Boeing Starliner: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Dibuat dengan menerjemahkan halaman "Boeing CST-100 Starliner" |
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{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = CST-100 Starliner
| image = CST-100 Starliner integration with Atlas V for Orbital Flight Test (KSC-20191121-PH-CSH02 0080) (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Foto kapsul ''Calypso'' yang sedang diintegrasikan dengan roket Atlas V
| manufacturer = [[Boeing]]
| country = [[Amerika Serikat]]
| operator = [[Boeing]]
| applications = Transportasi kargo dan awak [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional|ISS]]
<!--Specifications-->
| spacecraft_type = Kapsul berawak
| design_life = {{plainlist|
* 60 jam {{small|(penerbangan bebas)}} <ref name="Reiley2011">{{cite conference|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/Space_2011_Boeing.pdf|title=Design Considerations for a Commercial Crew Transportation System|conference=AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition. September 27–29, 2011. Long Beach, California.|first1=Keith|last1=Reiley|first2=Michael|last2=Burghardt|first3=Michael|last3=Wood |first4=Jay|last4=Ingham|first5=Michael|last5=Lembeck|year=2011|doi=10.2514/6.2011-7101|access-date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501135247/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/Space_2011_Boeing.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 210 hari {{small|(berlabuh)}} <ref name="Reiley2011"/><ref name="avweek20130724">{{cite news|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/boeing-refines-cst-100-commercial-crew-capsule-approach|title=Boeing Refines {{nowrap|CST-100}} Commercial Crew Capsule Approach|work=[[Aviation Week]]|first=Mark|last=Carreau|date=July 24, 2013|accessdate=May 8, 2014}}</ref>
}}
| launch_mass = 13000 kg
| dry_mass =
| payload_capacity =
| crew_capacity = Hingga 7 orang
| dimensions = {{plainlist|
* Diameter {{small|(CM)}}: 4.56 m <ref name="boeing201108">{{cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf|title=Boeing {{nowrap|CST-100}}: Commercial Crew Transportation System|publisher=Boeing|first=Mike|last=Burghardt|date=August 2011|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501134630/http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{nowrap|Length {{small|(CM+SM)}}: 5.03 m <ref name="boeing201108"/>}}
}}
| volume = 11 m<sup>3</sup> <ref name="gunther">{{cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cst-100.htm|title=Starliner (CST-100)|publisher=Gunthers Space Page|first=Gunther|last=Krebs |date=April 2017|accessdate=April 11, 2017}}</ref>
| power =
| batteries =
| equipment =
| orbits = [[Orbit bumi rendah|Orbit rendah]]
| status = Dalam masa pengembangan dan uji coba
| built =
| orders =
| launched =
| operational =
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = 20 Desember 2019, 11:36:43 UTC (nirawak)
| last = 20 Desember 2019, 11:36:43 UTC (nirawak)
| lastretired =
| insignia =
| insignia_size = 150
| insignia_alt =
| insignia_caption = Insigna program {{nowrap|CST-100}} Starliner
|date=April 2020}}
('''Crew Space Transportation-100''') adalah [[wahana antariksa]] untuk awak yang diproduksi oleh [[Boeing]] sebagai partisipasinya dalam program [[Program Commercial Crew|Pengembangan Kru Komersial]] (CCDev) [[Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat|NASA]] . Tujuan utama dikembangkannya wahana antariksa ini adalah untuk mengangkut awak menuju dan dari [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] (ISS)<ref>{{Cite press release|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=20295&item=849|title=Boeing Submits Proposal for NASA Commercial Crew Transport System|publisher=Boeing}}</ref> dan ke stasiun luar angkasa swasta seperti Stasiun Luar Angkasa Komersial yang saat ini direncanakan oleh [[ Stasiun Luar Angkasa Komersial Bigelow |Bigelow Aerospace]].<ref name="baocc20100715">{{Cite web|url=http://bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php|title=Orbital Complex Construction|publisher=Bigelow Aerospace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710092025/http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/orbital-complex-construction.php|archive-date=July 10, 2010|access-date=July 15, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Kapsul ini memiliki diameter {{Val|4.56}} m, sedikit lebih besar dibandingkan [[Apollo Command/Service Module|command module Apollo]] namun lebih kecil dibandingkan [[Orion (pesawat luar angkasa)|kapsul Orion]].<ref name="sfn_21_7_10">{{Cite news|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1007/21boeing/|title=Boeing space capsule could be operational by 2015|work=Spaceflight Now|first=Stephen|last=Clark|date=July 21, 2010|access-date=September 18, 2011}}</ref> Boeing Starliner mampu mengangkut hingga tujuh orang awak astronaut dan dirancang untuk tetap dapat berada di orbit hingga tujuh bulan serta dapat digunakan kembali hingga sepuluh kali.<ref name="boeing20160125">{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/space/crew-space-transportation-100-vehicle|title=Boeing: Crew Space Transportation (CST) System|publisher=Boeing|access-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref> Wahana antariksa ini juga dirancang agar dapat diluncurkan oleh empat roket peluncur yakni [[Atlas V]], [[Delta IV]], [[Falcon 9]], dan [[ Vulcan (roket) |Vulcan]].
