terutama mengenai etnis terbesar dan terbesar kedua di Iran, Persia dan [[Bangsa Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. Persentase berikut menurut [[CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]: 53% [[bahasa Persia|Persia]], 16% [[bahasa Azerbaijan|Turki Azerbaijan]], 10% [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]], 7% [[bahasa Mazenderani|Mazenderani]] dan [[bahaxa Gilaki|Gilaki]], 7% [[bahasa Luri|Luri]], 2% [[bahasa Turkmen|Turkmen]], 2% [[
=== Kelompok etnis ===
{{main|Etnis di Iran}}
Seperti dengan bahasa lisan, komposisi kelompok etnis juga tetap menjadi titik perdebatan, terutama mengenai kelompok etnis terbesar dan terbesar kedua, Persia dan Azerbaijan, karena kurangnya sensus pemerintah Iran berdasarkan etnis. [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]] memperkirakan bahwa sekitar 79% dari populasi Iran adalah [[Etnolinguistik|kelompok etno-linguistik]] [[Proto-Indo-Eropa|Indo-Eropa]] beragam yang terdiri dari penutur [[rumpun bahasa Iran]],<ref>J. Harmatta in "History of Civilizations of Central Asia", Chapter 14, ''The Emergence of Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages'', ed. by A. H. Dani & V.N. Masson, 1999, p. 357</ref> dengan [[Bangsa Persia|Persia]] (termasuk [[Bangsa Mazenderani|Mazenderani]] dan [[Gilak]]) merupakan 61% dari populasi, [[Bangsa Kurdi|Kurdi]] 10%, [[Bangsa Lur|Lur]] 6%, dan [[
[[Perpustakaan Kongres]] mengeluarkan perkiraan yang sedikit berbeda: Persia 65% (termasuk Mazenderanis, Gilaks dan talysh), Azerbaijan 16%, Kurdi 7%, Lur 6%, [[
[[Berkas:Ethnicities and religions in Iran.png|jmpl|300px|Right|Persebaran suku bangsa dan [[Agama di Iran|Agama]] di Iran.]]
Estimasi non-pemerintah lainnya mengenai kelompok selain Persia dan Azerbaijan secara kasar ''congruate'' dengan The World Factbook dan Perpustakaan Kongres. Namun, banyak estimasi ilmiah dan organisasi mengenai jumlah kedua kelompok berbeda secara signifikan dari sensus disebutkan. Menurut banyak dari mereka, jumlah etnis Azerbaijan di Iran terdiri antara 21,6-30% dari total penduduk, dengan mayoritas pada 25%.{{ref|New America Foundation|c}}<ref name="New America Foundation">{{cite news|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf|title=Results a new nationwide public opinion survey of Iran |publisher=[[New America Foundation]] |date= June 12, 2009 |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>{{ref|Minority Rights|d}}<ref name="Minority Rights">{{cite news|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=5096|title=Azeris |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year= 2009 |accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>* Shaffer, Brenda (2003). Borders and Brethren: Iran and the Challenge of Azerbaijani Identity. MIT Press. pp. 221–225. ISBN 0-262-19477-5 "There is considerable lack of consensus regarding the number of Azerbaijanis in Iran ... Most conventional estimates of the Azerbaijani population range between one-fifth to one-third of the general population of Iran, the majority claiming one-fourth." – "Azerbaijani student groups in Iran claim that there are 27 million Azerbaijanis residing in Iran."
* Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1765. ISBN 978-0-313-32384-3 "Approximately (2002e) 18,500,000 Southern Azeris in Iran, concentrated in the northwestern provinces of East and West Azerbaijan. It is difficult to determine the exact number of Southern Azeris in Iran, as official statistics are not published detailing Iran's ethnic structure. Estimates of the Southern Azeri population range from as low as 12 million up to 40% of the population of Iran – that is, nearly 27 million..."</ref><ref>Rasmus Christian Elling, Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Excerpt: "The number of Azeris in Iran is heavily disputed. In 2005, Amanolahi estimated all Turkic-speaking communities in Iran to number no more than 9 million. CIA and Library of congress estimates range from 16 percent to 24 percent – that is, 12–18 million people if we employ the latest total figure for Iran's population (77.8 million). Azeri ethnicsts, on the other hand, argue that overall number is much higher, even as much as 50 percent or more of the total population. Such inflated estimates may have influenced some Western scholars who suggest that up to 30 percent (that is, some 23 million today) Iranians are Azeris." [https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC&pg=PT33&dq=argue+that+overall+number+is+much+higher,+even+as+much+as+50+percent+azeri&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WVJrUcnJE62g4AO5n4HADw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA]</ref><ref name="Criticism">Ali Gheissari. ''Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society – Politics: Economy, Society, Politics''. Page 300. "Azeri ethnonationalist activist, however, claim that number to be 24 million, hence as high as 35 percent of the Iranian population." Oxford University Press. 2 April 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Iran |publisher=[[New America Foundation]] |date=June 12, 2009 |accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> Dalam kasus apapun, populasi terbesar dari bangsa Azerbaijan di dunia hidup di Iran.
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