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==Referensi==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Connell & Messerschmidt 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Connell |first1=R. W. |last2=Messerschmidt | first2=James W. |title=Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept |journal=Gender and Society |date=December 2005 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=829–859 |jstor=27640853 |doi=10.1177/0891243205278639 |citeseerx=10.1.1.175.7094}}</ref>
<ref name="Dowd">{{cite book |last=Dowd |first=Nancy E. |title=Redefining Fatherhood |date=2000 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=0-8147-1925-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjahBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT286&dq=%22Toxic+masculinity%22 |pages=185–6 |quote=[Pittman] links toxic masculinity to men being raised by women without male role models. In his view, if men raised children they would save their lives, and save the world. On the other hand, John Stoltenberg views toxic masculinity from a strongly antimasculinist, radical feminist perspective, arguing that masculinity can be serious, pervasive, and hateful.}}</ref>
<ref name="Ellis">{{cite news |last=Ellis |first=Marie |title='Tough guys' less likely to be honest with doctor |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308312.php |work=Medical News Today |date=24 March 2016 |language=en |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714070804/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308312.php |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Ferber">{{cite journal |last=Ferber |first=Abby L. |title=Racial Warriors and Weekend Warriors: The Construction of Masculinity in Mythopoetic and White Supremacist Discourse |journal=Men and Masculinities |date=July 2000 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=30–56 |doi=10.1177/1097184X00003001002 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249697435}} Reprinted in {{cite book |editor-last=Murphy |editor-first=Peter F. |title=Feminism and Masculinities |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926724-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKwUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233&dq=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |pages=228–243}}</ref>
<ref name="Flood">{{cite web |last=Flood |first=Michael |title=Toxic masculinity: A primer and commentary |url=https://xyonline.net/content/toxic-masculinity-primer-and-commentary |website=XY |accessdate=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612064526/https://xyonline.net/content/toxic-masculinity-primer-and-commentary |archive-date=12 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Fortin">{{cite news |last=Fortin |first=Jacey |title=Traditional Masculinity Can Hurt Boys, Say New A.P.A. Guidelines |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/science/apa-traditional-masculinity-harmful.html |work=The New York Times |date=10 January 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607042815/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/science/apa-traditional-masculinity-harmful.html |archive-date=7 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Ging">{{cite journal |last=Ging |first=Debbie |title=Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere |journal=Men and Masculinities |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=638–657 |date=20 May 2017 |doi=10.1177/1097184X17706401 |url=https://xyonline.net/sites/xyonline.net/files/2018-05/Ging%2C%20Alphas%2C%20Betas%2C%20and%20Incels%202017.pdf |quote=Although the term 'toxic masculinity' has become widely used in both academic and popular discourses, its origins are somewhat unclear.}}</ref>
<ref name="Hartman">{{cite book |last=Hartman |first=Rebecca |editor1-last=Carroll |editor1-first=Bret |title=American Masculinities: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-45-226571-1 |pages=20–22 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5t2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |language=en |chapter=Agrarianism}}</ref>
<ref name="Hess, Peter">{{cite web |last=Hess |first=Peter |title=Sexism may be bad for men's mental health |url=http://www.popsci.com/research-shows-that-toxic-masculinity-is-harmful-to-mens-mental-health |website=Popular Science |language=en |date=21 November 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707073157/http://www.popsci.com/research-shows-that-toxic-masculinity-is-harmful-to-mens-mental-health |archive-date=7 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Horowitz">{{cite web |last=Horowitz |first=Kate |title=Psychologists Say Macho Behavior May Help Explain Men's Shorter Lifespans |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/77750/psychologists-say-macho-behavior-may-help-explain-mens-shorter-lifespans |website=Mental Floss |language=en |date=28 March 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001142/http://mentalfloss.com/article/77750/psychologists-say-macho-behavior-may-help-explain-mens-shorter-lifespans |archive-date=22 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Sarah |title=Sexist men have psychological problems |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/11/22/sexist-men-have-psychological-problems/ |work=The Washington Post |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309231248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/11/22/sexist-men-have-psychological-problems/ |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Keith">{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Thomas |title=Masculinities in Contemporary American Culture: An Intersectional Approach to the Complexities and Challenges of Male Identity |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31-759534-2 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_niDQAAQBAJ&q=%22Toxic%20masculinity%22 |quote=In some ways, bullying and other forms of coercion and violence are part of what has been termed {{em|toxic masculinity}}, a form of masculinity that creates hierarchies favoring some and victimizing others. Disrupting these forms of toxic masculinity benefits boys and men, rather than attacks and blames men for these behaviors.}}</ref>
<ref name="Kimmel">{{cite book |editor-last=Kimmel |editor-first=Michael S. |title=The Politics of Manhood: Profeminist Men Respond to the Mythopoetic Men's Movement (and the Mythopoetic Leaders Answer) |date=1995 |publisher=Temple University Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=1-56-639365-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofmanhoo00kimm/page/366 366]–7 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofmanhoo00kimm|url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="Kupers 2004">{{cite book |last=Kupers |first=Terry A. |editor1-last=Kimmel |editor1-first=Michael S. |editor2-last=Aronson |editor2-first=Amy |title=Men and Masculinities: A Social, Cultural, and Historical Encyclopedia |date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-57-607774-0 |pages=630–633 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |language=en |chapter=Prisons}}</ref>