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== Daftar wahana antariksa ==
Pada Januari 2020, Boeing berencana untuk memiliki tiga wahana antariksa Boeing Starliner untuk memenuhi kebutuhan Program Commercial Crew dengan setiap wahana antariksanya diharapkan mampu digunakan kembali hingga sepuluh kali dengan waktu perbaikan enam bulan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/starliner.htm|title=Starliner (CST-100)|website=Gunter's Space Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/|title=CST-100 Starliner|website=Boeing}}</ref> Pada Mei 2020, Boeing berencana untuk memiliki dua wahana antariksa Starliner dalam pelayanan.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small"
! colspan="2" | Gambar
! style="width:6em" | Designasi
! style="width:6em" | Nama
! Status
! Jumlah penerbangan
! Waktu terbang
! class="unsortable" | Catatan
! class="unsortable" | Cat.
|-
! data-sort-value="test" | [[File:Boeing CST-100 Starliner Pad Abort Test Preparations KSC-20191031-PH-BOE01 0001 orig (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#ff9e3d;" |
| Spacecraft 1
| {{Color|grey|Belum diberi nama}}
| {{Draw|Pensiun}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="1" | 1m, 19s
| Kendaraan yang digunakan pada misi [[Boeing Pad Abort Test]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siceloff|first=Steven|title=Boeing Powers On Starliner Spacecraft For First Time |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2017/04/06/boeing-powers-on-starliner-spacecraft-for-first-time/|website=[[Commercial Crew Program]]|publisher=NASA|accessdate=March 9, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309225904/https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2017/04/06/boeing-powers-on-starliner-spacecraft-for-first-time/|archivedate=March 9, 2020|date=April 6, 2017 |quote=Once completed, Spacecraft 1 will be launched without a crew on a flight test to demonstrate its capability to abort a mission from the launch pad in the unlikely event of an emergency|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="starlinerlist-1">{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|title=Boeing's first commercial crew capsule christened 'Calypso'|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/22/boeings-first-crew-capsule-christened-calypso/|website=SpaceflightNow|accessdate=March 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309230903/https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/22/boeings-first-crew-capsule-christened-calypso/|archivedate=March 9, 2020|date=December 22, 2019|quote=The Starliner vehicle that landed Sunday in New Mexico, designated Spacecraft 3 [...] Spacecraft 1 was built for Boeing's pad abort test and is not intended to fly in space. [...] she has named the Starliner vehicle that returned Sunday "Calypso" in an ode to the research vessel used by French explorer Jacques Cousteau|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="starlinernotebook">{{Cite web|title=Reporter's Starliner Notebook|url=https://www.boeing.com/space/starliner/launch/documents/Starliner_Notebook.pdf|publisher=[[Boeing]]|accessdate=March 9, 2020|page=9 |date=2019|quote=Spacecraft 1 was used for testing the launch abort system during the program's Pad Abort Test in New Mexico. Spacecraft 2 [is] being prepared to fly the first people on Starliner's Crew Flight Test. Spacecraft 3 [is] slated for the uncrewed Orbital Flight Test...}}</ref>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 1]]
|-
! data-sort-value="flight" | [[File:CST-100 Starliner at Boeing's spacecraft test facilities in El Segundo, California (cropped).png|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#3d9eff;" |
| Spacecraft 2
| {{Color|grey|None}}
| {{Aktif}}
| 0
| data-sort-value="0" | {{Color|grey|Belum pernah terbang}}
| Sempat direncanakan sebagai kendaraan pertama yang mengangkut awak astronaut. Saat ini dijadwalkan untuk bertugas sebagai kapsul misi OFT-2.<ref name="starlinernotebook"/>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 2]]
|-
! data-sort-value="flight" | [[File:CST-100 Starliner integration with Atlas V for Orbital Flight Test (KSC-20191121-PH-CSH02 0080) (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]]
| style="background:#3d9eff;" |
| [[Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 3|Spacecraft 3]]
| ''Calypso''
| {{Aktif}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="2962" | 2d, 1h, 22m, 10s
| Dinamai dari nama kapal penelitian [[Jacques Cousteau]] yang bernama [[RV Calypso|''Calypso'']].<ref name="starlinerlist-1"/> Starliner pertama yang terbang ke luar angkasa.<ref name="starlinerlist-1"/><ref name="starlinernotebook"/>
| [[File:Commons-logo.svg|15px|link=c:Category:Boeing Starliner Calypso]] [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|20px|link=d:Q87412988]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
| style="text-align:left" |{{Legend inline|#ff9e3d|Artikel tes|outline=silver}} {{Legend inline|#3d9eff|Kendaraan operasional|outline=silver}}
Baris 93 ⟶ 175:
== Daftar penerbangan ==
''Hanya menampilkan daftar misi yang diselesaikan atau dimanifestasikan hingga saat ini.'' ''Tanggal peluncuran tercantum dalam [[Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi|UTC]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Misi
! Kendaraan
!Tanggal peluncuran
(UTC)
!Awak
!Keterangan
!Durasi
!Hasil
|-
| [[Boeing Pad Abort Test|Boe-PAT]]
| Spacecraft 1
| 4 November 2019, 14:15:00
| {{N/A}}
| Pad abort test, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico. One of three parachutes failed to open due to being rigged incorrectly before launch, but parachute system functioned adequately.<ref name="Capsule Abort system test"/>
| 95 detik
| {{success}}
|-
| [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|Boe-OFT]]
| [[Boeing Starliner Spacecraft 3|Calypso]]
| 20 Desember 2019, 11:36:43
| {{N/A}}
| First uncrewed orbital test flight of Starliner. The mission's main objective of ISS rendezvous was aborted due to software incorrectly keeping mission time, leading to a late orbital insertion burn with excessive fuel expenditure. Starliner landed in New Mexico two days after launch.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Halaschak|first1=Zachary|title=Boeing Starliner spacecraft goes off course and fails mission |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/boeing-starliner-spacecraft-goes-off-course-and-fails-mission|website=Washington Examiner|accessdate=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|last1=Bridenstine |first1=Jim|number=1208021843388633090|title=Update: #Starliner had a Mission Elapsed Time (MET) anomaly causing the spacecraft to believe that it was in an orbital insertion burn, when it was not |date=December 20, 2019|user=JimBridenstine|accessdate=December 20, 2019|author-link=Jim Bridenstine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gebhardt|first1=Chris|title=Starliner suffers mission-shortening failure after successful launch|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/12/starliner-mission-shortening-failure-successful-launch/|website=NASASpaceflight.com|accessdate=December 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=bbc201219/>
| 2 hari
| {{Partial failure}} due to a [[Mission Elapsed Time|MET]] anomaly.
|-
| [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|Boe-OFT 2]]
| Spacecraft 2
| Pertengahan November 2020 <ref>https://sputniknews.com/science/202005311079471288-boeings-starliner-to-go-to-iss-without-crew-in-november-crewed-flight-set-for-next-year---source/ - 1 June 2020</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| Second uncrewed orbital test flight of Starliner added due to partial failure of previous test flight. Will attempt to dock with the ISS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davenport|first=Christian |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/06/boeing-starliner-test-repeat/|title=After botched test flight, Boeing will refly its Starliner spacecraft for NASA|date=6 April 2020|work=The Washington Post|access-date=7 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 8 hari
|{{Planned}}
|-
| [[Boe-CFT]]
| Belum diketahui
| April 2021<ref>https://sputniknews.com/science/202005311079471288-boeings-starliner-to-go-to-iss-without-crew-in-november-crewed-flight-set-for-next-year---source/ - 1 June 2020</ref>
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Christopher Ferguson]]<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Michael Fincke|Mike Fincke]]<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nicole Aunapu Mann|Nicole Mann]]
| Penerbangan uji berawak pertama bagi Starliner
|
| {{Planned}}
|-
| [[USCV-2|Boeing Starliner-1]]<ref name="CCP - Press Kit"/>
| ''Calypso''
| NET 2021<ref name="nsf_feb20">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/02/boeing-update-path-forward-starliner/|title=Boeing provides update, path forward for Starliner|date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
| {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Sunita Williams]]<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Josh A. Cassada|Josh Cassada]]<br>{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Thomas Pesquet]]<br>{{Flagicon|USA}} TBA
| Penerbangan operasional pertama Boeing Starliner. Misi ini akan menggunakan kembali kapsul ''Calypso'' yang dinamai oleh Komandan Misi USCV-2 Sunita Williams setelah pendaratan.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Astro_Suni|last1=Williams|first1=Sunita|number=1208780116630876160|date=December 22, 2019|author-link=Sunita Williams|title=A couple of the awesome people who brought ''Calypso'' home! Thank you Steve and Kayva!|website=Twitter|accessdate=December 22, 2019}}</ref>
|
| {{Planned}}
|}
== Awak ==
| |||