<ref name="Kupers 2005">{{cite journal |last=Kupers |first=Terry A. |title=Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison |journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology |date=June 2005 |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=713–724 |doi=10.1002/jclp.20105 |pmid=15732090 |citeseerx=10.1.1.600.7208 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kupers 2007">{{cite book |last=Kupers |first=Terry A. |display-editors=etal |editor1-last=Flood |editor1-first=Michael |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13-431707-3 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=T54J3Q_VwnIC&pg=PA648&dq=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |language=en |chapter=Working with men in prison |pages=648–649}}</ref>
<ref name="Kupers 2010">{{cite journal |last=Kupers |first=Terry A. |title=Role of Misogyny and Homophobia in Prison Sexual Abuse |journal=UCLA Women's Law Journal |date=2010 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=107–30 |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p54x5qm.pdf |access-date=2017-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152348/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6p54x5qm.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Levant 1996">{{cite journal |last=Levant |first=Ronald F. |title=The new psychology of men |journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice |date=1996 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=259–265 |doi=10.1037/0735-7028.27.3.259 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232569489}}</ref>
<ref name="Lindsey">{{cite book |last=Lindsey |first=Linda L. |title=Gender Roles: A Sociological Perspective |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-31-734808-5 |page=70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=%22big+boys+don't+cry%22}}</ref>
<ref name="Liu 2016">{{cite news |last=Liu |first=William Ming |title=How Trump's 'Toxic Masculinity' Is Bad for Other Men |url=https://time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |work=Motto (Time) |date=14 April 2016 |location=New York |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121131734/http://motto.time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |archive-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Liu 2017">{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=William Ming |editor1-last=Nadal |editor1-first=Kevin L. |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender |date=2017 |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-48-338427-6 |page=711 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA711&dq=%22boys+will+be+boys%22 |chapter=Gender Role Conflict}}</ref>
<ref name="Liu & Shepard">{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=William Ming |last2=Shepard |first2=Samuel J. |editor1=Blazina, C. |editor2=Shen-Miller, D.S.|title=An International Psychology of Men: Theoretical Advances, Case Studies, and Clinical Innovations |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13-528065-9 |page=8 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HSNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22toxic+effects%22 |chapter=Masculinity Competency Typology for Men Who Migrate}}</ref>
<ref name="Longwood">{{Cite book |last1=Longwood |first1=W. Merle |last2=Schipper |first2=William C. |last3=Culbertson |first3=Philip |last4=Kellom |first4=Gar |title=Forging the Male Spirit: The Spiritual Lives of American College Men |date=2012 |location=Eugene, Oregon |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvxJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |isbn=978-1-55-635305-5 |pages=65–6 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Mankowski & Smith">{{cite book |last1=Mankowski |first1=E.S. |last2=Smith |first2=R.M. |editor-last=Friedman |editor-first=Howard S. |title=Encyclopedia of Mental Health, Volume 3 |date=2016 |edition=2nd |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK; Waltham, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-12-397753-3 |page=71 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aLxBQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA71&dq=%22toxic+masculinity%22 |chapter=Men's Mental Health and Masculinities}}</ref>
<ref name="Nicholas">{{cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=Donald R. |title=Men, Masculinity, and Cancer: Risk-factor Behaviors, Early Detection, and Psychosocial Adaptation |journal=Journal of American College Health |date=July 2000 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1080/07448480009596279 |pmid=10967881 |issn=0744-8481}}</ref>
<ref name="Panko">{{cite web |last=Panko |first=Ben |title=Sexism Sucks for Everybody, Science Confirms |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/sexism-sucks-everybody-science-confirms-180961178/ |website=Smithsonian |language=en |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702212525/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/sexism-sucks-everybody-science-confirms-180961178/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Salam">{{cite news |last=Salam |first=Maya |title=What Is Toxic Masculinity? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/22/us/toxic-masculinity.html |work=The New York Times |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514173224/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/22/us/toxic-masculinity.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Salter">{{cite news |last1=Salter |first1=Michael |title=The Problem With a Fight Against Toxic Masculinity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/02/toxic-masculinity-history/583411/ |work=The Atlantic |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511005207/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/02/toxic-masculinity-history/583411/ |archive-date=11 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Weir">{{cite journal |last=Weir |first=Kirsten |title=The men America left behind |journal=Monitor on Psychology |date=February 2017 |volume=48 |issue=2 |page=34 |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2017/02/men-left-behind.aspx |publisher=American Psychological Association |language=en |access-date=2017-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611134125/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2017/02/men-left-behind.aspx |archive-date=2017-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Wong et al.">{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last1=Wong |first1=Y. Joel |last2=Ho |first2=Moon-Ho Ringo |last3=Wang |first3=Shu-Yi |last4=Miller |first4=I. S. Keino |title=Meta-analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=2017 |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=80–93 |doi=10.1037/cou0000176 |pmid=27869454 |url=http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/cou-cou0000176.pdf |access-date=2017-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709142906/http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/cou-cou0000176.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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==Bacaan lanjutan==
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